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4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard assessment standard; fixed procedures are not established. Any limitations in the availability of data, of appropriate test procedures, of adequate fire models, or in the advancement of scientific knowledge will place significant constraints upon the procedure for the assessment of fire hazard.4.3 The focus of this guide is on fire assessment standards for electrotechnical products. However, insofar as the concepts in this guide are consistent with those of Guide E1546, the general concepts presented also may be applicable to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings. Guide E2061 contains an example of how to use information on fire-test-response characteristics of electrotechnical products (electric cables) in a fire hazard assessment for a specific occupancy (rail transportation vehicle).4.4 A standard developed following this guide should not attempt to set a safety threshold or other pass/fail criteria. Such a standard should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria can be meaningfully set by authorities having jurisdiction.1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products. For the purposes of this guide, products include materials, components, and end-use products.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.5 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended to help reduce risks associated with lead hazards in buildings by providing standardized requirements for preserving records, findings, and recommendations associated with lead hazard activities.4.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals and organizations that develop and have need to preserve objective evidence when contracting for or when conducting lead hazard activities themselves.4.2.1 This practice is intended to assist in complying with management system requirements for record keeping promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction regarding conduct of lead hazard activities.1.1 This practice describes requirements for preservation of records generated during lead hazard activities.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or building maintenance or modification activities in multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites is performed to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe for reoccupancy.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to assure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel requirements are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practices for its conduct.4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment procedures required in this standard are found in Practice E2255/E2255M and the record keeping requirements are found in Practice E2239.4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for multifamily dwellings, this practice may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and the individual conducting the clearance examination.4.5 This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance work were done properly.1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chips with environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites.1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been performed.1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and, consequently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearance examination.NOTE 1: This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement, except that composite dust sampling as described therein is not used.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The guide is intended to be used to assess competencies of qualified individuals who wish to become certified as an FHSS technician through a certification program.4.2 The guide is intended to be used in concert with a certification provider’s structure and materials for management, exam delivery, and candidate preparation.1.1 The purpose of this guide is to address the basic fundamental subject knowledge activities and functions for avionics professionals to be titled Flight Hazard and Surveillance Systems (FHSS) Technicians.1.2 This guide does not cover weather detection and avoidance systems. These systems will be addressed in a future Aircraft Electronics Technician (AET) endorsement standard.1.3 This guide is the basis for the FHSS certification, an endorsement to the AET certification. Candidates must be a certified AET to take the certification exam associated with this guide.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology used in the area of hazard potential of chemicals. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.1.2 Although some of these definitions are general in nature, many must be used in the context of the standards in which they appear. The pertinent standard number is given in parentheses after the definition.1.3 In the interest of common understanding and standardization, consistent word usage is encouraged to help eliminate the major barrier to effective technical communication.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice outlines lead hazard reduction methods that have been shown to be effective in preventing lead poisoning in children.4.2 This practice tabulates advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs of the reduction methods to assist professionals such as certified lead-based paint risk assessors, supervisors, or project designers in selecting appropriate cost-effective options for controlling lead hazards identified during a lead risk assessment. Different control methods may be equally effective in controlling a given lead hazard and, consequently, the selection of a specific control method may depend on the needs and economic constraints of the client or building owner.4.3 This practice is intended to complement other lead hazard activities that are performed in accordance with regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions, a lead hazard risk assessment, by regulation, consists of a visual assessment, a hazard assessment including environmental monitoring for lead, and selection of lead hazard reduction methods.4.4 This practice is intended to assist homeowners, owners and occupants of rental property, lenders, insurers, and others who have interest in selecting options for controlling lead hazards associated with leaded paint, dust, or soil.4.5 This practice complements Guide E2115. Information and data gathered in accordance with Guide E2115 and this practice are used in preparing a risk assessment report. Subsequent lead hazards are mitigated through implementation of controls selected in accordance with this present practice.4.6 This practice addresses the most commonly used lead hazard reduction methods. It is left to users of this practice to identify the advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs associated with emerging control technologies for comparison with these characteristics of established lead hazard control methods.4.7 This practice does not address specific historic preservation requirements. The interim control and abatement methods in this practice will work in any structure; however, historic preservation regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction may impose specific interim control or abatement methods.1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazard reduction methods for controlling lead hazard risks identified during risk assessments of residential dwellings and child occupied facilities.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.4 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture in health care occupancies.4.2 As a guide this document provides information on an approach to development of a fire hazard assessment, but fixed procedures are not established. Section 1.7 describes some cautions to be taken into account.4.3 A fire hazard assessment developed following this guide should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria can be meaningfully set by responsible officials using the standard.4.4 A fire hazard assessment developed as a result of using this guide should be able to assess a new item of upholstered seating furniture being considered for use in a certain health care facility, and reach one of the conclusions in 4.4.1 – 4.4.4.4.4.1 The new upholstered seating furniture item is safer, in terms of predicted fire performance, than the one in established use. Then, the new product would be desirable, from the point of view of fire safety.4.4.2 There is no difference between the predicted fire safety of the new item and the one in established use. Then, there would be neither advantage nor disadvantage in using the new product, from the point of view of fire safety.4.4.3 The new upholstered seating furniture item is predicted to be less safe, in terms of fire performance, than the one in established use. Then, the new item would be less desirable, from the point of view of fire safety than the one in established use.4.4.3.1 If the new upholstered furniture item is predicted to be less safe, in terms of fire performance, than the one in established use, a direct substitution of the products would provide a lower level of safety and the new product should not be used, without other compensatory changes being made. A new upholstered furniture product can, however, be made acceptable if, and only if, it is part of a complete, comprehensive, fire safety design for the patient room. Such a patient room redesign should include one or more of the following features: use of an alternative layout (albeit one that cannot be altered by the patient room users) or increased use of automatic fire protection systems or changes in other furnishings or contents. In such cases, a more in-depth fire hazard assessment should be conducted to ensure that all of the changes together have demonstrated a predicted level of fire safety for the new design which is at least equal to that for the design in established use, in order to permit the use of the new upholstered seating furniture item.4.4.3.2 Alternatively, the new design may still be acceptable if the predicted level of fire safety is commensurate with new stated fire safety objectives developed in advance.4.4.4 The new upholstered seating furniture item offers some safety advantages and some safety disadvantages over the item in established use. An example of this outcome could be increased smoke obscuration with decreased heat release. Then, a more in depth fire hazard assessment would have to be conducted to balance the advantages and disadvantages.4.5 If the patient room does not contain an upholstered seating furniture item, then the fire hazard assessment implications of the introduction of an upholstered seating furniture item should be analyzed in the same way as in 4.4. The fire safety should then be compared with that achieved in the room in established use (which has no upholstered seating furniture). The same analysis would also apply if an additional upholstered furniture item is being considered for introduction in a patient room: the fire hazard assessment should compare the fire safety implications of the addition.4.5.1 An additional upholstered furniture item adds to the fuel load of a room. Thus, an analysis such as that in 4.4 would offer options 4.4.2 through 4.4.4 only.4.6 Following the analysis described in 4.4, a fire hazard assessment developed following the procedures in this guide would reach a conclusion regarding the desirability of the furniture product studied.4.7 An alternative to the analysis based on the anticipated fire performance of the materials or products contained in the patient room is the use of active fire protection measures, such as fire suppression sprinklers. Active fire protection involves measures such as automatic sprinklers and alarm systems, while passive fire protection involves using materials that are difficult to burn and give off low heat and smoke if they do burn. Traditional prescriptive requirements are based exclusively on passive fire protection, with the common approach being to describe the fire tests to be met for every property. The opposite extreme is based entirely on active fire protection, which assumes that active fire protection measures (mostly sprinklers) ensure fire safety. The fire safety record of sprinklers is excellent, but not flawless. Moreover, neither approach gives the type of flexibility that is the inherent advantage of fire hazard and fire risk assessments.4.7.1 Note that the activation of automatic fire suppression sprinklers does not ensure a safe level of smoke obscuration.4.8 This guide provides information on a different type of fire hazard assessment than Guide E2061. While Guide E2061 considers an entire occupancy, namely a rail transportation vehicle, this guide addresses a specific product, namely upholstered furniture.1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health care occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contemporary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessment for use in specifications for upholstered seating furniture in such occupancies.1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in defined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring, but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to conduct a fire hazard assessment.1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires associated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care occupancies.1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire hazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use in upholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for studying the level of fire safety associated with certain design choices. It can also aid those interested in designing features appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be useful to safety personnel in health care occupancies.1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E1546, which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific to upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and includes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E1546 in that it offers guidance that is specific to the issue of upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities, rather than general guidance. Appendix X11 includes some statistics on the magnitude of the potential problem in the U.S.1.7 A fire hazard assessment conducted in accordance with this guide is strongly dependent on the limitations in the factors described in 1.7.1 – 1.7.4.1.7.1 Input data (including their precision or accuracy).1.7.2 Appropriate test procedures.1.7.3 Fire models or calculation procedures that are simultaneously relevant, accurate and appropriate.1.7.4 Advancement of scientific knowledge.1.8 This guide addresses specific fire scenarios which begin inside or outside of the patient room. However, the upholstered furniture under consideration is inside the patient room.1.9 The fire scenarios used for this hazard assessment guide are described in 9.2. They involve the upholstered furniture item within the patient room as the first or second item ignited, in terms of the room of fire origin. Additionally, consideration should be given to the effect of the patient room upholstered furniture item on the tenability of occupants of rooms other than the room of fire origin, and on that of potential rescuers.1.10 This guide does not claim to address all fires that can occur in patient rooms in health care occupancies. In particular, fires with more severe initiating conditions than those assumed in the analysis may pose more severe fire hazard than that calculated using this guide (see also 9.5).1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 HACCP is a proactive management tool that serves to reduce hazards potentially expressed as adverse biological or environmental effects, for example, associated with chemical releases, changes in natural resource or engineering practices and their related impacts, and accidental or intentional releases of biological stressors such as invasive species.5.2 Sequential implementation of HACCP and feedback in the iterative HACCP process allows for technically-based judgments concerning, for example, natural resources or the use of natural resources. Implementing the HACCP process serves to reduce adverse effects potentially associated with a particular material or process, and provides guidance for testing and evaluation of products or processes, through a pre-emptive procedure focused on information most pertinent to a system’s characterization. For example, identification of CCPs assure that processes and practices can be managed to achieve hazard reduction. For different processes and situations, HA may be based on substantially different amounts and kinds of, for example, biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological data, but the identification of CCPs serving to reduce hazard is key to successful implementation of HACCP.5.3 HACCP should never be considered complete for all time, and continuing reassessment is a characteristic of HACCP evaluations, especially if there should be changes in, for example, production volumes of a material, or its use or disposal increases, new uses are discovered, or new information on biological, chemical, physical, or toxicological properties becomes available. Similarly, HACCP should be considered an ongoing process serving as a key component in engineering practices, for example, related to construction activities and land-use changes, and natural resource management practices, for example, related to habitat use, enhancement, and species introductions such as fish-stocking programs. Periodic review of a system’s performance will help assure that new circumstances and information receive prompt and appropriate attention.5.4 In many cases, consideration of adverse effects should not end with completion of the HA and identification of CCPs key to the development of control measures. Additional steps may subsequently include risk assessment, and decisions concerning acceptability of identified hazards and risks, and mitigation actions potentially applicable to the process or practice that initially motivated HACCP.1.1 This guide describes a stepwise procedure for using existing information, and if available, supporting field and laboratory data concerning a process, materials, or products potentially linked to adverse effects likely to occur in the environment as a result of an event associated with a process such as the dispersal of a potentially invasive species or the release of material (for example, a chemical or a physical substance) or its derivative products to the environment. Hazard Analysis-Critical Control Point (HACCP) evaluations were historically linked to food safety (Hulebak and Schlosser W. 2002 (1);2 Mortimer and Wallace 2013 (2)), but the process has increasingly found application in planning processes such as those occurring in health sciences ; Quattrin et al. 2008 (3); Hjarno et al. 2007 (4); Griffith 2006 (5) or; Noordhuizen and Welpelo 1996 (6)), in natural resource management (US Forest Service 2014 a,b,c (7, 8, 9), (US EPA, 2006 (10); see alsohttp://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/ais/prevention_planning.shtml; (last accessed October 16, 2023)or in supporting field operations wherein worker health and natural resource management issues intersect.1.2 HACCP evaluation is a simple linear process or a network of linear processes that represents the structure of any event; the hazard analysis (HA) depends on the data quality and data quantity available for the evaluation process, especially as that relates to critical control points (CCPs) characterized in completing HACCP. Control measures target CCPs and serve as limiting factors or control steps in a process that reduce or eliminate the hazards that initiated the HACCP evaluation. The main reason for implementing HACCP is to prevent problems associated with a specific process, practice, material, or product.1.3 This guide assumes that the reader is knowledgeable in specific resource management or engineering practices used as part of the HACCP process. A list of general references is provided for HACCP and implementation of HACCP and similar methods, as those apply to environmental hazard evaluation, natural resource management, and environmental engineering practices (11-26).1.4 This guide does not describe or reference detailed procedures for specific applications of HACCP, but describes how existing information or other empirical data should be used when assessing the hazards and identifying CCPs potentially of use in minimizing or eliminating specific hazards. Specific applications of HACCP evaluation are included as annexes to this guide, which include implementation of HACCP in resource management practices related to control and mitigation of invasive species or disease agents primarily of concern for managing fish and wildlife.1.5 HACCP evaluation has a well developed literature in, for example, food science and technology, and in engineering applications (see, for example, (11, 12, 13, 15, 17)). As a resource management tool, HACCP is relatively recent in application to the analysis of hazards to aquatic, wetland, and terrestrial habitats and the organisms occupying those habitats. (see, for example, US Forest Service 2014 a,b,c (7, 8, 9); see also http://www.haccp-nrm.org/ last accessed June 16, 2014). Most of the guidance provided herein is qualitative rather than quantitative, although quantitative methods should be applied to any hazard analysis when possible. Uncertainties associated with the analysis should also be characterized and incorporated into the HACCP evaluation when possible (see, for example, (11, 27-38)).1.6 This standard provides guidance for assessing hazard within a generalized framework that may be extended to specific environmental settings, such as that detailed in E1023 for aquatic habitats (Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses). This standard does not provide guidance on how to account for socio-economic or political considerations that influence the specification of the acceptability of risk associated with the hazard, particularly when HACCP is implemented and CCPs are considered within contemporary risk-based decision-making processes. Judgments concerning acceptability are outside the scope of this guide, but available guidance from ASTM is applicable to this process (see E2348 Standard Guide for Framework for a Consensus-based Environmental Decision-making Process).1.7 This guide is arranged as follows:  Section 1Referenced Documents 2Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3Summary of Guide 4 5Basic Concepts of HACCP and Detailed Characterization of HACCP 6HACCP Applied to Prevention and Control of Invasive Species Annex A1HACCP-Derived Decontamination Procedures Mitigating Equipment-Mediated Transfers of Invasive Aquatic Biota, Principally Mussel Species Annex A2HACCP-Derived Decontamination Procedures for Controlling Equipment-Mediated Transfers of Disease Agents of Aquatic Biota, Principally Infectious Amphibian Diseases Annex A31.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use and the implementation of HACCP. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum level of training required to provide awareness-level knowledge for personnel operating in and around the areas and operations listed in 1.1.4.2 This guide may be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training standards for land-based personnel operating in and around these areas and operations.4.3 A person trained to this guide is considered to be aware of the hazards and risks associated with these areas and operations.4.4 A person trained solely to this guide is not considered a “searcher,” “rescuer,” or both.4.5 This guide may be used to augment other training for a searcher and/or rescuer.4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of some of the topics required for training or evaluating a searcher and/or rescuer, although it can be used to develop a training document or program.4.7 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet its training requirements.4.8 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements.4.9 This guide does not stand alone but must be used with the reference documents to provide the specific minimum training needed by a ground searcher and/or rescuer operating in these areas.4.10 This guide can be used as a reference for training of searchers, rescuers, or both.4.11 The information presented in the following sections is not in any particular order and does not represent a training sequence.4.12 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or some other means specified by the AHJ.1.1 This guide is intended for training those who normally work in natural environments, solely subject to terrain and weather-related risks, who may be asked to respond to, or who may encounter, the operations defined in 1.2.1.2 This guide identifies and describes hazardous situations and environments, and the associated risks affecting search and rescue personnel who may be working on or around the following:1.2.1 Landsearch;1.2.2 Land rescue;1.2.3 Structural collapse;1.2.4 Rope rescues;1.2.5 Confined spaces;1.2.6 Water, both still and moving; and1.2.7 Trench or excavation collapse.1.3 The knowledge conveyed in this guide is intended to enable search and rescue (SAR) personnel to recognize situations that may require skills or capabilities they have not been trained to perform. This understanding will allow them to seek more knowledgeable personnel to mitigate the hazard and perform such rescues or other activities required to complete their mission.1.4 This guide is not intended to suggest that all search and rescue personnel must have the training identified within it. However, wherever the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) deems this training to be appropriate, this document can be used as a guide.1.5 The AHJ shall determine what level of training constitutes sufficient competence for search and rescue personnel to enter areas, or carry out missions, which include the hazards described in this guide.1.6 This guide identifies some of the known disciplines of SAR and their associated hazards. It does not, however, attempt to list all hazards or risks of which a person must be aware to operate safely and effectively in and around any of the areas listed in 1.1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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