5.1 Different combinations of varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire behave differently when exposed to elevated temperatures. This includes different varnishes tested with the same film-insulated magnet wire and a single varnish tested with different film-insulated magnet wire.5.2 This test method is used to determine the effect on the electrical properties of a varnish applied to film-insulated magnet wire when the combination is exposed to prescribed elevated temperatures.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal endurance characteristics of electrical insulating varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire in combination.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This test method is equivalent to IEC 60172.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that other factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. The following are potential indicators of thermal degradation: weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Thermal degradation is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown.5.3 This test method is useful in determining the thermal endurance of coating powders applied over a copper or aluminum substrate material.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of coating powders by determining the length of aging time at selected elevated temperatures required to achieve dielectric breakdown at room temperature at a pre-determined proof voltage. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating powders used over a substrate material of copper or aluminum.1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that other factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. The following are potential indicators of thermal degradation: weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Thermal degradation is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown.5.3 This test method is useful in determining the thermal endurance of coating powders applied over a steel substrate material.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of coating powders by determining the length of aging time at selected elevated temperatures required to achieve dielectric breakdown at room temperature at a pre-determined proof voltage. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating powders used over a substrate material of steel.1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The folding endurance is frequently used to estimate the ability of the paper and plastics film to withstand repeated bending, folding, and creasing.4.2 Folding endurance has also been found useful in measuring the deterioration of paper and plastics film upon aging.1.1 This test method describes the use of the M.I.T.-type folding apparatus for determining folding endurance of paper and plastics film. The M.I.T. tester can be adjusted for samples of any thickness; however, if the outer layers thicker than about 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) rupture during the first few folds, the test loses its significance. The procedure for the Schopper-type apparatus is given in Test Method D643.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 Scope and object This technical specification applies to capacitors according to IEC 60871-1 and gives the requirements for overvoltage cycling and ageing tests of these capacitors. Ce format PDF permet de faire de la recherche 1.1 Domaine d.a

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5.1 This test method differentiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to their wear life and load-carrying capacity. If the test conditions are changed, wear life may change and relative ratings of the bonded solid film lubricants may be different.1.1 This test method (see Note 1) covers the determination of the endurance (wear) life and load-carrying capacity of dry solid film lubricants in sliding steel-on-steel applications.NOTE 1: Reference may be made to Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) Report No. 419, “Development of Research Technique for Measuring Wear Life of Bonded Solid Lubricant Coatings for Airframes, Using the Falex Tester.” See also SAE Aerospace Standard AS5272.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard except where equipment is supplied using inch-pound units and would then be regarded as standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units given in such cases in the body of the standard may be approximate.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A major factor affecting the life of insulating materials is thermal degradation. Other factors, such as moisture and vibration, are able to cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.5.2 Electrical insulation is effective in electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity. Thermal degradation is able to be characterized by weight change, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility, and is usually accompanied by an ultimate reduction in dielectric breakdown voltage.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thermal endurance of flexible sheet materials by determining dielectric breakdown voltage at room temperature after aging in air at selected elevated temperatures. Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.1.2 This test method is applicable to such solid electrical insulating materials as coated fabrics, dielectric films, composite laminates, and other materials where retention of flexibility after heat aging is of major importance (see Note 4).1.3 This test method is not intended for the evaluation of rigid laminate materials nor for the determination of thermal endurance of those materials which are not expected or required to retain flexibility in actual service.1.4 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 10.1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is useful in research and quality control for evaluating insulating materials and systems since they provide for the measurement of the endurance used to compare different materials to the action of corona on the external surfaces. A poor result on this test does not indicate that the material is a poor selection for use at high voltage or at high voltage stress in the absence of surface corona; surface corona is not the same as corona that occurs in internal cavities. (See Test Methods D3382.)5.2 This test method is also useful for comparison between materials of the same relative thickness. When agreed upon between the buyer and the seller, it is acceptable to express any differences in terms of relative time to failure or the magnitude of voltage stress (kV/mm or kV/in.) required to produce failure in a specified number of hours.5.3 It is possible for this test method to also be used to examine the effects of different processing parameters on the same insulating material, such as residual strains produced by quenching, high levels of crystallinity or molding processes that control the concentration and sizes of gas-filled cavities.5.4 The data are generated in the form of a set of values of lifetimes at a voltage. The dispersion of failure times is analyzed using one of the methods below:5.4.1 Weibull Probability Plot.5.4.2 Statistically (see IEEE/IEC 62539-2007 for additional information), to yield an estimate of the central value of the distribution and its standard deviation.5.4.3 Truncating a test at the time of the fifth failure of a set of nine and using that time as the measure of the central tendency. Two such techniques are described in 10.2.5.5 This test method intensifies some of the more commonly met conditions of corona attack so that materials are able to be evaluated in a time that is relatively short compared to the life of the equipment. As with most accelerated life tests, caution is necessary in extrapolation from the indicated life to actual life under various operating conditions in the field.5.6 The possible factors related to failures produced by corona are:5.6.1 Corona eroding the insulation until the remaining insulation can no longer withstand the applied voltage.5.6.2 Corona causing the insulation surface to become conducting due to carbonization, so that failure occurs quickly.5.6.3 Forming of compounds such as oxalic acid crystals causing the surface conductance to vary with ambient humidity. It is possible conductance will be at a sufficient level to reduce the potential gradient at the electrode edge at moderate humidities, and thus cause either a reduction in the amount of corona, or its cessation, thus retarding failure.5.6.4 Corona causing “treeing” within the insulation and consequently accelerating the time to failure.5.6.5 Gases released within the insulation that change its physical dimensions.5.6.6 Changes in the physical properties of an insulating material; embrittlement or cracking, for instance, causing the material to lose flexibility or crack, or both, and thus make it useless.5.7 Tests are often made in open air, at 50 % relative humidity. In cases agreed upon between the buyer and the seller, additional information can be obtained for some materials with tests in circulating air at 20 % relative humidity or less (see Appendix X1).5.7.1 If tests are made in an enclosure, the restriction in the flow of air can trap ozone and influence the results (see Appendix X2).5.7.2 When tests are done outside the standard conditions, the report shall note the deviation and the alternative conditions.5.8 The variability of the time to failure is a function of the consistency of the test parameters, such as voltage levels, which shall be monitored. The Weibull slope factor, β, is recommended as a measure of variability. β is the slope obtained when percent failure is plotted against failure time on Weibull probability paper. Such a plot is called a Weibull Probability Plot (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Representative Weibull Plot Showing the First Five Failures of a Group Specimen of Nine.NOTE 1: Plotting percentage are 100 times the average of (n − 1/2 )/N and n/(N + 1). Artificial data were placed on a line (dashed) drawn to illustrate a Weibull line with a β of 4. A second line (not dashed) illustrates the distribution of failure times which are characteristic of materials with very flat volt-time curves, such as mica composites. This line has a β value of 0.7.5.9 The shape of the Weibull Probability Plot can provide additional information. It is possible that a non-straight-line plot will indicate more than one mechanism of failure. For instance, a few unaccountably short time failures in the set indicating a small portion of defective specimens with a different failure mechanism from the rest of the lot.1.1 This test method determines the voltage endurance of solid electrical insulating materials for use at commercial power frequencies under the action of corona (see Note 1). This test method is more meaningful for rating materials with respect to their resistance to prolonged ac stress under corona conditions for comparative evaluation between materials.NOTE 1: The term “corona” is used almost exclusively in this test method instead of “partial discharge,” because it is a visible glow at the edge of the electrode interface that is the result of partial discharge. Corona, as defined in Terminology D1711, is “visible partial discharges in gases adjacent to a conductor.”1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Thermogravimetry provides a rapid method for the determination of the temperature-decomposition profile of a material.5.2 This practice is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.5.3 This practice is intended to provide an accelerated thermal endurance estimation in a fraction of the time require for oven-aging tests. The primary product of this practice is the thermal index (temperature) for a selected estimated thermal endurance (time) as derived from material decomposition.5.4 Alternatively, the estimated thermal endurance (time) of a material may be estimated from a selected thermal index (temperature).5.5 Additionally, the thermal endurance of a material at selected failure time and temperature may be estimated when compared to a reference value for thermal endurance and thermal index obtained from electrical or mechanical oven aging tests.5.6 This practice shall not be used for product lifetime predications unless a correlation between test results and actual lifetime has been demonstrated. In many cases, multiple mechanisms occur during the decomposition of a material, with one mechanism dominating over one temperature range, and a different mechanism dominating in a different temperature range. Users of this practice are cautioned to demonstrate for their system that any temperature extrapolations are technically sound.1.1 This practice describes the determination of thermal endurance, thermal index, and relative thermal index for organic materials using the Arrhenius activation energy generated for thermal decomposition measured by thermogravimetry.1.2 This practice is generally applicable to materials with a well-defined thermal decomposition profile upon heating, namely a smooth, continuous mass change.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 Thermal degradation is often a major factor affecting the life of insulating materials and the equipment in which they are used. The temperature index provides a means for comparing the thermal capability of different materials in respect to the degradation of a selected property (the aging criterion). This property needs to directly or indirectly represent functional needs in application. For example, it is possible that a change in dielectric strength will be of direct, functional importance. However, more often it is possible that a decrease in dielectric strength will indirectly indicate the development of undesirable cracking (embrittlement). A decrease in flexural strength has the potential to be of direct importance in some applications, but also has the potential to indirectly indicate a susceptibility to failure in vibration. Often, it is necessary that two or more criteria of failure be used; for example, dielectric strength and flexural strength.6.2 Other factors, such as vibration, moisture and contaminants, have the potential to cause failure after thermal degradation takes place. In this test method, water absorption provides one means to evaluate such considerations.6.3 For some applications, the aging criteria in this test method will not be the most suitable. Other criteria, such as elongation at tensile or flexural failure, or resistivity after exposure to high humidity or weight loss, have the potential to serve better. The procedures in this test method have the potential to be used with such aging criteria. It is important to consider both the nature of the material and its application. For example, it is possible that tensile strength will be a poor choice for glass-fiber reinforced laminates, because it is possible that the glass fiber will maintain the tensile strength even when the associated resin is badly deteriorated. In this case, flexural strength is a better criterion of thermal aging.6.4 When dictated by the needs of the application, it is possible that an aging atmosphere other than air will be needed and used. For example, thermal aging can be conducted in an oxygen-free, nitrogen atmosphere.1.1 This test method2 provides procedures for evaluating the thermal endurance of rigid electrical insulating materials. Dielectric strength, flexural strength, or water absorption are determined at room temperature after aging for increasing periods of time in air at selected-elevated temperatures. A thermal-endurance graph is plotted using a selected end point at each aging temperature. A means is described for determining a temperature index by extrapolation of the thermal endurance graph to a selected time.1.2 This test method is most applicable to rigid electrical insulation such as supports, spacers, voltage barriers, coil forms, terminal boards, circuit boards and enclosures for many types of application where retention of the selected property after heat aging is important.1.3 When dielectric strength is used as the aging criterion, it is also acceptable to use this test method for some thin sheet (flexible) materials, which become rigid with thermal aging, but is not intended to replace Test Method D1830 for those materials which must retain a degree of flexibility in use.1.4 This test method is not applicable to ceramics, glass, or similar inorganic materials.1.5 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as standard. Other units (in parentheses) are provided for information.1.6 When determining the thermal endurance of rigid EIM, the basic concepts in this standard follow IEEE 1, IEEE 98, and IEEE 101.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 11.3.4.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is useful in determining the thermal endurance characteristics and thermal indices of film-insulated round magnet wire in air (see 1.3). This test method is used as a screening test before making tests of more complex systems or functional evaluation. It is also used where complete functional systems testing is not feasible.5.2 Experience has shown that film-insulated wire and electrical insulating varnishes or resins can affect one another during the thermal exposure process. Test Method D3251 provides indications on the thermal endurance for a combination of insulating varnish or resin and film insulated wire. It is possible that interaction between varnish or resin and film insulation will increase or decrease the relative thermal life of the varnish and film insulated wire combination compared with the life of the film insulated wire tested without varnish.5.3 The conductor type or the surface condition of the conductor will affect the thermal endurance of film-insulated magnet wire. This test method is used to determine the thermal endurance characteristics of film insulation on various kinds of conductors. The use of sizes other than those specified in 7.1.1 is permissible but is not recommended for determining thermal endurance characteristics.5.4 The temperature index determined by this test method is a nominal or relative value expressed in degrees Celsius at 20 000 h. It is to be used for comparison purposes only and is not intended to represent the temperature at which the film insulated wire could be operated.5.5 There are many factors that influence the results obtained with this test method. Among the more obvious are the following:5.5.1 Wire size and film thickness.5.5.2 Moisture conditions during proof voltage tests.5.5.3 Oven construction:5.5.3.1 Velocity of air.5.5.3.2 Amount of replacement air.5.5.3.3 Elimination of products of decomposition during thermal exposure.5.5.3.4 Oven loading.5.5.3.5 Accuracy with which the oven maintains temperature.5.5.4 In most laboratories, the number of thermal endurance ovens is limited and, therefore, many different sets of specimens are thermally exposed in the same oven. All specimens are not necessarily removed each time the oven is opened. This extra temperature cycling will possibly have a degrading influence.5.5.5 Care with which specimens are handled, especially during latter cycles when the insulation becomes brittle.5.5.6 Vibration of specimens will have a degrading effect during the later thermal endurance cycles.5.5.7 Electrical characteristics of dielectric test instrument. Refer to 8.4 and 8.5.5.5.8 Environmental factors such as moisture, chemical contamination, and mechanical stresses, or vibration are factors that will possibly result in failure after the film insulated wire has been weakened by thermal deterioration and are more appropriately evaluated in insulation system tests.1.1 This test method covers determination of the thermal endurance of film-insulated round magnet wire in air at atmospheric pressure. It is not applicable to magnet wire with fibrous insulation, such as cotton or glass.1.2 This test method covers the evaluation of thermal endurance by observing changes in response to ac proof voltage tests. The evaluation of thermal endurance by observing changes in other properties of magnet wire insulation requires the use of different test methods.1.3 It is possible that exposure of some types of film insulated wire to heat in gaseous or liquid environments in the absence of air will give thermal endurance values different from those obtained in air. Consider this possibility when interpreting the results obtained by heating in air with respect to applications where the wire will not be exposed to air in service.1.4 It is possible that electric stress applied for extended periods at a level exceeding or even approaching the discharge inception voltage will change significantly the thermal endurance of film insulated wires. Under such electric stress conditions, it is possible that comparisons between materials will also differ from those developed using this method.1.5 This test method is similar to IEC 60172. Differences exist regarding specimen preparation.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A major factor affecting the long term performance of insulating materials is thermal degradation. It is possible that factors, such as moisture and vibration, will cause failures after the material has been weakened by thermal degradation.5.2 An electrical insulating varnish is effective in protecting electrical equipment only as long as it retains its physical and electrical integrity.5.3 The thermal degradation of the varnish results in weight loss, porosity, crazing, and generally a reduction in flexibility. Degradation of the varnish can be detected by a decrease in dielectric strength, which is therefore used as the failure criterion for this test method.5.4 Electrical insulating varnishes undergo flexing in service due to vibration and thermal expansion. For this reason, this functional test includes flexing and elongation of the insulation. The electrodes used in this test method are designed to elongate the outer surface of the specimen 2 % with respect to the neutral axis of the base fiber while being tested for dielectric breakdown.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative thermal endurance of flexible electrical insulating varnishes by determining the time necessary at elevated temperatures to decrease the dielectric breakdown of the varnish to an arbitrarily selected value when applied to a standard glass fiber fabric.1.2 This test method does not apply to varnishes that lose a high percentage of their dielectric breakdown voltage when flexed before elevated temperature exposure as prescribed in the screening test (Section 9). Examples of such varnishes are those used for high speed armatures and laminated structures. Also, this test method is not applicable to varnishes which distort sufficiently during thermal elevated temperature exposure so that they cannot be tested using the curved electrode assembly.1.3 Thermal endurance is expressed in terms of a temperature index.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 1: There is no equivalent IEC or ISO standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method can be used to describe the effects of materials, manufacturing, and design variables on the fatigue/cyclic creep performance of UHMWPE bearing components subject to substantial rotation in the transverse plane (relative to the tibial tray) for a relatively large number of cycles.4.2 The loading and kinematics of bearing component designs in vivo will, in general, differ from the loading and kinematics defined in this test method. The results obtained here cannot be used to directly predict in vivo performance. However, this test method is designed to enable comparisons between the fatigue performance of different bearing component designs when tested under similar conditions.4.3 The test described is applicable to any bicompartmental knee design, including mobile bearing knees that have mechanisms in the tibial articulating component to constrain the posterior movement of the femoral component and a built-in retention mechanism to keep the articulating component on the tibial plate.1.1 This standard specifies a test method for determining the endurance properties and deformation, under specified laboratory conditions, of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial bearing components used in bicompartmental or tricompartmental knee prosthesis designs.1.2 This test method is intended to simulate near posterior edge loading similar to the type of loading that would occur during high flexion motions such as squatting or kneeling.1.3 Although the methodology described attempts to identify physiological orientations and loading conditions, the interpretation of results is limited to an in vitro comparison between knee prosthesis designs and their ability to resist deformation and fracture under stated test conditions.1.4 This test method applies to bearing components manufactured from UHMWPE.1.5 This test method could be adapted to address unicompartmental total knee replacement (TKR) systems, provided that the designs of the unicompartmental systems have sufficient constraint to allow use of this test method. This test method does not include instructions for testing two unicompartmental knees as a bicompartmental system.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Individual varnishes behave differently when applied to the same fibrous- or film-wrapped magnet wire when exposed to elevated temperatures. Likewise, a varnish does not always behave the same when applied to different types of fibrous or film-wrapped magnet wires and when exposed to elevated temperatures.FIG. 1 Jig for Forming Wire1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal endurance of rectangular and square fibrous- or film-wrapped magnet wire coated with an insulating varnish.1.2 The values given in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in Section 5.NOTE 1: There is no similar or equivalent IEC Standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to determine the effect of exposure to elevated temperatures on the bond strength of combinations of magnet wire insulations and electrical insulating varnishes. The results are used as a guide for the comparison and selection of varnishes and combinations of varnishes and magnet wire insulation for specific applications. Test Methods D1932 and D3251 describe additional tests for determining the thermal endurance of insulating varnishes. A comprehensive evaluation of thermal characteristics includes a comparison of the thermal endurance determined in these different ways.5.2 This test method is useful for research and product qualifications purposes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal endurance of electrical insulating varnishes alone or in combinations with magnet wire insulation. Changes in the helical coil bond strength are used as the test criteria. The coils are made from bare aluminum or copper wire, or from film- or fiber-insulated magnet wire.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 1: There is no similar or equivalent IEC standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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