5.1 A measurement of compost stability is needed for several reasons. It aids in assessing whether the composting process has proceeded sufficiently far to allow the finished compost to be used for its intended application. A different compost stability may be required for different applications of the compost.5.2 A measurement of compost stability also is needed to verify whether a composting plant is processing the waste to previously agreed levels of stability. This measurement is useful in the commissioning of composting plants and the verification of whether plant operators are satisfying permit requirements.5.3 The level of compost stability also will indicate its potential to cause odors if the compost is stored without aeration, as well as the level to which it has been hygienized and how susceptible the compost is to renewed bacterial and possible pathogenic activity. Compost stability is an important parameter with regard to phytotoxicity and plant tolerance of the compost.5.4 The determination of compost stability will allow the selection of well-performing composting technologies, as well as the safe application of compost in its various markets. The method indicates a degree of stability, but does not necessarily indicate that one level is preferable over another level of stability.1.1 This test method covers the stability of a compost sample by measuring oxygen consumption after exposure of the test compost to a well-stabilized compost under controlled composting conditions on a laboratory scale involving active aeration. This test method is designed to yield reproducible and repeatable results under controlled conditions that resemble the end of the active composting phase. The compost samples are exposed to a well-stabilized compost inoculum that is prepared from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste or waste similar to the waste from which the test materials are derived. The aerobic composting takes place in an environment where temperature, aeration, and humidity are monitored closely and controlled.1.2 This test method yields a cumulative amount of oxygen consumed/g of volatile solids in the samples over a four-day period. The rate of oxygen consumption is monitored as well.1.3 This test method is applicable to different types of compost samples including composts derived from wastes, such as municipal solid waste, yard waste, source-separated organics, biosolids, and other types of organic wastes that do not have toxicity levels that are inhibitory to the microorganisms present in aerobic composting systems.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. This test method is designed to determine whether the percent uranium and O/U or O/M content meet Specifications C776 and C922.1.1 This test method applies to the determination of uranium, the oxygen to uranium (O/U) ratio in sintered uranium dioxide pellets, and the oxygen to metal (O/M) ratio in sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide pellets with a Gd2O3 concentration of up to 12 weight %. The O/M calculations assume that the gadolinium and uranium oxides are present in a metal dioxide solid solution.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 加购物车

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4.1 The oxygen consumption principle, used for the measurements described here, is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion (1).7 Approximately 13.1 MJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a prescribed external heating source.4.1.1 This technique is not appropriate for use on its own when the combustible fuel is an oxidizer or an explosive agent, which release oxygen. Further analysis is required in such cases (see Appendix X2).4.2 The heat release is determined by the measurement of the oxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the combustion product stream, in a full scale environment.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentration and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the specimen ignitability, the smoke obscuration generated, the specimen mass loss rate, the effective heat of combustion and the yields of combustion products from the test specimen.4.4 The oxygen consumption technique is used in different types of test methods. Intermediate scale (Test Method E1623, UL 1975) and full scale (Test Method D5424, Test Method D5537, Test Method E1537, Test Method E1590, Test Method E1822, ISO 9705, NFPA 265, NFPA 266, NFPA 267, NFPA 286, UL 1685) test methods, as well as unstandardized room scale experiments following Guide E603, using this technique involve a large instrumented exhaust hood, where oxygen concentration is measured, either standing alone or positioned outside a doorway. A large test specimen is placed either under the hood or inside the room. This practice is intended to address issues associated with equipment requiring a large instrumented hood and not stand-alone test apparatuses with small test specimens.4.4.1 Small scale test methods using this technique, such as Test Methods D6113, E1354, E1474 and E1740, as well as ISO 5660 internationally, are based on a stand-alone apparatus, wherein a small specimen is tested within the equipment. A small-scale test using oxygen consumption calorimetry with a larger test specimen (than the above referenced test methods) and intended for low levels of heat release is Test Method E2965.4.4.2 Another small scale heat release test method, Test Method E906/E906M, does not use the oxygen consumption technique.4.4.3 Annex A1 contains the considerations needed for heat release measurements and Annex A2 contains the corresponding measurement equations as well as the equations for smoke and gas release measurements. These equations apply to Test Methods D5424, D5537, E1537, E1590, E1623, and E1822. See also Section 14.4.5 Throughout this practice, test equipment is referenced to provide helpful guidance to test facilities. Substitution of equivalent, or better, test measuring devices is permissible.1.1 This practice deals with methods to construct, calibrate, and use full scale oxygen consumption calorimeters to help minimize testing result discrepancies between laboratories.1.2 The methodology described herein is used in a number of ASTM test methods, in a variety of unstandardized test methods, and for research purposes. This practice will facilitate coordination of generic requirements, which are not specific to the item under test.1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from the test methods using this technique are those associated with heat release from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Other fire-test-response characteristics also are determined.1.4 This practice is intended to apply to the conduction of different types of tests, including both some in which the objective is to assess the comparative fire performance of products releasing low amounts of heat or smoke and some in which the objective is to assess whether flashover will occur.1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool, nor does it describe a test method for any material or product.1.6 For use of the SI system of units in referee decisions, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.NOTE 1: This is the standard caveat described in section F2.2.2.1 of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manual for fire-test-response standards. In actual fact, this practice does not provide quantitative measures.1.8 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. See also Section 7.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate relative deflagration parameters of dusts.5.2 Knowledge of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration is needed for safe operation of some chemical processes. This information may be needed in order to start up, shut down or operate a process while avoiding the creation of flammable dust-gas atmospheres therein, or to pneumatically transport materials safely. NFPA 69 provides guidance for the practical use of LOC data, including the appropriate safety margin to use.5.3 Since the LOC as measured by this method may vary with the energy of the ignitor and the propagation criteria, the LOC should be considered a relative rather than absolute measurement.5.4 If too weak an ignition source is used, the measured LOC would be higher than the “true” value and would not be sufficiently conservative. This is an ignitability limit rather than a flammability limit, and the test could be described as “underdriven.” Ideally, the ignition energy is increased until the measured LOC is independent of ignition energy (that is, the “true” value). However, at some point the ignition energy may become too strong for the size of the test chamber, and the system becomes “overdriven.” When the ignitor flame becomes too large relative to the chamber volume, a test could appear to result in an explosion, while it is actually just dust burning in the ignitor flame with no real propagation beyond the ignitor (1-3).5 This LOC value would be overly conservative.5.5 The recommended ignition source for measuring the LOC of dusts in 20-L chambers is a 2500-J pyrotechnic ignitor.6 This ignitor contains 0.6 g of a powder mixture of 40 % zirconium, 30 % barium nitrate, and 30 % barium peroxide. Measuring the LOC at several ignition energies will provide information on the possible overdriving of the system to evaluate the effect of possible overdriving in a 20-L chamber, comparison tests may also be made in a larger chamber such as a 1-m3 chamber (1-3).5.6 The values obtained by this testing technique are specific to the sample tested (particularly the particle size distribution) and the method used and are not to be considered intrinsic material constants.NOTE 1: Much of the previously published LOC data (4). were obtained using a spark ignition source in a 1.2-L Hartmann chamber and may not be sufficiently conservative. The European method of LOC determination EN 14034–4 uses two 1000-J pyrotechnic igniters in the 20-L chamber.1.1 This test method is designed to determine the limiting oxygen concentration of a combustible dust dispersed in a mixture of air with an inert/nonflammable gas in a near-spherical closed vessel of 20 L or greater volume.1.2 Data obtained from this method provide a relative measure of the deflagration characteristics of dust clouds.1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The oxygen content of a package’s headspace is an important determinant of the packaging protection afforded by barrier materials. The package under test is typically MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) packaged.3.2 Oxygen content is a key contributor to off-flavors and spoilage of various products, such as chemicals, food and pharmaceuticals.3.3 The method determines the oxygen in a closed package headspace. This ability has application in:3.3.1 Package Permeability Studies—The change of headspace composition over a known length of time allows the calculation of permeation. Since the headspace oxygen is measured as a percentage, the volume of the container’s headspace must be known to allow conversion into a quantity such as millilitres (ml) of oxygen. The use of this approach to measure permeation generally applies to empty package systems only as oxygen uptake or outgassing of contained products could affect results.3.3.2 Leak Detection—If the headspace contains more oxygen than expected or is increasing faster than expected, a leak can be suspected. A wide variety of techniques can be employed to verify that a leak is present and to identify its location. If necessary or of interest, a leak rate may be calculated with known headspace volume and measured oxygen concentration change over time.3.3.3 Efficacy of the MAP Packaging Process—If the headspace oxygen concentration is found to be higher than expected soon after packaging, the gas flushing process may not be working as well as expected. Various techniques can evaluate whether the MAP system is functioning properly.3.3.4 Storage Studies—As the method is non-destructive, the headspace can be monitored over time on individual samples to insure that results of storage studies such as shelf life testing are correctly interpreted.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the oxygen concentration in the headspace within a sealed package without opening or compromising the integrity of the package.1.2 This test method requires that chemically coated components be placed on the inside surface of the package before closing.1.3 The package must be either transparent, translucent, or a transparent window must be affixed to the package surface without affecting the package’s integrity.1.4 As this test method determines the oxygen headspace over time, the oxygen permeability can easily be calculated as ingress per unit time as long as the volume of the container is known.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the requirements for wrought forms and fabricated shapes of oxygen-free copper with UNS No. C10100 suitable for use in electron devices. Specimens shall be appropriately sampled and shall undergo hydrogen embrittlement (reverse bend) test, special macro examination, and special microscopical examination. Materials shall adhere to specified mechanical, dimensional, chemical composition, electrical resistivity, and grain size requirements.1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for wrought and fabricated shapes made from Copper UNS2 No. C10100, conforming to the chemical requirements of Specification B170, Grade 1, and suitable for use in electron devices.1.2 The requirements of this specification are in addition to those prescribed in the following product specifications appropriate to the material being ordered: B1, B2, B3, B75/B75M, B152/B152M, B170, B187/B187M, B188, B272, and B372. In case of conflict, however, this specification shall take precedence.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3.1 Exception—grain sizes are in metric units and are standard.1.4 The following safety hazard caveat applies to sections 17.4, 17.5 and 18.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This practice allows the user to evaluate the effect of service or accelerating aging on the oxygen resistance of polymeric materials used in oxygen service.5.2 The use of this practice presupposes that the properties used to evaluate the effect of aging can be shown to relate to the intended use of the material, and are also sensitive to the effect of aging.5.3 Polymeric materials will, in general, be more susceptible than metals to aging effects as evidenced by irreversible property loss. Such property loss may lead to catastrophic component failure, including a secondary fire, before primary ignition or combustion of the polymeric material occurs.5.4 Polymers aged in the presence of oxygen-containing media may undergo many types of reversible and irreversible physical and chemical property change. The severity of the aging conditions determines the extent and type of changes that take place. Polymers are not necessarily degraded by aging, but may be unchanged or improved. For example, aging may drive off volatile materials, thus raising the ignition temperature without compromising mechanical properties. However, aging under prolonged or severe conditions (for example, elevated oxygen concentration) will usually cause a decrease in mechanical performance, while improving resistance to ignition and combustion.5.5 Aging may result in reversible mass increase (physisorption), irreversible mass increase (chemisorption), plasticization, discoloration, loss of volatiles, embrittlement, softening due to sorption of volatiles, cracking, relief of molding stresses, increased crystallinity, dimensional change, advance of cure in thermosets and elastomers, chain scissioning, and crosslinking.5.6 After a period of service, a material’s properties may be significantly different from those when new. All materials rated for oxygen service should remain resistant to ignition and combustion (primary fire risk). Furthermore, all materials rated for oxygen service should be resistant to oxidative degradation and retain relevant physical and mechanical properties during service, because part failure can indirectly lead to an unacceptable ignition or combustion risk (secondary fire risk).5.7 In cases where aging makes a material more susceptible to fire or causes significant oxidative degradation, aging tests may be used to evaluate whether the material will become unacceptable during service. In cases where aging makes a material less susceptible to fire, aging tests may be used to evaluate whether a material can be conditioned (artificially aged) to prolong its service lifetime.5.8 Oxygen resistance as determined by this practice does not constitute grounds for material acceptability in oxygen service. Determination of material acceptability must be performed within the broader context of review of system or component design, plausible ignition mechanisms, ignition probability, post-ignition material properties, and reaction effects such as are covered by Guide G63.5.9 The potential for personnel injury, facility damage, product loss, or downtime occurring as a result of ignition, combustion, or catastrophic equipment failure will be least for systems or components using air and greatest for systems or components using pure oxygen.5.10 In terms of physical and mechanical properties, aging is expected to have a greater influence on a polymer’s ultimate properties such as strength and elongation, than bulk properties such as modulus.5.11 In terms of fire properties, aging is expected to have a greater influence on a polymer’s ignition properties (for example, autogenous ignition temperature (AIT), mechanical and pneumatic impact) than its propagation properties (for example, upward and downward flame propagation). To date, the only background on aging influences is that of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) which has assessed the effect of aging at elevated pressure and temperature on a material’s AIT. BAM has used the AIT test results to establish maximum constraints on the use of materials at elevated pressure and temperature (2).1.1 These practices describe procedures that are used to determine the age resistance of plastic, thermosetting, elastomeric, and polymer matrix composite materials exposed to oxygen-containing media.1.2 While these practices focus on evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials in oxygen-containing media prior to ignition and combustion testing, they also have relevance for evaluating the age resistance of metals, and nonmetallic oils and greases.1.3 These practices address both established procedures that have a foundation of experience and new procedures that have yet to be validated. The latter are included to promote research and later elaboration in this practice as methods of the former type.1.4 The results of these practices may not give exact correlation with service performance since service conditions vary widely and may involve multiple factors such as those listed in 5.8.1.5 Three procedures are described for evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials depending on application and information sought.1.5.1 Procedure A: Natural Aging—This procedure is used to simulate the effect(s) of one or more service stressors on a material’s oxygen resistance, and is suitable for evaluating materials that experience continuous or intermittent exposure to elevated temperature during service.1.5.2 Procedure B: Accelerated Aging Comparative Oxygen Resistance—This procedure is suitable for evaluating materials that are used in ambient temperature service, or at a temperature that is otherwise lower than the aging temperature, and is useful for developing oxygen compatibility rankings on a laboratory comparison basis.1.5.3 Procedure C: Accelerated Aging Lifetime Prediction—This procedure is used to determine the relationship between aging temperature and a fixed level of property change, thereby allowing predictions to be made about the effect of prolonged service on oxidative degradation.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard; however, all numerical values shall also be cited in the systems in which they were actually measured.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 646元 加购物车