5.1 Sulfate-reducing bacteria are widely distributed in marine and fresh water muds which, in consequence, frequently are laden with the hydrogen sulfide produced by these organisms during dissimilatory sulfate reduction.5.2 It has been reported that Desulfovibrio spp. can form as much as 10 g of sulfide per litre during active multiplication. Sulfate-reducing bacteria can cause the external or internal corrosion of water or wastewater pipelines and pipelines for petroleum and natural gas. The formation of galvanic cells by massive growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria under suitable conditions makes the corrosion much worse than just the effect of the hydrogen sulfide on the metal or concrete.1.1 These test methods cover the procedure for the detection and enumeration by the most probable number (MPN) technique of sulfate-reducing bacteria in water or water-formed deposits.1.2 Two media preparations are provided. Medium A which is prepared with reagent grade water, and Medium B which is prepared using the water to be sampled as the water source. Medium B is offered for those special conditions where sulfate-reducing bacterial strains have adapted to atypical non-fresh water environment.1.3 For the isolation and enumeration of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria encountered in waters associated with oil and gas production, all broths, dilution blanks, and incubations must be maintained at temperatures of at least 45°C and preferably within 5°C at the sample temperature.1.4 The sensitivity of these test methods can be increased by purging the dilution blanks and tubes of media with nitrogen immediately prior to use.1.5 The analyst should be aware that adequate collaborative data for precision and bias statements as required by Practice D2777 are not provided. See Section 11 for details.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This in vivo procedure is designed to test the ability of hygienic handwash or handrub agents to eliminate selected types of bacteria from experimentally contaminated skin of the hands of adult subjects. Since the two thumbpads and all eight fingerpads can be used in any given test, it allows for the incorporation of an input control (two), control for viable bacteria remaining after the inoculum has been allowed to dry (two), bacteria eliminated after treatment with a control or reference solution (two), and up to four replicates to assess the bacteria-eliminating efficiency of the product under test. No more than 100 µL of the test bacterial suspension is required to complete one test. The results of testing with this test method may form the basis for confirmatory tests using a suitable whole-hand test protocol, such as Test Method E1174.5.2 Whereas this test method relates to testing with bacteria, it can be readily adapted to work with protozoa and bacteriophages. Similar methods for work with fungi (Test Method E2613) and viruses of human origin (Test Method E1838) are already ASTM standards.5.3 Potentially infectious microorganisms left on hands after washing can be reduced further by drying the washed hands with paper, cloth, or warm air (7). A step for the drying of fingerpads after exposure to the control or test solution, therefore, has not been included to avoid bacterial removal by the drying process itself.5.4 This test method is not meant for use with surgical hand scrubs (Test Method E1115) or preoperative skin preps (Test Method E1173).5.5 The level of contamination with viable bacteria on each fingerpad after the drying of the inoculum should be five- to ten-fold higher than the product performance criterion required. For example, the titer in the dried inoculum on each fingerpad should be about 105 colony forming units of the test bacterium when a >104 reduction is required under the conditions of this test method.1.1 This test method is designed to determine the activity of hygienic handwash and handrub (4) agents against transient bacterial flora on hands and is not meant for use with surgical hand scrubs or preoperative skin preps.1.2 Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects.31.3 The test method should be performed by persons with training in microbiology in facilities designed and equipped for work with infectious agents at biosafety level 2 (5).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Measurement of bacterial densities is generally the first step in establishing a relationship between bacteria and other biochemical processes. It is known that the classical plate count procedure underestimates bacterial densities while the epifluorescence direct microscopic procedure more accurately depicts the total numbers of nonviable or dormant and viable cells in a water sample. The acridine-orange INT-formazan reduction technique provides information on the total concentrations of bacteria as well as that proportion which are actively respiring and thus involved in degradative processes.The acridine-orange INT-formazan reduction technique is both quantitative and precise.This procedure is ideal for enumerating both pelagic and epibenthic bacteria in all fresh water and marine environments.The process can be employed in survey studies to characterize the bacteriological densities and activities of environmental waters.1.1 This test method covers the detection and enumeration of aquatic bacteria by the use of an acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-microscopic counting procedure. This test method is applicable to environmental waters and potable waters.1.2 Certain types of debris and other microorganisms may fluoresce in acridine-orange stained smears.1.3 The procedure described requires a trained microbiologist or technician who is capable of distinguishing bacteria from other fluorescing bodies on the basis of morphology when viewed at higher magnifications.1.4 Use of bright light permits differentiation of single bacteria where reduced formazan is deposited at the polar ends.1.5 Approximately 104 cells/mL are required for detection by this test method.1.6 Minimal cell size which allows the detection of formazan deposits is represented by bacteria of 0.4 μm.21.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Bacterial populations, as part of the microbial community in aquatic systems are actively involved in nutrient cycling. The significance of these populations is often difficult to ascertain because of the presence of many physiological types. However, measurement of bacterial densities is usually the first step in trying to establish any relationship that might exist between bacteria and other biochemical processes.45.2 Acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-counting procedure cannot differentiate between viable and nonviable cells.5.3 This procedure cannot be used to convert directly the numbers to total carbon biomass because of the natural variations in bacterial cell size.5.4 The acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-microscopic count is both quantitative and precise.5.5 This procedure is ideal for enumerating both pelagic and epibenthic bacteria in all fresh water and marine environments.55.6 The process can be employed in survey activities to characterize the bacteriological densities of environmental waters.5.7 The procedure can also be used to estimate bacterial densities in cooling tower waters, process waters, and waters associated with oil drilling wells.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for detection and enumeration of aquatic bacteria by the use of an acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-microscopic counting procedure. It is applicable to environmental waters.1.2 Certain types of debris and other microorganisms may fluoresce in acridine orange-stained smears.1.3 The test method requires a trained microbiologist or technician who is capable of distinguishing bacteria from other fluorescing bodies on the basis of morphology when viewed at higher magnifications.21.4 Use of bright light permits differentiation of single bacteria where reduced formazan is deposited at the polar ends.1.5 Approximately 104 cells/mL are required for detection by this test method.21.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Hand hygiene is considered one of the most important measures for preventing the spread of infectious microorganisms and is critical for reducing the incidence of food-borne disease. Food-handling settings are unique in that moderate to heavy soil load present on hands often can influence the ability of a product to remove or kill microorganisms (3, 4). Test methods are needed for assessing the efficacy of hand hygiene products under conditions representative of those encountered in a food-handling environment.5.2 This test method is specifically designed to evaluate the effectiveness of food-handler products to kill and remove bacteria from experimentally-contaminated hands under conditions of moderate to heavy organic soil load. The inclusion of soils typical of food service setting makes this a methodology more appropriate than Test Method E1174, which was designed to evaluate healthcare personnel hand washes and does not include an option to include soil (4).1.1 This test method is designed to determine the activity of food-handler handwashes against transient bacterial flora on the hands.1.2 Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects (1)2.1.3 This test method should be performed by persons with training in microbiology, in facilities designed and equipped for work with potentially infectious agents at biosafety level 2 (2).1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 8.1.1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This plate format is useful for the routine monitoring of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable and non-potable waters. The significance of finding these bacteria can help with identifying water quality or water system problems or evaluate compliance with maintenance protocols. This test method uses small volumes of water, or dilutions thereof, and provides an easy and reliable method that eliminates media preparation and reduces laboratory waste.1.1 This test method describes a simple procedure for the quantification of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable water (drinking water, bottled water, and dental water, for example) and non-potable waters (cooling towers, for example).1.1.1 The EasyDisc2, 3 plate format is designed to test 1 mL of a water sample on a 47 mm gridded plate containing a growth reagent embedded to the plate’s inner surface.1.1.2 Detection is based on colorimetric technology in which viable, aerobic, heterotrophic, waterborne bacteria grow when present in the water sample, displaying a color reaction which allows for a simplified visualization of colony growth.1.2 Each plate can accurately detect up to 300 colony forming units per 1 mL (CFU/1 mL) of sample. To increase the quantification range, a sample dilution can be used. Adjust the CFU/mL result to reflect dilutions.1.3 This test method can be used for potable (for example, drinking, bottled, and dental) waters and non-potable waters such as cooling tower waters. It is the user’s responsibility to adhere to all requirements by local regulations and ensure the validity of this test method for waters other than those tested as part of the Interlaboratory Study (ILS).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers evaluating relative bioresistance of aqueous metalworking fluids by challenging them with a biological inoculum prepared from specific deteriorated metalworking fluid from the user's site. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Filamentous iron bacteria is a general classification for microorganisms that utilize ferrous iron as a source of energy and are characterized by the deposition of ferric hydroxide in their mucilaginous sheaths. The process is continuous with these growths, and over a period of time large accumulations of slimy brown deposits can occur. Iron bacteria may clog water lines, reduce heat transfer, and cause staining; objectionable odors may arise following death of the bacteria. The organic matter in the water is consequently increased, and this in turn favors the multiplication of other bacteria.1.1 This practice covers the determination of filamentous iron bacteria (FIB) by microscopic examination. This practice provides for the identification of the following genera of bacteria found in water and water-formed deposits: Siderocapsa, Gallionella (Dioymohelix), Sphaerotilus, Crenothrix, Leptothrix, and Clonothrix.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods are used to demonstrate whether an adhesive preparation is sufficiently protected with biocide to resist attack by bacteria, yeast, and fungi during its storage life. They are patterned after methods used by biological laboratories serving the adhesive industry.5.2 These test methods may also be used to determine the efficacy of different biocide systems against specific microorganisms.5.3 These test methods are especially useful when tested against wild-type microorganisms which have been isolated from contaminated adhesives as an aid in determining the amount and type of biocide necessary to kill or inhibit the growth of the contaminants. If an isolated microorganism not generally used as a challenge organism, is chosen as the inoculum, it is important to identify the organism and determine on which medium and under what conditions it will grow, in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the biocide.5.4 The results obtained when using the procedures given in these methods apply only to the species which are used for the testing. The test species listed in Section 9 are frequently used by laboratories to test for antimicrobial properties, but they are not the only ones which could be used. Selection of the species to use for these test methods requires informed judgment by the testing laboratory or by the party requesting the tests. It is also important that species which commonly attack adhesives be used. See 9.4.5.5 The presence of an active biocide carried over from the adhesive specimen to the agar could have an inhibiting effect on the growth of microorganisms, resulting in no growth during the span of a normal incubation period, when in fact, viable microorganisms are present, but their growth has been slowed down or held in stasis. The use of Letheen agar and broth is recommended to neutralize the effect of this carry-over.NOTE 4: Letheen agar may be used for the streak plates, or if another agar is chosen for testing, a Letheen agar plate could be streaked as a control to test against the neutralizing effect. Even more effective would be diluting the challenged adhesive specimen with Letheen broth and running Letheen agar pour plates. See Note 1 and Note 3. Extending the incubation period of negative plates would be another safeguard. To neutralize thiazoline-based preservatives, 10 to 50 ppm of sodium thioglycolate can be added to the medium.5.6 These test methods are dependent upon the physiological action of living microorganisms under a reported set of conditions. Conclusions about the resistance of the test adhesive to microbiological attack can be drawn by comparing the results to simultaneously run controls of known resistance. See X5.2 for statements regarding test repeatability.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of liquid adhesive preparations to microbial attack in the container by challenging adhesive specimens with cultures of bacteria, yeast, or fungi, and checking for their ability to return to sterility. These test methods return qualitative results.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. These test methods are designed to be used by persons trained in correct microbiological technique. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Hand hygiene is considered one of the most important measures for preventing the spread of infectious microorganisms. Hand rubs reduce the microbial load on the hands without the use of soap and water, and are thus an important tool in the practice of good hand hygiene. Alcohol-based hand rubs are recommended in healthcare settings for use on hands that are not visibly soiled. They are formulated to be applied full strength to dry hands, “rubbed in” until dry, and are not rinsed off.5.2 This test method is designed specifically to evaluate hand rubs for efficacy in eliminating bacteria from experimentally-contaminated hands. It is designed as an alternative to Test Method E1174, which was intended primarily to evaluate antimicrobial handwashing agents that are lathered with the aid of water and then rinsed off. When using Test Method E1174 to evaluate hand rubs, inadequate drying of the hands after contamination dilutes the test material and can compromise activity, to result in an underestimation of effectiveness. Additionally, because hand rubs are not rinsed after product use, activity can be further degraded by build-up of soil from the contaminating broth and inactivated challenge bacteria on the hands.5.2.1 In this method, application to the hands of a small volume of high-titer test bacteria suspension minimizes soil load such that the skin is completely dry prior to application of the test material. Further, by applying the bacterial suspension only prior to those test material application cycles followed by sampling, excessive buildup of killed bacteria on the hands is avoided, and the potential impact of non-volatile test product ingredients on bacteria-eliminating effectiveness after ten consecutive applications can be specifically assessed.5.3 A reference control is evaluated for each subject prior to evaluation of the test material. Data from the reference control helps to control for inter-subject variability, inter-experimental variability, and inter-laboratory variability; and enables improved statistical comparison of test materials evaluated in the same experiment.5.4 This test method can be used to test any form of hand rubs, including gels, rinses, sprays, foams, and wipes when used according to label directions at typical “in-use” doses.5.5 Susceptibility to biocides can vary among different species of bacteria and major differences have been noted between gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. This test method provides the option to use either a gram-negative bacterium (Serratia marcescens) or a gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) as the test organism. S. marcescens is used as a test organism in both Test Method E1174 and Test Method E2276. S. aureus is a highly relevant pathogen in healthcare, institutional, and community settings. Moreover, hands are an important vehicle in the transfer of S. aureus between people and the environment, and in the transfer between individuals.5.6 This test method may be used as an alternative to Test Method E2276, which limits the test bacteria to the fingerpads and does not incorporate actual use conditions such as friction during hand rubbing.5.7 The investigator should be aware of potential health risks associated with the use of these organisms and precautions similar to those referenced in Section 8 should be taken.1.1 This test method is designed to determine the activity of healthcare personnel hand rubs, (also known as hand rubs, hygienic hand rubs, hand sanitizers, or hand antiseptics) against transient microbial skin flora on the hands after a single application and after repeated applications.1.2 Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects (see 21 CFR Parts 50 and 56).1.3 This test method should be performed by persons with training in microbiology, in facilities designed and equipped for work with potentially infectious agents at biosafety level 2.2,31.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see 8.2.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The resin portion of plastic materials is usually resistant to bacteria, in that it does not serve as a carbon source for the growth of bacteria. It is generally the other components, such as plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers, and colorants that are responsible for bacterial attack on plastic materials. It is important to establish the resistance of plastics to microbial attack when plastics are used under conditions of high temperature and humidity favorable for such attack.4.2 The effects to be expected are:4.2.1 Surface attack, discoloration, and loss of transmission (optical).4.2.2 Removal of susceptible plasticizers, modifiers, and lubricants, resulting in increased modulus (stiffness), changes in weight, dimensions, and other physical properties, and deterioration of electrical properties such as insulation resistance, dielectric constant, power factor, and dielectric strength.4.3 Often the changes in electrical properties are due principally to surface growth and associated moisture, and to pH changes caused by products of bacterial metabolism. Other effects include preferential growths caused by nonuniform dispersion of plasticizers, lubricants, and other processing additives. Pronounced physical changes may be observed on products in film form or as coatings where the ratio of surface to volume is high, and where nutrient materials such as plasticizers and lubricants continue to diffuse to the surface as they are utilized by the organisms.4.4 Since attack by organisms involves a large element of change due to local accelerations and inhibitions, the order of reproducibility may be rather low. To assure that estimates of behavior are not too optimistic, the greatest observed degree of deterioration should be reported.4.5 Conditioning of specimens such as exposure to leaching, weathering, heat treatment, etc., may have significant effects on the resistance of plastics to bacteria. Determination of these effects is not covered in this document.1.1 This practice covers two procedures, A and B, for determining the effect of bacteria on the properties of plastics in the form of molded and fabricated articles, tubes, rods, sheets, and film materials. Procedure B provides a more extensive contact between the test bacteria and the specimens than does Procedure A. Changes in optical, mechanical, and electrical properties may be determined by the applicable ASTM methods.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Biodeteriogenic microbes infecting fuel systems typically are most abundant within slime accumulations on system surfaces or at the fuel-water interface (Guide D6469). However, it is often impractical to obtain samples from these locations within fuel systems. Although the numbers of viable bacteria and fungi recovered from fuel-phase samples are likely to be several orders of magnitude smaller than those found in water-phase samples, fuel-phase organisms are often the most readily available indicators of fuel and fuel system microbial contamination.5.2 Growth Medium Selectivity—Guide E1326 discusses the limitations of growth medium selection. Any medium selected will favor colony formation by some species and suppress colony formation by others. As noted in 6.3, physical, chemical and physiological variables can affect viable cell enumeration test results. Test Method D7463 provides a non-culture means of quantifying microbial biomass in fuels and fuel associated water.5.3 Since a wide range of sample sizes, or dilutions thereof, can be analyzed by the membrane filter technique (Test Methods D5259 and F1094), the test sensitivity can be adjusted for the population density expected in the sample.5.4 Enumeration data should be used as part of diagnostic efforts or routine condition monitoring programs. Enumeration data should not be used as fuel quality criteria.1.1 This practice covers a membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of Heterotrophic bacteria (HPC) and fungi in liquid fuels with kinematic viscosities ≤24 mm2 · s-1 at ambient temperature.1.2 This quantitative practice is drawn largely from IP Method 385 and Test Method D5259.1.3 This test may be performed either in the field or in the laboratory.1.4 The ability of individual microbes to form colonies on specific growth media depends on the taxonomy and physiological state of the microbes to be enumerated, the chemistry of the growth medium, and incubation conditions. Consequently, test results should not be interpreted as absolute values. Rather they should be used as part of a diagnostic or condition monitoring effort that includes other test parameters, in accordance with Guide D6469.1.5 This practice offers alternative options for delivering fuel sample microbes to the filter membrane, volumes or dilutions filtered, growth media used to cultivate fuel-borne microbes, and incubation temperatures. This flexibility is offered to facilitate diagnostic efforts. When this practice is used as part of a condition monitoring program, a single procedure should be used consistently.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended for the collection of airborne particles on agar plates using inertial impaction for the purpose of culturing fungi or bacteria.4.2 This practice is valuable when species level identification or quantity of culturable aerosolized fungi and bacteria are important factors for the indoor air quality investigation.4.3 It is the responsibility of the user to assure that they are in compliance with all local, state, and federal regulations governing the inspection of buildings for fungal and bacterial colonization and the collection of associated samples.4.4 This practice is intended to provide the user with a basic understanding of the equipment, materials, and instructions necessary to effectively collect air samples on agar plates using an inertial impactor.4.5 This practice is intended to minimize systematic sampling variations between different data sets.1.1 The purpose of this practice is to describe procedures for the collection of culturable airborne fungal spores or fragments or bacteria on agar plates using inertial impaction sampling techniques.1.2 This practice does not include collection of culturable fungi or bacteria by devices not using agar plates.1.3 This practice presumes that the user has a fundamental understanding of field investigative techniques related to the scientific process, and sampling plan development and implementation. It is important to establish the related hypothesis to be tested and the supporting analytical methodology needed in order to identify the sampling media to be used and the laboratory conditions for analysis.1.4 This practice does not address the development of a formal hypothesis or the establishment of appropriate and defensible investigation and sampling objectives. It is presumed the investigator has the experience and knowledge base to address these issues.1.5 This practice does not provide the user sufficient information to allow for interpretation of the analytical results from sample collection. It is the user's responsibility to seek or obtain the information and knowledge necessary to interpret the sample results reported by the laboratory.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This screening test method covers the detection and enumeration of bacteria contained in a water sample employing a commercial device specifically designed for that purpose. This test method applies only to the enumeration of those viable bacteria that will grow under the test conditions specified (for example, medium, temperature, time, etc.). It is not applicable to the detection of anaerobic bacteria. 1.2 No bacterial culture technique can enumerate all the viable bacteria in a sample, since bacteria occur singly, in pairs, chains, or clusters and no single set of growth conditions or media can satisfy the physiological requirements of all bacteria in a sample. Therefore, this test method cannot provide a total bacterial count, but can only strive to achieve a relative count of viable aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria present in a sample. 1.3 The test method applies to samples in which the number of culturable bacteria per millilitre exceeds at least 10 and no more than 160 bacteria/mL in the sample or sample dilution. 1.4 This test method is intended to be used as a simplified field method where bacteriological laboratory facilities are not readily available. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This test method enumerates salt tolerant (halophilic) bacteria, and proteolytic bacteria that are also salt tolerant. Under the conditions of this test method those bacteria are equated as halophilic organisms. Salt tolerant proteolytic bacteria have been known to cause damage to hides and skins in raceway brine.1.1 This test method covers the enumeration of bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentrations or can hydrolyze protein/collagen, or both. This test method is applicable to raceway brine, brine-cured hides and skins, and pre-charge raceway liquor.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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