5.1 ISM Code Requirement—In 1989, IMO adopted guidelines on management for the safe operation of ships and pollution prevention that is now the International Safety Management (ISM) Code that was made mandatory for ships trading on international waters through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS). In 1995, the IMO Assembly adopted the guidelines on implementation of the ISM Code by administrations by Resolution A.788(19). These guidelines were revised and adopted as Resolution A.913(22) in 2001. The guidelines were further revised and adopted as Resolution A.1022(26) in 2009 and entered into force on 1 July 2010.5.1.1 ISM Code Purpose—The ISM Code is designed to improve the safety of international shipping and reduce pollution by encouraging self-regulation and oversight for identifying safety issues, taking corrective action, and promoting overall organization safety culture. The ISM Code establishes an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for the implementation of a SMS operating internationally.5.1.2 ISM Code Intent—The intent of the ISM Code is to support and encourage the development of a safety culture in shipping by moving away from a culture of “unthinking” compliance with external rules toward a culture of “thinking” self-regulation of safety and the development of a “safety culture” that identifies safety issues and concerns and promotes proactive corrective actions. The safety culture involves moving to a culture of self-regulation with every individual from the top to the bottom empowered to ownership, responsibility, and action for improving and addressing safety.5.2 Additional Applications—In addition to the ISM Code requirements, Flag States, industry organizations, and companies have initiated mandatory and nonmandatory SMS. All of these systems are being instituted to improve operational safety, identify safety issues, promote implementation of corrective actions, and improve overall organizational safety culture.5.2.1 Application/Use of Guide—The intention of this guide is to leverage mandatory or voluntary safety management systems already in place to identify and address proactively cybersecurity issues that is a critical and ever-increasing safety concern in maritime operations. The intent of this guide is to provide items for consideration, recommendations, and contribute to the thought process for incorporating cyber elements into existing SMSs by providing information, structure, and elements for consideration in working through the process.5.2.2 Limitation of Guide—This guide is not all encompassing but provides a foundation for starting the process by leveraging existing resource to address cybersecurity issues beginning with basic cyber hygiene and running all the way through nefarious intentional cyberattacks. This guide is interned to serve the entire maritime community but will be most beneficial to resource constrained organizations that may not have significant infrastructure or resources or both to secure comprehensive cybersecurity services and solutions.5.2.3 Focus Topics for Applying the Guide—Considerations that are covered in the guide include management of change, cyber risk assessment, development of mitigation strategies, implementation, training, documentation, auditing, as well as examples of template language that can be leverage in SMS applications.1.1 This guide is designed to provide the maritime industry guidance, information, and options for incorporating cyber elements into safety management systems (SMS) in accordance with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code and other national (United States) and international requirements.1.2 This guide will support U.S. maritime operating companies but is a guide only and does not recommend a specific course of action. However, this guide is to be used to improve cyber safety, address vulnerability, recommend and outline training, and raise knowledge and awareness of cyber threats by leveraging documented, auditable SMS mechanisms.1.3 The purpose of this guide is to offer guidance, information, and options based on a consensus of opinions but not to establish a standard practice. Each organization shall evaluate their SMS, their information management systems at sea and ashore, and the level of cyber risk that exists within the organization to determine the best methods of compliance with the cybersecurity requirements of the ISM Code or other legal or self-imposed requirements or both.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method separates asphalts into four well-defined fractions. Analysis of these fractions can be used to evaluate asphalt composition (1, 2).4 For example, one can compare the ratios of the fractions with other asphalt systems to evaluate processing and aging parameters that relate to performance properties of the asphalt.1.1 This test method covers the separation of four defined fractions from petroleum asphalts. The four fractions are defined as saturates, naphthene aromatics, polar aromatics, and iso-octane insoluble asphaltenes. This method can also be used to isolate saturates, naphthene aromatics, and polar aromatics from distillate products such as vacuum gas oils, lubricating oils, and cycle stocks. These distillate products usually do not contain asphaltenes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 Since a precision estimate for this standard has not been developed, this test method is to be used for research or informational purposes only. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The deterioration of an insulating coating film is intimately related to its moisture content. The water penetration test provides a means for monitoring the passage of moisture through a coating material by means of changes in its dielectric constant. When expressed in relation to time, the test data will reflect a rate of deterioration which is a characteristic of the coating material and will bear a relation to its expected useful life as an insulating coating. The test for water penetration will also provide information that is useful in establishing the optimum coating thickness for a given material.1.1 This method covers the determination of the apparent rate of depth of water penetration into insulating coatings applied to pipe.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Ingression protection classifications are widely used by manufacturers for specifying the level of protection offered by enclosures.5.2 An example of such a classification scheme is IEC 60529. Membrane switch manufacturers are often asked to meet these standards, however the test methods specified within these standards do not address considerations specific to membrane switches.5.3 The MSIP classification system considers the membrane switch separately from the testing and IP codes used for classifying the enclosure when subject to similar test conditions.5.4 Ingression testing can be useful to identify design deficiencies.1.1 This guide establishes a classification system and references test methods for verifying the degrees of:1.1.1 The ingress of dust into the internal layers of a membrane switch.1.1.2 Ingress of water into the internal layers of a membrane switch.1.1.3 Where external test methods are referenced, this guide specifies the special conditions that shall be considered in applying these tests to membrane switches and how the results are interpreted.1.2 This guide references test methods that can be used to establish the ingress classification of a membrane switch.1.3 This guide utilizes the test methods and reporting structure of IEC 60529 – (Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures) modified for membrane switches.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The procedures described in this guide are intended as a design and review aid for use by the design engineer in conjunction with manufacturer's recommendations for installing a polyethylene pipe using the insertion method.1.1 This guide describes design and selection considerations and installation procedures for the rehabilitation of sanitary and storm sewers by the insertion of solid wall or profile wall or corrugated polyethylene pipe into an existing pipe and along its existing line and grade. The procedures in this guide are intended to minimize traffic disruption, surface damage, surface restoration and interruption of service.1.2 The polyethylene piping product manufacturer should be consulted to determine the polyethylene piping product’s suitability for insertion renewal as described in this guide.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.1, 7.1, and 8.1 for additional safety precautions.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations who are involved in the rehabilitation of non-pressure sewers and conduits.1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the rehabilitation of sewer lines and conduits with nominal diameters between 4 in. and 30 in. (100 mm and 750 mm) by the insertion of folded PVC pipe, which is heated, pressurized, and expanded against the interior surface of the existing pipe with either a mechanical rounding device or steam pressure. The finished formed PVC pipe will be continuous and conform to the existing pipe. This rehabilitation process can be used in a variety of non–pressure applications, such as: sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and process piping.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Flexibility—Users may desire to incorporate sustainable aspects within the scalable framework throughout any or all phases of the cleanup, or any size of site.4.1.1 For simplicity the term cleanup is used in the guide when referring to any of the cleanup phases, for example site assessment, remedy selection, remedy design and implementation, remedy optimization, operation, maintenance and monitoring, and closure.4.1.2 Implementation of the guide is site-specific. The user may choose to customize the implementation of the guide for particular types of sites, for example, UST sites, dry cleaner sites, or particular phases of cleanup. Customization may be particularly relevant for groups of small, non-complex sites.4.2 Considerations—The information provided in this guide provides a framework to evaluate sustainable aspects in the context of site cleanup. The guide helps users identify factors and activities they may want to consider in cleanup projects, while protecting human health and the environment.4.3 Sustainable Performance Criterion—Based on the sustainable objectives identified for the site, users should implement one or more best management practices that substantially benefit each of the sustainable aspects (environmental, social and economic), see Section 6 for details. The user should demonstrate these benefits through publicly available documentation. Substantial benefits must be over and above those achieved by existing regulatory requirements, unless a regulatory agency adopts this guide for cleanup sites. In that case the regulatory agency will determine what constitutes substantial benefits under its own regulations.4.4 Transparency Goal—The user should document the activities and evaluations performed while using this guide. The documentation is needed to demonstrate the sustainable benefits through public disclosure and transparency. See Section 8 for more information.4.5 Stakeholder Involvement—The user should engage stakeholders as early as possible in the cleanup process. The planning and scoping phase of the project should identify the perspectives and values of the stakeholders and use that information to inform decision-making (see Guide E2348). Users should consider the input of different stakeholders, including the community, and implement BMPs favored by community members wherever possible. Consideration may include review of and integration into the community’s approved Master Plan.4.6 Elimination of Uncertainty—Professional judgment, interpretation, and some uncertainty are inherent in the process, even when exercised in accordance with objective scientific principles. In addition, new concepts and methods for integrating sustainable objectives into cleanup results will develop in the future.4.7 Not every property will warrant the same level of evaluation of alternatives or approaches for integrating sustainable objectives in cleanup. The appropriate level of assessment and evaluation should be guided by the complexity of the cleanup project, the extent of impacts, the relative costs and benefits of various cleanup options and sustainable improvements, the potential limitation of resources for the cleanup, the future use of the site, other considerations associated with the site and affected community, and the regulatory requirements.4.8 Worker health and safety issues are one of many considerations in the site cleanup decision-making process. If two approaches are equally protective of human health and the environment and fully meet regulatory requirements, then the one that is expected to provide greater worker safety should generally be preferred. Worker health and safety should not be used as a rationale for avoiding cleanup at sites.4.9 The guide is divided into various sections for ease of use. See Fig. 1.4.9.1 Section 5 includes information for the user about planning and scoping of the cleanup project to integrate sustainable objectives.4.9.2 Section 6 of the guide includes steps to identify, evaluate, select and implement BMPs for a particular site.4.9.3 Section 7 presents the evaluation and measurement of improvements for selected BMPs.4.9.4 Section 8 presents information about documenting the activities conducted while implementing the guide.4.9.5 Appendices include example BMPs (Appendix X1), example documentation forms (Appendix X2), and Additional Resources (Appendix X3). The example BMP list in Appendix X1 is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to serve as a starting point for the user. This list may be added to or modified in the future as more experience is gained. The user is encouraged to consult other resources for additional BMPs that may be appropriate for a site. See also 6.2.1.4.10 The spirit and intent of the guide promotes improvements in cleanup through integration of sustainable objectives.4.10.1 A cleanup program, developed in conjunction with implementing BMPs following this guide, should fulfill regulatory cleanup requirements and timelines. The user should consider only cleanup approaches that will not result in unreasonable delay of cleanup.4.10.2 The cleanup program should be consistent with reasonably anticipated future use of the site.4.11 The user should consider the over-all affect of site cleanup in a holistic manner, including the adverse impacts of the cleanup and the consequences for the community. In order to accomplish this, during cleanup planning, the user should consider the sustainable core elements to provide direction and help define actions.4.12 Cost Considerations—As with all projects, costs are an important factor. It is the prerogative of the user to determine how to evaluate and accommodate the financial implications of using the guide (see Guide E2137). The economic well-being of persons neighboring a cleanup and others within the community should be considered in the evaluation. The user should document the cost considerations. See Section 8 for information about documentation.4.12.1 The user is encouraged to consider long-term benefits and financial savings in addition to short- and long-term costs associated with cleanups performed using this guide.4.12.2 The user should consider advancing the benefits of persons not yet born as an alternative to those who enjoy current day, status quo benefits. Conventional economic efficiency assessment favors the latter persons. (Bromley, 1999) (7).4.12.3 The user, when applicable, should evaluate short-term and long-term costs and implement appropriate financing strategies. An activity under this guide may have higher up-front capital costs (for example installation of solar panels or energy efficient insulation) but the overall long-term net costs associated with reduced energy use may result in a significantly less net cost compared to an alternative which relies on higher annual energy use.4.12.4 This guide is intended to use environmental and community resources efficiently and to increase the short- and long-term benefits of a cleanup to its environment and community. This guide is not intended to justify the avoidance of regulatory requirements or any applicable cleanup standards.4.13 Regulatory Context—Regulatory contexts where this guide is applicable include voluntary cleanups, brownfields cleanups performed in compliance with state voluntary cleanup programs, or brownfield initiatives, state-led enforcement cleanups, for example, most underground storage tank corrective actions by states paid through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, CERCLA removal and remedial actions, and other corrective actions required under RCRA. Users should, however, determine the regulatory context for each site and comply with all applicable laws, regulations and guidance (for example, environmental laws under CERCLA, RCRA, TSCA), including health and safety requirements under the OSHA and parallel state statutes and regulations.4.13.1 Current state and federal cleanup processes already incorporate some greener cleanup principles or sustainable objectives (see NAS 2011) (8). This guide expands the evaluation and consideration of these aspects for interested users.4.13.2 This guide provides ideas and options within a broad range of actions that integrate sustainable objectives throughout all phases of the cleanup. The guide is not, however, a stand-alone document and does not provide all the information needed to complete the cleanup process. In addition, when implementing this guide, the user must comply with all applicable state and local professional licensing requirements.4.13.3 The use of this guide does not ensure compliance with any regulatory requirements. Additionally, users are cautioned that environmental regulators may not review or evaluate any particular aspect or results from using this guide as part of the cleanup approval process and the regulatory program.4.14 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.1 This guide presents a framework that allows and encourages the user to address sustainable aspects (environmental, economic and social) within cleanup projects. The user may implement this guide to integrate sustainable objectives into cleanup while working within applicable regulatory criteria.1.2 The guide provides an overarching, consistent, transparent and scalable framework that helps the user identify and incorporate sustainable best management practices (BMPs) into site cleanup (which includes assessment and remediation), and enables the user to perform measurement of BMPs during the cleanup process. See Appendix X1 for example BMPs.1.3 The guide is intended to encourage incremental steps to incorporate sustainable elements into cleanup projects. The user chooses whether to pursue BMP implementation alone (Section 6) or to also measure the benefits of the implemented BMPs (Sections 6 and 7). The user also chooses the phases of the cleanup to which they apply the guide.1.4 The guide should be implemented within the existing site assessment and remediation process. The approach described in this guide should be used with other existing technical tools and policy to encourage the consideration of a more holistic approach with a broader range of cleanup options and activities than traditionally employed (NICOLE 2012(1))2.1.5 BMPs implemented under this guide should address all three aspects of sustainability: environmental, economic and social, while assuring that human health and safety as well as ecological risks are addressed. The goal of implementing BMPs is to take actions to address the sustainable objectives identified for the site.1.6 3.1.17 defines sustainable objectives; 3.1.15.1 defines sustainable aspects; 5.3 provides detail about core elements; and Section 6 describes a process to identify, evaluate, select, and implement BMPs.1.7 While the guide specifically applies to the cleanup phases of a project (which includes assessment and remediation phases), decisions made in the cleanup may influence reuse activities. The anticipated reuse of the site may influence cleanup activities.1.8 This guide may not be used as a justification for elimination or reduction of cleanup actions that are required to protect human health and the environment.1.9 The guide is composed of the following sections: Section 2 Referenced Documents, Section 3 Terminology, Section 4 , Section 5 Planning and Scoping; Section 6 Selection and Implementation of best management practices (BMPs); Section 7 Quantifying Site-Specific results from BMPs; and Section 8 Documentation. Fig. 1 Using the guide is provided to assist the user in navigating the guide.FIG. 1 Using this Guide1.9.1 The user may pursue either the BMP implementation section or both the BMP implementation and measurement sections.1.9.2 The environmental portions of the guide align with the Greener Cleanup Principles released by USEPA in August 2009 (2).1.9.3 When evaluating the sustainable BMPs the user should consider the short and long-term environmental, economic and social aspects, including the potential negative impacts, while ensuring protection of human health and the environment.1.10 The guide is intended to provide an overarching framework for integrating sustainable objectives in cleanup projects. The user may choose to consider the Guide E2893 for greener cleanups along with this guide to more fully address the environmental elements of a project.1.11 When implementing this guide, the user must comply with all applicable federal, state, and local statutes and regulations requiring or relating to protection of human health and the environment. This includes, but is not limited to, laws and regulations relating to health and safety, of the surrounding community, or on-site workers. No action taken in connection with implementing this guide should generate unacceptable human health or ecological risks.1.11.1 CERCLA and RCRA include worker safety as part of health and safety plans following OSHA regulations.1.11.2 Most sites fall under specific regulatory programs that include provisions for health and safety plans following OSHA regulations. For more information see OSHA FAQ (3).1.11.3 For all sites, the user must identify potential risks to the surrounding community as well as to site workers and manage those potential risks appropriately.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The electrical properties of gate and field oxides are altered by ionizing radiation. The method for determining the dose delivered by the source irradiation is discussed in Practices E666, E668, E1249, and Guide E1894. The time dependent and dose rate effects of the ionizing radiation can be determined by comparing pre- and post-irradiation voltage shifts, ΔVot and ΔVit. This test method provides a means for evaluation of the ionizing radiation response of MOSFETs and isolation parasitic MOSFETs.5.2 The measured voltage shifts, ΔVot and ΔVit, can provide a measure of the effectiveness of processing variations on the ionizing radiation response.5.3 This technique can be used to monitor the total-dose response of a process technology.1.1 This test method covers the use of the subthreshold charge separation technique for analysis of ionizing radiation degradation of a gate dielectric in a metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and an isolation dielectric in a parasitic MOSFET.2,3,4 The subthreshold technique is used to separate the ionizing radiation-induced inversion voltage shift, ΔVINV into voltage shifts due to oxide trapped charge, ΔVot and interface traps, ΔV it. This technique uses the pre- and post-irradiation drain to source current versus gate voltage characteristics in the MOSFET subthreshold region.1.2 Procedures are given for measuring the MOSFET subthreshold current-voltage characteristics and for the calculation of results.1.3 The application of this test method requires the MOSFET to have a substrate (body) contact.1.4 Both pre- and post-irradiation MOSFET subthreshold source or drain curves must follow an exponential dependence on gate voltage for a minimum of two decades of current.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Gas chromatographic separation of solvents present in whole paints is the preferred first step for identifying and quantitating solvent compositions, using auxiliary procedures and techniques.1.1 This practice describes the techniques used to inject whole paint samples directly into a gas chromatograph to obtain a chromatogram from which the solvent composition may be established.2,31.2 This practice is not designed to be quantitative.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.1.

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4.1 Use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and dichloromethane, which do not measurably contribute to the atmospheric oxidant level, is a way for industry to meet government or other regulations on volatile organic compounds. This test method is designed to determine the content of these halohydrocarbon solvents in paints and coatings. That content can subsequently be used in calculating the volatile organic compound content of a coating.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total amount of dichloromethane or 1,1,1-trichloroethane, or both, in paints and coatings. It has been evaluated for cellulose nitrate, alkyd, vinyl, and styrene-butadiene systems. It has not yet been evaluated for other formulations, but is believed to be applicable. The established working range of this test method is from 31 to 65 % for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 32 to 78 % for dichloromethane. There is no reason to believe it will not work outside of these ranges. The presence of 1-propanol in paints and coatings requires the use of a different internal standard. (See also Practice E260.)1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.

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5.1 Matrix spiking of samples is commonly used to determine the bias under specific analytical conditions, or the applicability of a test method to a particular sample matrix, by determining the extent to which the added spike is recovered from the sample matrix under these conditions. Reactions or interactions of the analyte or component of interest with the sample matrix may cause a significant positive or negative effect on recovery and may render the chosen analytical, or monitoring, process ineffectual for that sample matrix.5.2 Matrix spiking of samples can also be used to monitor the performance of a laboratory, individual instrument, or analyst as part of a regular quality assurance program. Changes in spike recoveries from the same or similar matrices over time may indicate variations in the quality of analyses and analytical results.5.3 Spiking of samples may be performed in the field or in the laboratory, depending on what part of the analytical process is to be tested. Field spiking tests the recovery of the overall process, including preservation and shipping of the sample and may be considered a measure of the stability of the analytes in the matrix. Laboratory spiking tests the laboratory process only. Spiking of sample extracts, concentrates, or dilutions will be reflective of only that portion of the process subsequent to the addition of the spike.5.4 Special precautions shall be observed when nonlaboratory personnel perform spiking in the field. It is recommended that all spike preparation work be performed in a laboratory by experienced analysts so that the field operation consists solely of adding a prepared spiking solution to the sample matrix. Training of field personnel and validation of their spiking techniques are necessary to ensure that spikes are added accurately and reproducibly. Consistent and acceptable recoveries from duplicate field spikes can be used to document the reproducibility of sampling and the spiking technique. When environmentally labile compounds are used as spikes, the spiking solution shall be protected up to the time of use by appropriate means such as chilling, protection from sunlight and oxygen, or chemical preservation.NOTE 1: Any field spiked sample, if known to the laboratory, should be labeled as a field spike in the final results report. Also, whenever possible, field spiking of volatile compounds should be avoided.5.5 It is often tacitly assumed that the analyte component is recovered from the sample to approximately the same extent that a spike of the same analyte is recovered from a spiked sample. One reason that this assumption may be incorrect is that the spike may not be bound up in the sample (for example, with suspended matter) in the same way that the naturally occurring analyte is bound in the sample. The spike may therefore be recovered from the sample differently than the background level of the analyte. For this reason, as well as the fact that bias corrections can add variability, it is not good practice to correct analytical data using spike recoveries. Spike recovery information should, however, be reported along with the related sample analysis results.5.6 This guide is also applicable to the preparation and use of spikes for quantification by the method of standard additions and to the addition of surrogates and internal standards.1.1 This guide covers the general technique of “spiking” aqueous samples with organic analytes or components. It is intended to be applicable to a broad range of organic materials in aqueous media. Although the specific details and handling procedures required for all types of compounds are not described, this general approach is given to serve as a guideline to the analyst in accurately preparing spiked samples for subsequent analysis or comparison. Guidance is also provided to aid the analyst in calculating recoveries and interpreting results. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine whether the methods and materials cited here are compatible with the analytes of interest.1.2 The procedures in this guide are focused on “matrix spike” preparation, analysis, results, and interpretation. The applicability of these procedures to the preparation of calibration standards, calibration check standards, laboratory control standards, reference materials, and other quality control materials by spiking is incidental. A sample (the matrix) is fortified (spiked) with the analyte of interest for a variety of analytical and quality control purposes. While the spiking of multiple sample test portions is discussed, the method of standard additions is not covered.1.3 This guide is intended for use in conjunction with the individual analytical test method that provides procedures for analysis of the analyte or component of interest. The test method is used to determine an analyte or component's background level and, again after spiking, its now elevated level. Each test method typically provides procedures not only for samples, but also for calibration standards or analytical control solutions, or both. These procedures include preparation, handling, storage, preservation, and analysis techniques. These procedures are applicable by extension, using the analyst's judgement on a case-by-case basis, to spiking solutions, and are not reiterated in this guide. See also Practice E200 for preparation and storage information.1.4 These procedures apply only to analytes that are soluble in water at the concentration of the spike plus any background material, or to analytes soluble in a solvent that is itself water-soluble. The system used in the later case must result in a homogeneous solution of analyte and sample. Meaningful recovery data cannot be obtained if an aqueous solution or homogeneous suspension of the analyte of interest in the sample cannot be attained.1.5 Matrix spiking may be performed in the field or in the laboratory, depending on which part of the analytical process is to be tested. Field spiking tests the recovery of the overall process, including preservation and shipping of the sample. Laboratory spiking tests the laboratory process only. Spiking of sample extracts, concentrates, or dilutions will test only that portion of the process subsequent to the addition of the spike.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Integrating ergonomic principles into new occupational systems may help businesses develop processes that do not exceed worker capabilities and limitations.5.2 Jobs and tasks that conform to worker capabilities and limitations may be performed more efficiently, safely, and consistently than those that do not.5.3 The application of ergonomic principles to the processes involved in occupational systems may help avoid system failures and inefficiencies.5.4 The integration of ergonomic principles at the earliest stages of process concept and design may facilitate appropriate design, layout, and allocation of resources and may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.5.5 Designing jobs that fit the capabilities of larger population segments may increase an organization's accessibility to the available labor pool.5.6 The integration of ergonomic principles into occupational systems may increase profit by lowering direct and indirect costs associated with preventable losses, injuries, and illnesses.5.7 The bibliography contains a list of reference materials that may be useful in particular applications. All appendixes are nonmandatory.1.1 This guide is intended to assist in the integration of ergonomic principles into the design and planning of new occupational systems from the earliest design stages through implementation. Doing so may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Matrix spiking is commonly used to determine the bias under specific analytical conditions, or the applicability of a test method to a particular sample matrix in that context, by determining the extent to which the spiked analyte or component is recovered from the sample matrix under these conditions. Reactions or interactions of the analyte or component of interest with the sample matrix may cause a significant positive or negative effect on recovery and may render the chosen analytical, or monitoring, process ineffectual for that sample matrix.5.2 Matrix spiking can also be used to monitor the performance of a laboratory, individual instrument, or analyst as part of a regular quality assurance program. Changes in spike recoveries or recovery limits from the same or similar matrices over time may indicate variations in the quality of analytical results.5.3 Spiking can be used to compare the recoveries of like spikes from reagent water samples and natural matrix samples (measured with and without spike) to distinguish between (1) unusual interference and (2) inherent method recovery and instability effects. This guide does not attempt to deal with the statistical significance of differences in spike recoveries from different matrices.5.4 Special precautions shall be observed when nonlaboratory personnel perform spiking in the field. It is recommended that all spike preparation work be performed in a laboratory by experienced analysts so that the field operation consists solely of adding a prepared spiking solution to the sample matrix. Training of field personnel and validation of their spiking techniques are necessary to ensure that spikes are added accurately and reproducibly. Duplicate field spikes can be used to document the reproducibility of the technique. When environmentally labile compounds are used as spikes, the spiking solution shall be protected up to the point of use by appropriate means such as chilling, protection from sunlight and oxygen, or chemical preservation.NOTE 1: Any field spiked sample, if known to the laboratory, should be labeled as a field spike in the final results report. Also, whenever possible, field spiking of volatile compounds should be avoided.5.5 It is often tacitly assumed that an analyte component is recovered from samples to approximately the same extent that a spike of the same analyte is recovered from a spiked sample. One reason that this assumption may be incorrect is that the spike may not be bound up in the sample (for example, with suspended matter) in the same way that the naturally occurring analyte is bound in the sample. The spike may therefore be recovered from the sample differently than the background level of the analyte. It is not good practice to correct analytical data using spike recoveries for this reason, as well as the fact that bias corrections can add variability. However, spike recovery information should be reported along with related sample analysis results.5.6 This guide is also applicable to the use of spikes for quantification by the method of standard additions and to the addition of surrogates and internal standards.1.1 This guide covers the general technique of “spiking” a broad range of materials into aqueous media. This guide will serve the analyst in preparing spiked samples for quality control purposes. Guidance is also provided to aid the analyst in calculating recoveries and interpreting results. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine whether the procedures and materials described here are appropriate to the task at hand.1.2 The procedures in this guide are focused on “matrix spike” preparation, analysis, and interpretation of results. The applicability of these procedures to the preparation of calibration standards, calibration check standards, laboratory control standards, reference materials, and other quality control materials by spiking is incidental. A sample (the matrix) is fortified (spiked) with the analyte of interest for a variety of analytical and quality control purposes. While the spiking of multiple sample portions is discussed, the method of standard additions is not covered.1.3 This guide is intended for use in conjunction with the individual analytical test method that provides procedures for analysis of the analyte or component of interest. The test method is used to determine an analyte or component’s background level and, again after spiking, its now elevated level. Each test method typically provides procedures not only for samples, but also for calibration standards or analytical control solutions, or both. These procedures include preparation, handling, storage, preservation, and analysis techniques. These procedures are applicable by extension, using the analyst’s judgement on a case-by-case basis, to spiking solutions, and are not reiterated in this guide. See also Practice E200 for preparation and storage information.1.4 These procedures apply only to analytes that are soluble in water at the concentration of the spike plus any background material, or to analytes soluble in a solvent that is itself water-soluble. The system used in the later case must result in a homogeneous solution of analyte and sample. Meaningful recovery data cannot be obtained if an aqueous solution or homogenous suspension of the analyte of interest in the sample cannot be attained. These procedures may be applicable to microbiological preparations if the homogeneity of the suspension can be adequately maintained throughout the course of the analysis, for example, by mechanical agitation or stirring.1.5 Matrix spiking may be performed in the field or in the laboratory, depending on which part of the analytical process is to be tested. Field spiking tests the recovery of the overall process, including preservation and shipping of the sample. Laboratory spiking tests the laboratory process only. Spiking of sample extracts, concentrates, or dilutions will test only that portion of the process subsequent to addition of the spike.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The methods by which sample materials are prepared and molded influence the mechanical properties of the specimen. Unlike injection molding, the objective of compression molding is to produce test specimens or sheets that are both homogeneous and isotropic. Specimens can be molded from powder or pellets such as are received directly from a material manufacturer, particles produced in a recycle recovery operation, or from a milled preform or sheet prepared on a two-roll mill. The powder, pellets, particles, preform, or sheet are melted and molded in a mold designed to produce a finished specimen of a given geometry, size, and thickness, or melted and molded in the form of a smooth plaque or sheet of uniform thickness from which desired specimens are cut, punched, or machined. Working a compound on a two-roll mill prior to molding will disperse and distribute the compound additives in a manner that will affect the physical properties of the compound. The relevant material specification or the material manufacturer shall be consulted to determine the need for milling a sample prior to compression molding. It is important to treat different samples of the same type of material in the same way: if milling was done prior to molding on a material which is to be used as a standard for comparison, all new materials to be tested against this practice shall be prepared and molded in a similar manner.4.2 The apparatus and exact conditions required to prepare adequate specimens will usually vary for each plastic material. Apparatus and procedures satisfactory for molding many different plastic materials are given in this practice in Sections 5 and 6. The apparatus and procedures which have been found satisfactory for molding certain specific materials are given in the Appendixes. In any case, the specific apparatus and procedures to be used in producing compression-molded specimens of a given material shall be obtained by reference to the relevant material specification or by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.1 This practice covers the compression molding of thermoplastic granules and milled stock for the preparation of test specimens.21.2 While conditions for certain materials are given, the primary source of specific conditions shall be the material specification standards for each type of material.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: The main body of this practice is equivalent to ISO 293-1986. Annex A1 and ISO 293-1986 differ in some details; however, specimens prepared using Annex A1, Procedure A should be equivalent to those prepared using ISO 293-1986, Cooling Method D. Specimens prepared using Annex A1, Procedure C should be equivalent to those prepared using ISO 293-1986, Cooling Method B. However, due to the greater cooling rate tolerances of the ISO standard, specimens prepared in accordance with ISO Cooling Method B may not be equivalent to Annex A1, Procedure C.

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5.1 Assumptions: 5.1.1 The control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.5.1.2 The control well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive.NOTE 1: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.5.1.4 The aquifer remains saturated (that is, water level does not decline below the top of the aquifer).5.1.5 The aquifer is overlain or underlain, or both, everywhere by confining beds individually having uniform hydraulic conductivities, specific storages, and thicknesses. The confining beds are bounded on the distal sides by one of the cases shown in Fig. 1.5.1.6 Flow in the aquifer is two-dimensional and radial in the horizontal plane.5.2 The geometry of the well and aquifer system is shown in Fig. 1.5.3 Implications of Assumptions: 5.3.1 Paragraph 5.1.1 indicates that the discharge from the control well is at a constant rate. Paragraph 8.1 of Test Method D4050 discusses the variation from a strictly constant rate that is acceptable. A continuous trend in the change of the discharge rate could result in misinterpretation of the water-level change data unless taken into consideration.NOTE 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5.3.2 The leaky confining bed problem considered by the modified Hantush method requires that the control well has an infinitesimal diameter and has no storage. Moench (6) generalized the field situation addressed by the modified Hantush (1) method to include the well bore storage in the pumped well. The mathematical approach that he used to obtain a solution for that more general problem results in a Laplace transform solution whose analytical inversion has not been developed and probably would be very complicated, if possible, to evaluate. Moench (6) used a numerical Laplace inversion algorithm to develop type curves for selected situations. The situations considered by Moench indicate that large well bore storage may mask effects of leakage derived from storage changes in the confining beds. The particular combinations of aquifer and confining bed properties and well radius that result in such masking is not explicitly given. However, Moench ((6), p. 1125) states “Thus observable effects of well bore storage are maximized, for a given well diameter, when aquifer transmissivity Kb and the storage coefficient Ssb are small.” Moench (p. 1129) notes that “...one way to reduce or effectively eliminate the masking effect of well bore storage is to isolate the aquifer of interest with hydraulic packers and repeat the pump test under pressurized conditions. Because well bore storage C will then be due to fluid compressibility rather than changing water levels in the well”...“the dimensionless well bore storage parameter may be reduced by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude.”5.3.3 The modified Hantush method assumes, for Cases 1 and 3 (see Fig. 1), that the heads in source layers on the distal side of confining beds remain constant. Neuman and Witherspoon (7) developed a solution for a case that could correspond to Hantush's Case 1 with K" = O  = S" except that they do not require the head in the unpumped aquifer to remain constant. For that case, they concluded that the drawdowns in the pumped aquifer would not be affected by the properties of the other, unpumped, aquifer when (Neuman and Witherspoon (7) p. 810) time satisfies:5.3.4 Implicit in the assumptions are the conditions that the flow in the confining beds is essentially vertical and in the aquifer is essentially horizontal. Hantush's (8) analysis of an aquifer bounded only by one leaky confining bed suggested that these assumptions are acceptably accurate whereverThat form of relation between aquifer and confining bed properties may also be a useful guide for the case of two leaky confining beds.1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer taking into consideration the change in storage of water in overlying or underlying confining beds, or both. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050.1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the modified Hantush method (1)2 is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Hantush-Jacob method (Practice D6029/D6029M) with the exception that in this case the gain or loss of water in storage in the confining beds is taken into consideration (see 5.1). All possible combinations of impermeable beds and source beds (for example, beds in which the head remains uniform) are considered on the distal side of the leaky beds that confine the aquifer of interest (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Cross Sections Through Discharging Wells in Leaky Aquifers with Storage of Water in the Confining Beds, Illustrating Three Different Cases of Boundary Conditions (from Reed (2) )1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.5 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values for the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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