定价： 646元 加购物车

5.1 This practice will characterize the distribution of wind with a maximum of utility and a minimum of archive space. Applications of wind data to the fields of air quality, wind engineering, wind energy, agriculture, oceanography, forecasting, aviation, climatology, severe storms, turbulence and diffusion, military, and electrical utilities are satisfied with this practice. When this practice is employed, archive data will be of value to any of these fields of application. The consensus reached for this practice includes representatives of instrument manufacturers which provides a practical acceptance of these theoretical principles used to characterize the wind.1.1 This practice covers a method for characterizing surface wind speed, wind direction, peak one-minute speeds, peak three-second and peak one-minute speeds, and standard deviations of fluctuation about the means of speed and direction.1.2 This practice may be used with other kinds of sensors if the response characteristics of the sensors, including their signal conditioners, are equivalent or faster and the measurement uncertainty of the system is equivalent or better than those specified below.1.3 The characterization prescribed in this practice will provide information on wind acceptable for a wide variety of applications.NOTE 1: This practice builds on a consensus reached by the attendees at a workshop sponsored by the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research in Rockville, MD on Oct. 29–30, 1992.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

4.1 It is known that the observed effects of wind simulated in a wind-tunnel apparatus are related to the effects observed from natural wind. The resistance of tiles to simulated wind in this test relates to the resistance of the tiles to the effects of natural wind when they are applied to a roof. One factor in the resistance of the tiles to the effects of both natural and simulated wind is the method of attachment specified in the manufacturer's instructions. This test method determines the uplift forces acting as a result of the simulated wind when tile are attached to a section of roof deck in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this test method to simulate.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the resistance of concrete and clay roof tiles to simulated wind effects in a wind-tunnel apparatus. Simulated wind velocities of 70 mph (31 m/s) to 130 mph (58 m/s) are employed.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 571元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides a standard for comparison of wind vanes of different types. Specifications by regulatory agencies and industrial societies (3-5) have stipulated performance values. This test method provides an unambiguous method for measuring starting threshold, delay distance, and overshoot ratio.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the starting threshold, delay distance, and overshoot ratio of a wind vane from direct measurements in a wind tunnel. This test method is applicable only to wind vanes having measurable overshoot.1.2 This test method provides for determination of the performance of a system consisting of a wind vane and its associated position-to-output transducer in wind tunnel flow. Use of values determined by this test method to describe performance in atmospheric flow of a wind direction measuring system incorporating the vane must be done with an understanding of the differences between the two systems and the two environments.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

5.1 Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except in confined areas and very close to the ground. These practices apply to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer.5.2 The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the sensor manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure.5.3 The calculations and transformations provided in these practices apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature using ancillary temperature devices.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

5.1 Sodars have found wide applications for the remote measurement of wind and turbulence profiles in the atmosphere, particularly in the gap between meteorological towers and the lower range gates of wind profiling radars. The sodar’s far field acoustic power is also used for refractive index calculations and to estimate atmospheric stability, heat flux, and mixed layer depth (1-5).3 Sodars are useful for these purposes because of strong interaction between sound waves and the atmosphere’s thermal and velocity micro-structure that produce acoustic returns with substantial signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The returned echoes are Doppler-shifted in frequency. This frequency shift, proportional to the radial velocity of the scattering surface, provides the basis for wind measurement. Advantages offered by sodar wind sounding technology include reasonably low procurement, operating, and maintenance costs, no emissions of eye-damaging light beams or electromagnetic radiation requiring frequency clearances, and adjustable frequencies and pulse lengths that can be used to optimize data quality at desired ranges and range resolutions. When properly sited and used with adequate sampling methods, sodars can provide continuous wind and turbulence profile information at height ranges from a few tens of meters to over a kilometer for typical averaging periods of 1 to 60 minutes.1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic remote sensing for measuring atmospheric wind and turbulence profiles. It includes a summary of the fundamentals of atmospheric sound detection and ranging (sodar), a description of the methodology and equipment used for sodar applications, factors to consider during site selection and equipment installation, and recommended procedures for acquiring valid and relevant data.1.2 This guide applies principally to pulsed monostatic sodar techniques as applied to wind and turbulence measurement in the open atmosphere, although many of the definitions and principles are also applicable to bistatic configurations. This guide is not directly applicable to radio-acoustic sounding systems (RASS), or tomographic methods.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

5.1 These test methods establish standard procedures designed for evaluating the performance wind safety and durability characteristics of MUs.5.2 These test methods are suitable for both end users and manufacturers to evaluate performance characteristics of MUs and base mounting components.5.2.1 End users may use these test methods to determine how well MUs and base components meet their particular application and conditions of use.5.2.2 Manufacturers of MUs and base mounting components may use these test methods to determine the wind performance characteristics in existing or proposed designs.5.3 Procedure A is an evaluation of MU structural integrity (pole, frame, canopy, and base components) by subjecting the MU to a uniform wind generated by a wind tunnel. Procedure B is an evaluation of MU and base component durability by subjecting the MU to a uniform wind generated by a wind tunnel for a fixed period of time. Each procedure is used to rate MU and base stanchion performance using the Beaufort Scale for users to be able to correlate the wind speed safety and durability determined in the testing to visual and subjective observation of the area of uses of the MU.5.4 Results from use of these test methods on one type of MU and base components are not comparable to other test results on a different MU due to differences in MU materials and designs used for poles, frames, canopies, vents, and hubs as well as base weights, shapes, and holding mechanisms.5.5 These test methods are not intended to assess cleaning or other weather stress resulting from wear and tear in an actual use environment.5.6 End users and manufacturers of MU and base components should consider these test methods to be minimum procedures for evaluating MU and base component wind safety and durability characteristics as a wind tunnel procedure is considered to produce the most accurate wind pressures of any method according to ASCE/SEI 7-10 Wind Tunnel Procedure. Users of these test methods may wish to consider additional tests and procedures that relate directly to their application such as finite element analysis software.5.7 Each buyer of a MU should establish its own criteria for assessing acceptable safety and durability performance.1.1 These test methods are intended for evaluating market umbrellas (MUs) to determine the suitability of the MU in a use environment on the basis of wind safety and durability.1.1.1 Procedure A is a safety scenario intended to test the structural strength of the MU to a uniform wind force generated by a wind tunnel.1.1.2 Procedure B is a wind durability scenario intended to determine the ability of the MU to perform in a high wind weather environment for a sustained period.1.1.3 The performance of the MU is then rated using the Beaufort Scale, as shown in Annex A1, to communicate the safety and durability performance of the MU.1.2 These test methods apply to most MUs designed for use in-home setting, such as pool or patio areas; recreation areas, such as the beach, pool, or tennis courts; and business settings, such as theme parks, water parks, resort pools, hotels, restaurants, cafés, and other business settings.1.3 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is meant to simulate the ability of a coating system applied to a masonry block to withstand exposure to continuous water spray (rain) and a dynamic pressure equivalent to a 98 mph wind velocity without exhibiting water leaks or weight gain, or both.1.1 This practice is for the evaluation of the ability of coatings to resist the passage of water through masonry block when exposed to water spray and air pressure.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车