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4.1 Traffic paints must have good resistance to motor oil and fuel drippings on the highway. This test method describes the procedure necessary to evaluate the resistance of traffic paint to reference test fluids in order to simulate this type of action.1.1 This practice describes a laboratory procedure for determining the resistance of a dried film of traffic paint to the action of a specified hydrocarbon solvent or gasoline fuel test fluid.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide provides information addressing the conditions that lead to fuel microbial contamination and biodegradation and the general characteristics of and strategies for controlling microbial contamination. It compliments and amplifies information provided in Practice D4418 on handling gas-turbine fuels. More detailed information may be found in Guidelines for the Investigation of Microbial Content of Liquid Fuels and for the Implementation of Avoidance and Remedial Strategies, 3rd Ed.,10 ASTM Manual 47, and Passman, 2019.115.2 This guide focuses on microbial contamination in refined petroleum products and product handling systems. Uncontrolled microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems remains a largely unrecognized but costly problem at all stages of the petroleum industry from crude oil production through fleet operations and consumer use. This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of fuel microbiology and biodeterioration control.5.3 This guide provides personnel who are responsible for fuel and fuel system stewardship with the background necessary to make informed decisions regarding the possible economic or safety, or both, impact of microbial contamination in their products or systems.1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine, diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814, D6227, and D6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 472 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it also provides a compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a general understanding of microbial fuel contamination.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 加购物车

5.1 Automatic determination of stability parameters using a light back-scattering technique improves accuracy and removes human errors. In manual testing, operators have to visually compare oil stains on pieces of filter paper to determine if asphaltenes have been precipitated.5.2 Refinery thermal and hydrocracking processes can be run closer to their severity limits if stability parameters can be calculated more accurately. This gives increased yield and profitability.5.3 Results from the test method could be used to set a standard specification for stability parameters for fuel oils.5.4 The compatibility parameters of crude oils can be used in crude oil blending in refineries to determine, in advance, which crude oil blends will be compatible and thus can be used to minimize plugging problems, unit shut downs, and maintenance costs. Determination of crude oil compatibility parameters also enables refineries to select crude oil mixtures more economically.5.5 This test method can measure stability and compatibility parameters, and determine stability reserve on different blends for particular applications to optimize the blending, storage, and use of heavy fuel oilsNOTE 1: Users of this test method would normally use stability and compatibility parameters to determine stability reserve of residual products, fuel blends and crude oils. However, the interpretation of stability, stability reserve and compatibility is heavily ‘use dependent,’ and is beyond the scope of this test method.1.1 This test method covers an automated procedure involving titration and optical detection of precipitated asphaltenes for determining the stability and compatibility parameters of refinery residual streams, residual fuel oils, and crude oils. Stability in this context is the ability to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized or dissolved state and not undergo flocculation or precipitation. Similarly, compatibility relates to the property of mixing two or more oils without precipitation or flocculation of asphaltenes.1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from atmospheric and vacuum distillation, from thermal, catalytic, and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of Specifications D396, Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880, Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these products contain 0.05 mass % or greater concentration of asphaltenes.1.3 This test method is not relevant to oils that contain less than 0.05 % asphaltenes, and would be pointless to apply to unstable oils that already contain flocculated asphaltenes.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.”1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site).1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 843元 加购物车

This specification covers the design and construction requirements of rotary positive displacement distillate fuel pumps intended for use in shipboard. Pumps covered by this specification are of Types II, III, IV, V, VIII, X, and XI and of sizes A-H. The pump shall be manufactured capable of sustaining operation in any direction up to a certain inclination, shall withstand environmental vibration induced by shipboard machinery and equipment, shall be driven by an electric motor, and besides distillate fuel, the pump shall also be used to pump aviation turbine fuel. Performance acceptance tests shall be performed, including mechanical running test, noise test, and hydrostatic test, and shall conform to the requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers the requirements applicable to the design and construction of rotary positive displacement distillate fuel pumps for shipboard use.1.2 Lineal dimensions and units of force in this specification are expressed as inches and pounds respectively. A companion metric standard is in the process of preparation.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 712元 加购物车

定价： 843元 加购物车

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This specification provides requirements and corresponding test methods for denatured ethanol intended to be used as a cooking or appliance fuel, or both. The addition of a denatonium benzoate and a colored dye is required. The minimum and maximum requirements for the amount in which denatonium benzoate must be added are specified. The hydrocarbons approved for use under this specification are gasoline, unleaded gasoline, natural gasoline, heptane, or rubber hydrocarbon solvent.Also addressed in this specification are workmanship, sampling, sontainers, and sample handling. The test methods cover ethanol, water, and higher alcohols as well as acidity and solvent-washed gum content.1.1 This specification covers denatured ethanol intended to be used as a cooking or appliance fuel, or both.1.1.1 This product is intentionally denatured as an additional deterrent to consumption and to avoid beverage alcohol use.1.1.2 This specification allows for various denaturants to be used for the intended purpose of cooking or appliance fuel. Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirement for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol.1.2 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations.1.3 Denatured ethanol has many regulatory limitations that cover the production, trading, transporting, distributing, wholesale and retail sale, and use of denatured ethanol; this specification does not purport to address the regulatory compliance aspects of these activities.1.4 The application and intent of this product is for household cooking fuel and not for on-road motor fuel use (see D4806).1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The knowledge of the volume of samples used in a test is necessary for meaningful results. Validity of the volume measurement equipment and procedures must be assured for accurate results.1.1 These test methods cover the volumetric measuring of gaseous fuel samples, including liquefied petroleum gases, in the gaseous state at normal temperatures and pressures. The apparatus selected covers a sufficient variety of types so that one or more of the methods prescribed may be used for laboratory, control, reference, or in fact any purpose where it is desired to know the quantity of gaseous fuel or fuel samples under consideration. The various types of apparatus are listed in Table 1.1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 加购物车

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5.1 Synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel are being approved for blending with jet fuel provided that they meet a purity specification of more than 97 % farnesane, more than 98 % saturated hydrocarbons, and less than 1.5 % hexahydrofarnesol in accordance with Specification D7566. This test method provides a method of determining the percentage of farnesane (purity) in the synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for blending with jet fuel.1.1 This test method covers the determination of farnesane (2,6,10-trimethyldodecane), saturated hydrocarbons, and hexahydrofarnesol content in synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for blending with jet fuel by gas chromatography.1.2 Farnesane is determined from 96 % to 99.9 % by mass. Sum of saturated hydrocarbons including farnesane is determined from 97 % to 99.9 % by mass, and hexahydrofarnesol is determined from 0.02 % to 2.0 % by mass.1.3 This test method does identify and quantify main impurities or group type of impurities but does not purport to identify all individual components that can be present in synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for jet fuel blending.1.4 This test method is inappropriate for impurities that boil at temperatures higher than 460 °C or for impurities that cause poor or no response in a flame ionization detector.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车