定价： 646元 加购物车

5.1 The HKED technique is highly element specific and depends upon a well-known controlled geometry.5.2 The HKED technique can provide concentration measurements of actinides in solutions with precision typically better than 0.3 % for uranium concentrations >50 g/L and 1 % for plutonium in typical U-Pu solutions for a typical measurement time of 3 × 1000 s (3 replicates, 1000 s live time each) (1).5.3 For pure plutonium only product solutions, the KED technique can achieve measurement precisions better than 0.3 % for plutonium concentrations >50 g/L for a typical measurement time of 3 × 1000 s.5.4 For pure uranium only solutions, precisions of better than 0.3 % can be achieved using the KED technique for uranium concentrations >50 g/L, for a typical measurement time of 3 × 3600 s.5.5 For uranium only or plutonium only solutions of concentrations approximately 1 g/L, assayed using XRF, a measurement precision of 1.0 % has been achieved (1). For solutions of concentration approximately 50 g/L, assayed using XRF, measurement precisions of 0.2 % or better have been achieved. The typical measurement time for stand-alone XRF assay is 3 × 3000 s.5.6 Quality Control (QC) samples are assayed for a typical measurement time of 3 × 3000 s.5.7 It is applicable when solutions to be measured are homogeneous with respect to chemical composition.5.8 Results are typically used for fuel fabrication, process control, quality control, material control and accountancy, and safeguards in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Each application can have its own data quality objectives (Guide C1068).5.9 The HKED instrument may use a single cylindrical vial for both the KED and XRF measurements, or separate sample containers for KED and XRF. The typical values for the path length of the rectangular cuvette and the inner diameter of the cylindrical vial are given in 7.8.5.10 The transfer of the sample into the HKED system can be accomplished either horizontally by means of a suitably designed sample conveyor system coupled to a shielded glovebox or hot cell facility or vertically through a pneumatic sample transfer system.5.11 The U and Pu concentrations measured by HKED are dependent on the sample temperature. The analysis software includes a normalization of the measured concentration at the ambient room temperature to a reference temperature of 25 °C. The ambient room temperature is input into the analysis software. HKED has been employed as a rapid alternative to destructive chemical analyses, such as Isotope Dilution Mass Spectroscopy (IDMS) or titration, because there is minimal sample preparation, and precision of HKED is comparable to the precision of such chemical analyses. This is especially useful when high sample throughput is important.5.12 For the three modes of operation that are possibly, namely, K-Edge only, Hybrid K-Edge/XRF, and Stand-alone XRF, the uncertainty levels that can be achieved for U and U/Pu samples have been established for routine safeguards measurements are described in the ITV (2).1.1 This test method specifies the determination of the volumetric uranium and plutonium concentrations, typically, in nitric acid solutions through the combination of K-Edge absorption Densitometry (KED) and K X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) using an X-Ray generator. It is known as the “Hybrid K-Edge” (HKED) technique whose original implementation is described in Ref (1).2 The method is applicable to dissolver (input) solutions and product solutions. The test method also specifies the determination of low concentrations (<50 g/L) of U and Pu using XRF measurements alone (the “stand-alone XRF” mode). Using the XRF measurement in the stand-alone mode, solutions in the 0.2 g/L to 50 g/L range of Pu with or without U and solutions in the 0.2 g/L to 50 g/L range of U with or without Pu are commonly measured.1.2 This test method is applicable to the following common-use conditions:1.2.1 Spent nuclear fuel reprocessing and fuel production.1.2.2 Homogeneous aqueous solutions contained in cylindrical vials or cuvettes. HKED systems may use two separate sample containers, namely a rectangular cuvette for KED and a cylindrical vial for XRF. Alternatively, there are HKED systems that use a sample contained in a single cylindrical vial, for both K-Edge and XRF.1.2.3 The results produced by the two sample configuration (a rectangular cuvette for K-Edge densitometry and a cylindrical vial for XRF) are compliant with the International Target Values (ITV) (1).1.2.4 The precision results produced by the single cylindrical vial configuration are degraded in comparison to the two container system.1.2.5 This test method is applicable to facilities that do not adopt the ITVs, but have their own Data Quality Objectives (DQO).1.2.6 Solutions which contain uranium and plutonium with uranium concentration of 150 to 250 g/L and a U:Pu ratio of 100:1 typically, in the presence of fission products with β, γ, activity of up to 10 TBq/L.1.2.6.1 This test method is not applicable to samples where a minor element such as U needs to be quantified in which Pu is the major element.1.2.6.2 This test method is applicable for common use process control applications for quantifying Pu in the 5 g/L to 30 g/L range using XRF only in the presence of up to ~10 % (~100 000 ppm) of transuranic impurities (predominantly U and Am). In this application, the impurity concentration in the Pu samples is not quantified. Additional uncertainties must be estimated and factored in the Pu concentration results.1.2.7 Solutions containing 50 g/L to 400 g/L of uranium alone.1.2.8 Solutions containing 50 g/L to 400 g/L of plutonium alone.1.2.9 Solutions with low concentrations of U and Pu, typically in the 0.2 g/L to 50 g/L range.1.2.10 The concentration ranges given in 1.2.6 – 1.2.9 are application of the HKED technique for Materials Control and Accountancy (MC&A) purposes. For process control applications where precision requirements are less stringent, KED method can be used to assay samples with lower concentrations of U or Pu (down to 30 g/L).1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers laser beam or laser hybrid welded, built-up, carbon steel, sharp-cornered profiles (SCP) square, rectangular, or custom shape structural tubing for welded, riveted, or bolted construction. This specification does not include weathering steels, since most cannot be welded by these methods. SCP tubing is used in, but not limited to, the following applications: buildings and structures, including architecturally exposed steel structures (AESS); architectural steel profiles such as curtain wall, staircases, and others; industrial; and general structural applications.NOTE 1: There is no standard for other sharp-cornered laser or laser hybrid welded carbon steel structural shapes, but Appendix X1 provides guidance on their specification.1.2 The SCP structural tubing sections produced to this specification have a perimeter of 2845 mm [112 in.] or less and wall thickness of between 4.76 and 38.1 mm [3/16 and 1.50 in.]. The thicknesses of walls within a specified SCP tube shape can be different.1.3 This specification establishes the minimum requirements for manufacturing of built-up, SCP laser, and laser hybrid welded carbon steel tube sections and requires the welds to, at a minimum, match the tensile and yield strength of the base metal.NOTE 2: Product covered by this specification is manufactured in small lots on dedicated production lines. Product quality requirements are ensured through welding procedure qualification of the manufacturing facility in accordance with AWS, ISO, or CSA requirements. In addition to the standard weld inspection and weld quality requirements, the purchaser can specify higher levels of weld inspection; Supplementary S1 tensile, S2 bend, and S3 Charpy V- notch lot testing; and other requirements.NOTE 3: Because of the varying requirements of the end-use applications, four different length tolerance and weld inspection levels may be specified.1.4 This specification uses Specifications A36/A36M, A572/A572M, EN 10025-2, or EN 10025-3 for the chemical and mechanical requirements of the designated strength grade.1.5 The text of this specification contains notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.1.6 Units—This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers laser or laser-hybrid welded stainless steel square, rectangular, or custom shape structural tubing for welded, riveted, or bolted construction. This tube has either a sharp-cornered profile (SCP) or is built-up tube with rounded corners. This product is used in, but not limited to, the following applications: buildings and structures, including architecturally exposed steel structures (AESS); architectural steel profiles such as curtain wall, staircases, and others; industrial; and general structural applications.NOTE 1: The term laser fusion is also used to describe laser welding.1.2 This tubing is manufactured from multiple pieces of plate, bar, sheet, strip, or shapes, potentially in different thicknesses by laser or laser-hybrid welding in accordance with the requirements of Specification A1069/A1069M. It is available in sizes up to 36 in. (914 mm) outside dimension, and the wall thickness tolerance is ±5 % of the specified wall thickness. Corner welds are permissible.1.3 This specification establishes the minimum requirements for manufacturing of laser and laser hybrid welded stainless steel tube and requires the welds to, at a minimum, match the tensile and yield strength of the base metal. If base metals of different strengths are used, the lower strength base metal shall be matched.1.4 This specification refers to Specifications A240/A240M, A276/A276M or A479/A479M for chemical requirements, but the mechanical test requirements are determined by the mechanical properties section of this standard. This standard includes four strength grades. The default strength grade 1 is determined by the base metal standard. Grades 2 through 4 are for specification of higher strength levels.1.5 Supplementary requirements (S1 Charpy V- notch, S2 Corrosion, S3 Tensile, and S4 Bend) of an optional nature are provided. They shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.NOTE 2: Because of the varying requirements of the end-use applications, different length tolerance, weld inspection levels, strength levels and other requirements may be specified.NOTE 3: Product covered by this specification is manufactured in small lots on dedicated production lines. Product quality requirements are ensured through welding procedure and operator qualification at each manufacturing facility in accordance with Specification A1069/A1069M. The country of origin and base metal heat numbers are identified by wall thickness on the product test report.1.6 The text of this specification contains notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.1.7 Units—This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 元 加购物车

定价： 元 加购物车

定价： 996元

定价： 598元

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