4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same measurement procedure and same general type of material. In particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely measured by any single number.4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measurements of these surface properties.1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measurement of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss films,1.1.4 85-deg, recommended for intermediate and low gloss films, and1.1.5 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.NOTE 1: The 85-deg, 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in Test Method D523 and D3679; those for the 45° procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method provides a means of establishing specular gloss limits for bright, semi-mat, and mat glazed surfaces. It is realized that specular gloss measurements do not always correlate well with visual rankings of glossiness because specular gloss is only one of several related appearance attributes that produce the sensation of gloss. However, the prescribed test method is of sufficient accuracy for the intended purpose.NOTE 1: If a greater degree of distinction between bright glazed surfaces is desired, the 20° geometry instrument will provide it.41.1 This test method covers the determination of 60° specular gloss of glazed ceramic whitewares and related products.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in directions close to the specular than in others. Measurements by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles.5.1.1 Measured gloss ratings by this test method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen to that from a black glass standard. Since specular reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specimen, the measured gloss ratings change as the surface refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices.5.2 Other visual aspects of surface appearance, such as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss (1), (6), (7). Test Method E430 includes techniques for the measurement of both distinctness-of-image gloss and reflection haze. Test Method D4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze.5.3 Little information about the relation of numerical-to-perceptual intervals of specular gloss has been published. However, in many applications the gloss scales of this test method have provided instrumental scaling of coated specimens that have agreed well with visual scaling (10).5.4 When specimens differing widely in perceived gloss or color, or both, are compared, nonlinearity may be encountered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7).21.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Coatings, particularly the high gloss coatings used on automobiles, boats, toys, etc., are subject to a wide variety of conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning and exposure) during manufacture and service that can mar their surface. The ability of high gloss coatings to maintain their appearance is an important product attribute. This test method provides a way to estimate the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar damage.1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the relative mar resistance of a high gloss coating applied to a flat, rigid surface. Wet rub and dry rub abrasion tests are described. To fully characterize a coating's mar resistance, both tests should be run.NOTE 1: Dry abrasion mar resistance can also be evaluated by using Test Methods D6037. If a very highly mar resistant coating is being evaluated, Test Methods D6037 will generally provide the better performance discrimination than the dry rub test described here. However, if the equipment described in Test Methods D6037 is not available, the dry rub test described in this test method affords a reasonable alternative. The dry rub test is also useful for evaluating coatings that are not highly mar resistant.1.2 Mar resistance is assessed by measuring the gloss of the abraded and unabraded areas. Mar resistance is directly related to the coating’s ability to retain gloss in abraded areas.NOTE 2: The mar resistance values obtained by this test method have no absolute significance. They should only be used to derive relative performance rankings for test panels that have been prepared from the series of coatings that are currently being evaluated. If mar resistance values are quoted between laboratories, it is essential that a common standard be measured and that the values be compared to that standard. Even then, the values should be used with caution.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 An important aspect of the appearance of glossy coating surfaces is the distinctness (clarity) of images reflected by them. The values obtained in this measuring procedure correlate well with visual ratings for DOI (image clarity).4.2 Although Test Methods D523 and D4039 are useful in characterizing some aspects of glossy appearance, they do not provide satisfactory ratings for DOI (image clarity).4.3 The measurement conditions given conform to the conditions specified in Test Methods E430.4.4 The measurement conditions given in this test method conform to the conditions specified in ISO 10216.4.5 The scale values obtained with the measuring procedures of this test method range from 0 to 100 with a value of 100 representing perfect DOI (image clarity).4.6 The DOI (image clarity) scale value does not, of itself, indicate any specific cause for reduction in reflected image sharpness. Surface irregularities such as haze, orange peel, and wrinkle, when present, may be cited as causes for reduction of image sharpness.1.1 These test methods describe the measurement of the distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss of coating surfaces using electro-optical measuring techniques.1.2 The coatings assessed shall be applied to planar rigid surfaces.1.3 Test Method—The light through a small slit is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured through a sliding combed shutter to provide a value of image clarity.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Gloss3 is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in some directions than in others. The directions associated with mirror (or specular) reflection normally have the highest reflectances. Gloss is best seen and analyzed when the surfaces studied are illuminated by a light source that provides strong contrasting patterns of light and dark. Such a light source is described in this test method.5.2 The simplest concept of gloss is that it corresponds to the mirror-like reflectances of surfaces. However, the distributions and intensities of this surface-reflected light are (for real materials) highly variable and affected by a variety of factors: surface smoothness and contour, refractive index, absorptance, angle of incidence, and (to a generally small extent) wavelength. From the great variety of surface-reflection patterns met in materials of commerce, it has been possible to identify seven surface-reflection criteria or “types of gloss” regularly used by skilled technologists for intercomparing and rating their products for gloss. Six of the seven criteria, or “types of gloss,” are identified in the section on definitions. The seventh, luster or contrast gloss, is seldom of concern to the coatings industry.1.1 This test method covers the visual evaluation of gloss differences of coating surfaces, using special types of lamps for illumination. It identifies six aspects or types of gloss that one may look for when using the lamp to assess gloss differences between surfaces. It describes the conditions for using the lamps to best identify small differences in each of the six types of gloss. Four levels of visual gloss differences are distinguished.1.2 While this technique is useful for both weathered and unweathered specimens, it has not been applied to metallics.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Coatings, particularly the high gloss coatings used on automobiles, boats, toys, etc., are subject to a wide variety of conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning, and exposure) that can mar their surface. The ability of these coatings to maintain their appearance is an important product attribute. These test methods provide a way to estimate the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar damage.5.2 These test methods do not provide fundamental values. However they are suitable for estimating the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar.5.3 Since the susceptibility of coatings to marring varies widely, the number of cycles that are needed to cause “relevant” mar damage also varies. Usually, 2 to 50 cycles are sufficient.1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the relative mar resistance of high gloss coatings. Two test methods are included. Test Method A uses a device that rotates the test specimen on a vertical axis, against the sliding rotation of two abrading wheels. Test Method B uses a device that reciprocates a specimen in a horizontal plane over a stationary wheel that has been fitted with abrasive paper and is advanced after each double stroke. Either method can be used to evaluate the dry abrasion mar resistance of coatings applied to planar, rigid surfaces. Each test method provides good discrimination between highly mar resistant coatings.NOTE 1: The mar resistance values obtained by these test methods have no absolute significance. They should only be used to derive relative performance rankings for test panels that have been prepared from the series of coatings that are currently being evaluated. If mar resistance values are quoted between laboratories, it is essential that a common standard be measured and that the values be compared to that standard. Even then, the values should be used with caution.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method may be used to compare the gloss of porcelain enamel, ceramic, and other finishes or to provide a comparison of their resistance to attack from acid, alkali, or other environmental factors by measurement of gloss loss.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specular gloss of porcelain enameled specimens, but may be applicable to other specimens having similar reflection characteristics. This test method may be used to compare the gloss of porcelain enameled specimens or to provide an index of acid or abrasion resistance by measurement of gloss loss.NOTE 1: Specular gloss is one of several related appearance attributes that produce the sensation of glossiness. For this reason, specular gloss measurements may not always correlate well with visual rankings of glossiness.NOTE 2: Improved correlations with visual judgments can sometimes be achieved by the use of instruments with different geometries than those specified herein. Refer to Test Method D523 for 20, 60, and 85-deg geometries. Values generally cannot be predicated for one geometry from measurements made with another.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 When coatings are applied to large flat surfaces such as walls, the film thickness may vary or there may be small areas missed entirely (holidays) when the color of the fresh material and the previous film are very similar. It is much less costly if these areas can be touched up instead of having to repaint the entire surface.3.2 Thickness is also affected in the locations where an area coated a short time before is joined with the area currently being coated (laps). An application technique that may affect the final appearance of the film is brushing or rolling the material in different directions in adjacent areas.3.3 Both buyers and sellers are interested in determining whether a coating can be applied without exhibiting areas that differ in appearance because of laps and brush or roller marks, and whether it can be readily touched up to provide a uniform appearance in regard to gloss or sheen and all other aspects.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the uniformity of gloss or sheen of a paint applied by brush to a test panel simulating an interior wall section. Variations in gloss or sheen that may be caused by short wet edge time, poor leveling, and pigment orientation or flotation during and after application are evaluated visually.1.2 Because both the application and the panel evaluation are very subjective, this test method should be used only for comparative testing within one laboratory as the ratings assigned by different laboratories do not usually agree (see 8.1).1.3 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method is intended primarily to measure the gloss retention of waxed specimens exhibiting relatively good gloss. 1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),2 the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is limited to flat or flattenable surfaces.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Specular gloss is a very important appearance parameter of printed matter. High gloss may be preferred for some purposes such as magazine covers, packaging and advertising, while lower gloss is preferred for minimizing glare, for example, in reading text. This method provides a means of determining gloss of prints produced in the laboratory, or to monitor print gloss on a production printing press.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the specular gloss of printed matter. 1.2 This test is applicable to prints on any flat substrate including paper, paperboard, metallic foil and plastic produced by any printing process, either in the laboratory or on a production printing press. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, is any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This test method may be used to evaluate the difference in gloss of dried films of emulsion floor polishes when the light reflected at a 60° angle is measured. Extremely high- or low-gloss polishes may not be differentiated at a 60° angle. A20° angle measured in accordance with Test Method D523 may give better definition of gloss.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the 60° specular gloss of films of emulsion floor polish after application to a substrate.NOTE 1: Specular gloss is one of several related appearance attributes that produce the sensation of glossiness. For this reason, specular gloss measurements may not always correlate well with visual rankings of glossiness.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method is primarily intended to measure the gloss of waxed papers. Note 1--For determining the gloss of book paper reference should be made to Test Method D1223. For very high gloss paper see Wink et al (1). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 After application to either interior or exterior surfaces, latex paints may be subjected to conditions of high humidity, condensation, or precipitation. This may sometimes lead to a loss of adhesion to the substrate over which they have been applied. This method is a quantitative measure of the adhesion of latex paints to glossy substrates under such conditions.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring by scrubbing the adhesion of latex paints to glossy alkyd enamel substrates after exposure to wet conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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