定价： 541元 / 折扣价： 482 元 加购物车

定价： 2081元 / 折扣价： 1853 元 加购物车

定价： 2081元 / 折扣价： 1853 元 加购物车

定价： 2331元 / 折扣价： 2075 元 加购物车

定价： 3038元 / 折扣价： 2704 元 加购物车

定价： 2331元 / 折扣价： 2075 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

4.1 Proper operation and maintenance of RO and NF systems are key factors in obtaining successful performance. This guide provides the necessary input for the evaluation of the performance of the RO and NF systems, the pretreatment system, and the mechanical equipment in the plant.4.2 This guide is for general guidance only and must not be used in place of the operating manual for a particular plant.4.3 Site-dependent factors prevent specific recommendations for all recordkeeping. Thus, only the more general recordkeeping is covered by this guide.4.4 This guide can be used for both brackish and seawater systems which contain either spiral-wound or hollow-fiber devices.1.1 This guide covers procedures for well-defined recordkeeping of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems.1.2 This guide includes a start-up report, recordkeeping of RO and NF operating data, recordkeeping of pretreatment operating data, and a maintenance log.1.3 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to wastewaters.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 During the operation of an RO system, system conditions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feed concentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passage to change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it is necessary to compare permeate flow and salt passage data at the same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained at the same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO data obtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constant conditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice gives the procedure to standardize RO data.5.2 This practice can be used for both spiral wound and hollow fiber systems.5.3 This practice can be used for a single element or a multi-element system. However, if the RO system is brine staged, that is, the brine from one group of RO devices is the feed to a second group of RO devices, standardize the permeate flow and salt passage for each stage separately.5.4 This practice is applicable for RO systems with high rejections and with no significant leaks between the feed-brine and permeate streams.1.1 This practice covers the standardization of permeate flow, salt passage, and coefficient of performance data for reverse osmosis (RO) systems.1.2 This practice is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 The performance of RO or NF membranes is strongly influenced by the composition of the feed solution. Overall salt rejection is dependent upon the ratio of monovalent to polyvalent ions as well as the sum total of ions present. The permeate flow rate of RO or NF devices is also dependent upon the sum total of the ions present and the operating temperature, pressure, and recovery rate. Analyses and measurements performed in this guide will provide vital data for salt rejection and permeate flow projections of RO or NF systems for specific feedwaters.5.2 The recovery at which a RO or NF system can be safely operated is dependent upon the composition of the feed solution. The analyses and measurements performed in this guide will provide data for the calculation of the maximum recovery of a RO or NF system for a given feed solution.5.3 The analyses and measurements performed in this guide will be of great assistance in determining the pretreatment requirements for a RO or NF system on a given feedwater.1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performed on any given water sample if reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) application is being considered. (See also Test Methods D511, D512, D513, D516, D858, D859, D888, D1068, D1179, D1253, D1293, D1889, D3352, D3370, D3561, D3867, D4189, D4194, and D4382.)1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a delineation of all ions known to exist in waters.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used to remove salts and other impurities from drinking water at the point of use. They are usually operated at tap water line pressure, with water containing up to several hundred milligrams per litre of total dissolved solids. This practice permits measurement of the performance of home reverse osmosis devices using a standard set of conditions and is intended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This practice can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used for system design. This practice does not necessarily determine the device’s performance when solutes other than sodium chloride are present. Use Practice D4516 and Test Methods D4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set of conditions.5.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.1.1 This practice covers determination of the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions. It does not necessarily determine the characteristics of the devices operating on natural waters.1.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 These practices may be used to determine whether a RO or NF device is free of leaks if the mechanical integrity of the device is to be confirmed. They may also be used to detect leaks in RO or NF devices whose operating performance indicates a possible leak. These practices may be used for either new or used devices.1.1 These practices cover detecting leaks in which there is a direct communication between the feed or concentrate, or both, and the permeate. Several types of leaks are possible with the various configurations of reverse-osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) devices.1.2 Types of Leaks: 1.2.1 With hollow-fiber devices, feed or concentrate leakage, or both, into the permeate stream by leaks through the tube sheet and past the tube sheet O-ring are possible. “Leaks” caused by broken fibers are not covered by these practices.1.2.2 With spiral-wound devices, leaks may occur through damage of the membrane surface itself by punctures or scratches, by glue-line failure, and by O-ring leaks on product tube interconnectors.1.2.3 With tubular devices, leaks due to membrane damage, tube end seal leaks, and leaks from broken tubes or product headers are possible.1.3 Three leak test practices are given as follows:  SectionsPractice A—Tube Sheet and O-Ring Leak Test for Hollow Fiber Devices 8 to 9Practice B—Vacuum Test for Spiral Wound Devices 10 to 12Practice C—Dye Test for Spiral Wound and Tubular Devices 13 to 181.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车