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1 Scope This part of ISO 23328 specifies requirements for non-filtration aspects of breathing system filters (BSF) intended for anaesthetic and respiratory use, and addresses connection ports, leakage, resistance to flow, packaging, marking and informa

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4.1 This guide provides a reference to the manufacturing community for the evaluation of environmental sustainability aspects of manufacturing processes. This guide is intended to improve efficiencies and consistencies of informal methods by providing procedures for consistent evaluations of manufacturing processes.4.2 This guide describes a procedure to identify parameters and models for evaluating sustainability metrics for a particular process. Users of this guide will benefit from insight into the sustainability implications of selected processes as well as the contributing factors.1.1 This guide provides guidance to develop manufacturer-specific procedures for evaluating the environmental sustainability performance of manufacturing processes. This guide introduces decision support methods that can be used to improve sustainability performance.1.2 The scope of this guide is constrained by the manufacturing phase of the life cycle. The guide addresses specifics related to the processes and procedures within this phase.1.3 This guide will allow manufacturers to make effective evaluations during plant and enterprise-wide decision-making within the manufacturing phase.1.4 This guide focuses on environmental sustainability impacts, though social and economic impacts are not explicitly excluded.1.5 This guide addresses:1.5.1 Setting boundaries for the evaluation of environmental sustainability of a process or processes,1.5.2 Identifying the process and equipment-related parameters necessary for environmental sustainability-driven process evaluation,1.5.3 Creating process models using these parameters,1.5.4 Utilizing process models to support consistent evaluations and sustainability-driven decision-making in a manufacturing enterprise.NOTE 1: See ULE 880 for additional guidance at enterprise-level decision-making.1.6 This guide may be used to complement other standards that address sustainability and the product life cycle. This guide most closely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14040, ISO 14044) standards, efficiency as discussed in the ISO 50000 series (ISO 50001) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series (ISO 55001) standards.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1. Scope 1.1 This Guide covers the consideration of environmental impacts in product standards. It is intended for standard w riters; its purpose is (a) to raise awareness that provisions in product standards can affect the environment in both nega

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4.1 This test addresses two limitations in existing mar tests such as Test Methods D1044, D3363, D5178, D6037, and D6279, namely:4.1.1 Measured damage is caused by hundreds of contacts with differing contact geometries making it difficult or impossible for mechanical quantities (force, displacement) at the contact points to be reliably determined.4.1.2 The damage is evaluated using subjective visual assessments, which provide only a qualitative sense of wear with little information about mar mechanisms.4.2 This test provides a quantitative assessment of a paint coating’s mechanistic aspects of scratch/mar behavior in various conditions. The ability to control testing variables such as loading rate, speed, and temperature allow the study of the scratch/mar behavior in a variety of environments.4.3 This test method is particularly suitable for measurement of paint coatings on laboratory test panels.4.4 The accuracy and precision of scratch/mar performance may be significantly influenced by coating surface non-uniformity and irregularities.4.5 A correlation has been observed between good mar resistance in field studies and a combination of high plastic resistance and high fracture resistance. When coatings have had either high plastic resistance and low fracture resistance, or low plastic resistance and high fracture resistance, there have been contradictory results in field studies.4.6 Mar resistance characterizes the ability of the coating to resist light damage. The difference between mar and scratch resistance is that mar is related to only the relatively fine surface scratches which spoil the appearance of the coating. The mechanistic aspects of mar resistance depend on a complex interplay between visco-elastic and thermal recovery, yield or plastic flow, and micro-fracture. Polymers are challenging because they exhibit a range of mechanical properties from near liquid through rubber materials to brittle solids. The mechanical properties are rate and temperature dependent and visco-elastic recovery can cause scratches to change with time. One such test for evaluating polymeric coatings and plastics is Test Method D7027.4.7 Since this method measures mechanical qualities, such as forces and displacements (deformations) during the damage making process, rate dependence, temperature dependence, and visco-elastic-plastic recovery can be further investigated and visual impacts of damage can be related to deformation mechanisms.1.1 This test method covers a nanoscratch method for determining the resistance of paint coatings on smooth flat surfaces to scratch/mar.1.2 Other methods used in scratch/mar evaluation physically scratch or mar a sample’s surface with single or multiple contact cutting, and then use visual inspection to assign a ranking. It has been recognized that loss of appearance is mainly due to surface damage created. This method quantitatively and objectively measures scratch/mar behavior by making the evaluation process two steps with emphasis on surface damage. Step one is to find the relationship between damage shape and size and external input (such as forces, contact geometry, and deformation). Step two is to relate damage shape and size to visual loss of luster. The first step is covered by this method; in addition, a survey in the appendix provides an example of an experiment to relate the damage to the change in luster.1.3 There are three elementary deformation mechanisms: elastic deformation, plastic deformation and fracture; only the latter two contribute significantly to mar. This method evaluates scratch/mar based on the latter two damage mechanisms.1.4 Although this standard was developed for paint coatings, it can also be applied to other types of similar polymer-based coatings, for example, lacquers, varnishes, glazes and other decorative and protective layers deposited on hard substrates.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide provides a systematic approach for characterizing the environmental aspects of manufacturing processes based on well-established formal languages.NOTE 1: In computer science, a formal language is a language designed for use in situations in which natural language is unsuitable as, for example, in mathematics, logic, or computer programming. The symbols and formulas of such languages stand in precisely specified syntactic and semantic relations to one another. Formal representations are derived from formal languages.NOTE 2: A UMP model is defined using formal languages, such as eXtensible Markup Language (XML) (1),6 Unified Modeling Language (UML) (2), or Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to facilitate data exchange, computability, and communication with other manufacturing and analysis applications. These capabilities support manufacturers in evaluating, documenting, and improving performance. This guide specifically incorporates UML and XML but does not limit implementations to these languages.4.2 This guide provides the structure and formalism to ensure consistency in characterizing manufacturing processes in a computer-interpretable way, thus enabling effective communication, computational analytics, and exchange of performance information.4.3 Fig. 1 shows how this guide is used to transition manufacturing resources, such as industrial robots, machine tools, and auxiliary devices, from the phycical world to the digital world through graphical and formal representations. In doing so, required information to perform engineering analysis, such as optimization, simulation, and life cycle assessment, is characterized in a manner that is complete, standardized, and efficient.FIG. 1 Overview of of this GuideUMPs store digital representations of physical manufacturing assets and systems to enable engineering analysis, for example, optimization, simulation, and life cycle assessments.NOTE 3: This guide will promote new tool development that can link manufacturing information and analytics for calculating the desired environmental performance measures.4.4 This guide also supports the development of tools to improve decision support capabilities while facilitating the development and extension of standardized data and information bases.NOTE 4: Data collected within manufacturing enterprises can be used to build enterprise-or-sector-specific databases that complement or extend Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) databases (ULE 880). This approach will improve the relevancy and completeness of the data while retaining key links to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods.4.5 Fig. 2 presents a road map to this guide. Section 5 describes the graphical representation of the UMP. Section 6 presents a conceptual definition of the UMP concept. Section 7 presents a step-by-step guide on how to characterize a manufacturing process using the formal methods presented in Sections 5 and 6. Section 8 describes how to create a composed system model, or a network of UMPs.FIG. 2 Systematic Illustration of Use of UMP Representation and Process Characterization Methodology to Develop a Number of Specific UMP Models to Support Model Composition1.1 This guide provides an approach to characterize any category of manufacturing process and to systematically capture and describe relevant environmental information.1.2 This guide defines the conceptual model of a unit manufacturing process (UMP) from which a formal representation can be specified.1.3 This guide defines the graphical representation of a UMP model that supports the systematic structuring and visualizing of manufacturing information.1.4 This guide defines a process characterization methodology to construct UMP models that characterize the environmental aspects of the manufacturing processes under study.1.5 This guide provides the necessary structure and formality for identifying and capturing key information needed to assess manufacturing performance, yet provides no details about an actual assessment of the process performance.1.6 This guide provides the conceptual definition for a system composed of multiple UMPs to represent a production system.1.7 This guide may be used to complement other standards that address sustainability and the product life cycle. This guide most closely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14044) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series (ISO 55001) standards.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all of the security issues and the risks associated with manufacturing information. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to follow practices and establish appropriate information technology related security measures.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1 Scope This Technical Report describes concepts and current practices relating to the integration of environmental aspects into product design and development, where .product. is understood to cover both goods and services. This Technical Report is ap

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4.1 This guide provides methods for developing environmental sustainability KPIs at the manufacturing process level.4.2 This guide provides standard approaches for systematically identifying, defining, selecting, and organizing KPIs for determining the impact of manufacturing processes on the environment.4.3 This guide is intended for those who need effective KPIs to assess manufacturing process performance, raise understanding, inform decision-makers, and establish objectives for improvement.4.4 If the number of stakeholders is small and the manufacturing processes are simple, KPI developers can follow the first two steps (5.2 Establishing KPI Objectives and 5.3 Defining needed KPIs) of this guide. The steps that follow include KPI selection, normalization and weighting, and KPI organization. They can be applied to larger groups of stakeholders and more complex manufacturing processes. Users of this guide can determine the number of steps they will follow because the decision is highly dependent upon the products that they make and the processes that they use.4.5 The guide enables the development of tools for KPI management and performance evaluation that will support decision-making capabilities in a manufacturing facility, including the development and extension of standardized data, performance information, and environmental knowledge.4.6 Procedures outlined in this guide are intended for environmental KPIs, and they also can be applied to broader sustainability KPIs as in Guide E2986.4.7 A quick guide on how to use this guide can be found in Appendix X7.1.1 This guide addresses Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for environmental aspects of manufacturing processes.1.2 This guide provides a procedure for identifying candidate KPIs from existing sources for environmental aspects of manufacturing processes.1.3 This guide provides a procedure for defining new candidate KPIs that are not available from existing sources for environmental aspects of manufacturing processes.1.4 This guide defines a methodology for selecting effective KPIs from a list of candidate KPIs based on KPI criteria selected from Appendix X3 or defined by users.1.5 This guide provides a procedure for normalizing KPIs, assigning weights to those KPIs, and aligning them to environmental objectives.1.6 KPIs of Manufacturing Operation Management activities as defined in IEC 62264-1 are out of the scope since they are specifically addressed in ISO 22400-2.1.7 How to evaluate environmental impacts is out of the scope since it is addressed in Guide E2986.1.8 This guide can be used to complement other standards that address environmental aspects of manufacturing processes, for example, Guide E2986, Terminology E2987/E2987M, and Guide E3012.1.9 This guide does not purport to address the security risks associated with manufacturing and environmental information. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to follow practices and establish appropriate information technology related security measures.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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