5.1 This guide is general and useful in helping the user to determine an appropriate manual test method for determining the particle size distribution of fluvial sediments. The suggested test methods are not described in this guide, but references are given so that the user may obtain more information about each test method.5.2 It should be noted that different test methods may and often times do produce different particle size distributions for the same sample. This is due in part to the different test methods requiring native or distilled water, differences in dispersion methods used, and differences in what the test method is measuring, that is, physical or sedimentation diameter.1.1 This guide covers the selection of methods for determining the size distribution of fluvial sediments particles in the range greater than 0.45 μm using manual methods. Manual methods are defined as those methods that require the operator to do some actual measurements and calculations. An automated method would be one which, after the sample is prepared and inserted into an instrument, the instrument (machine) does the measuring and calculations, not the operator. Not all manual methods are presented in this guide. However, where available, at least two methods for each particle size range are given.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide covers core-sampling submerged, unconsolidated sediments. It also covers terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores. Sampling procedures and equipment are divided into categories based on water depth. Critical dimensions and properties of open-barrel and piston samplers like the cutting-bit angle, core-liner diameter, inside friction factor, outside friction factor, area factor, core-barrel length, barrel surfaces, and chemical composition of sampler parts shall conform to this standard guide. The following factors shall be considered for decisions in choosing between an open-barrel sampler and a piston sampler: depth of penetration, core compaction, flow-in distortion, surface disturbance, and repenetration. Driving techniques included in this guide are free core samplers, implosive and explosive samplers, punch-corer samplers, vibratory-driven samplers and impact-driven samplers. Guides are also included for collecting short cores in shallow water, collecting long cores in shallow water, and collecting short and long cores for a range of water depth. Field record shall be provided for every sampling operation. Guides are also provided for core extrusion for samplers with no liners, slitting core and core liners, sectioning cores, sampling through liner walls, preserving cores, and displaying cores.1.1 This guide covers core-sampling terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores.1.2 In this guide, sampling procedures and equipment are divided into the following categories based on water depth: sampling in depths shallower than 0.5 m, sampling in depths between 0.5 m and 10 m, and sampling in depths exceeding 10 m. Each category is divided into two sections: equipment for collecting short cores and equipment for collecting long cores.1.3 This guide emphasizes general principles. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Because core sampling is a field-based operation, methods and equipment must usually be modified to suit local conditions. This modification process requires two essential ingredients: operator skill and judgment. Neither can be replaced by written rules.1.4 Drawings of samplers are included to show sizes and proportions. These samplers are offered primarily as examples (or generic representations) of equipment that can be purchased commercially or built from plans in technical journals.1.5 This guide is a brief summary of published scientific articles and engineering reports. These references are listed in this guide. These documents provide operational details that are not given in this guide but are nevertheless essential to the successful planning and completion of core sampling projects.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.3 and 11.5.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 NAPLs (for example, chlorinated solvents, petroleum products, and creosote) can be emplaced in sediments through a variety of mechanisms (Guide E3248). Dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are more dense than water, whereas light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) are less dense than water.4.2 Standardized guidance and test methods currently exist for assessing NAPL mobility at upland sites, from organizations such as ASTM (Guides E2531 and E2856), Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (1)3 and the American Petroleum Institute (2, 3).4.3 Guide E3248 provides guidance regarding when a NAPL movement evaluation is warranted. After confirming that NAPL is present and evaluating nature and extent as appropriate, the next step in any NAPL movement evaluation is to evaluate if NAPL is mobile or immobile at the pore scale—this is done using tiered or weight of evidence (WOE) approaches. This guide provides a structured process to select samples to submit to the laboratory for NAPL mobility testing that is part of a NAPL movement evaluation.4.4 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with other reference material (refer to Section 2 and References) that direct the user in developing and implementing sediment assessment programs.4.6 This guide is related to Guide E3163, concerning sediment analytical techniques used during sediment programs. This relates to Guide E3248, which discusses generic models for the emplacement and advection of NAPL in sediments. It is related to Guide E3268, which describes sample collection, field screening and sample handling considerations in NAPL movement evaluations. And this is related to Guide E3282, which describes evaluation metrics and frameworks to determine if NAPL is immobile or immobile at the pore scale, or if it is migrating or stable at the NAPL body scale.4.7 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities necessary to develop a conceptual site model should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL-impacted sediment site characterization techniques, physical and chemical properties of NAPL in sediments, fate and transport processes, remediation technologies, and sediment evaluation protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities.4.8 This guide provides a framework based on overarching features and elements that should be customized by the user, based on site-specific conditions, regulatory context, and program objectives for a particular sediment site. This guide should not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.4.9 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:Section 1 Section 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 TerminologySection 4 Section 5 Summary of the Process for Screening and Selection of Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility TestingSection 6 Methods for Recording Visual Observations of Sheen and NAPL in Sediment SamplesSection 7 Methods for Performing Shake Testing of Sediment SamplesSection 8 Categorizing the Relative Presence of NAPL in SedimentSection 9 Use of NAPL Categorization Results to Select Existing Samples or Identify Locations and Depths for Collecting Additional Undisturbed Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility TestingSection 10 Other Methods to Select Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility TestingSection 11 KeywordsAppendix X1 Recommended Procedure for Visually Characterizing Sediment for Sheen or NAPL ObservationsAppendix X2 Recommended Procedure for a Sediment-Water Shake TestAppendix X3 Case StudyReferences  1.1 This guide is designed for general application at a wide range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present or suspected to be present in the sediment. This guide describes a process to use field screening methods, specifically visual observations, and the results of shake tests, to categorize the relative amount of NAPL present in a sample. This categorization can then be utilized to select co-located sediment samples for laboratory testing to determine if the NAPL in the sample interval is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, or any other chemical or physical testing.1.1.1 There is no current industry standard methodology to select sediment samples for laboratory NAPL mobility testing; the use of different methodologies is possible. This guide focuses on a selection process that uses visual observations and shake tests. This process has the advantage of being simple to use and, if applied in a disciplined manner, has been demonstrated to provide good results in the field.1.2 This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state, and local environmental programs but not supersede local, state, federal, or international regulations. The users of this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment site to determine applicable regulatory agency requirements and the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.1.3 ASTM International (ASTM) standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for assessing sediment sites.1.4 This guide does not address methods and means of sample collection (Guide E3163).1.5 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Hydrophobic organic liquids (for example, petroleum hydrocarbons, coal tars) may exist in the environment for long periods of time as NAPLs. Standardized guidance and test methods do not exist to assess NAPL movement (both pore-scale mobility and NAPL body-scale migration) in sediment. Literature searches have resulted in a limited body of available and applicable research. Current research has focused on site-specific sediment NAPL movement evaluation approaches.4.2 Standardized guidance and test methods currently exist for assessing NAPL mobility and migration at upland sites, from organizations such as ASTM International (Guides E2531 and E2856), Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (2), and the American Petroleum Institute (3, 4). Approaches commonly used in upland sites may or may not be applicable for any given sediment site. This guide provides perspectives on the applicability of various methodologies for specific sediment conditions.4.3 This guide describes various methodologies that are useful in sediment NAPL movement evaluation, such as laboratory test methods, calculation approaches, and field observation interpretation. The guide then provides frameworks to evaluate the data generated from these methodologies to determine if the NAPL observed in the sediments under in situ conditions exhibits movement of any kind.4.4 Important exposure pathways in upland sites are usually not applicable to sediment sites. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes, “Contaminants in the biologically active layer of the surface sediment at a site often drive exposure” (5). In aquatic environments, benthic organisms live in the surface sediment to maintain access to oxygenated overlying water. These benthic organisms are at the base of the food chain. If NAPL in subsurface sediment is not migrating, the NAPL will not move into the surface sediment and result in exposure to benthic organisms. NAPL that is stable and only present in subsurface sediment likely does not pose a risk to human or ecological receptors, because there is no completed pathway to exposure if the overlying sediment remains in place (that is, it is not dredged or eroded). With no completed exposure pathway, removal of the NAPL in the subsurface sediment may not be needed during any remedy. Therefore, understanding the potential for movement of NAPL in sediments is a key factor in the management of contaminated sediment sites. Knowledge of NAPL movement is required for developing effective remedial options for NAPL impacted sediments and for long-term management of sediment sites.4.5 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:Section 1 Section 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 TerminologySection 4 Section 5 NAPL Mobility and Migration Evaluation FrameworkSection 6 Tiered and Weight of Evidence NAPL Movement Evaluation ApproachesSection 7 Centrifuge Test MethodsSection 8 Water Drive Test MethodsSection 9 Calculation Methods for Potential Vertical Movement of NAPLSection 10 Field Observation MethodologiesSection 11 KeywordsAppendix X1 Laboratory Analysis Methods Commonly Used in NAPL Movement Evaluations (non-mandatory)Appendix X2 Illustrative Examples of Tiered and WOE Approaches to Evaluate NAPL Movement (non-mandatory)Appendix X3 Case Studies (non-mandatory)Appendix X4 Additional Information on Centrifuge Testing Technology in NAPL Mobility Testing (non-mandatory)Appendix X5 Laboratory Handling and Preparation of Sediment Cores (non-mandatory)Appendix X6 Additional Information on Water Drive Test Methods in NAPL Mobility Testing (non-mandatory)Appendix X7 NAPL Net Vertical Gradient Calculation Method (non-mandatory)Appendix X8 NAPL Effective Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation Methods (non-mandatory)References  4.6 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL-impacted sediment site characterization techniques and sediment remediation science and technology, as well as sediment NAPL mobility and migration assessment protocols and methodologies.4.7 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data validators, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders, which may include, but are not limited to, owners, buyers, developers, lenders, insurers, government agencies, and community members and groups.4.8 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Instead, this guide may be used to complement and support such requirements. Any remedial actions taken should meet the regulatory standards for the regulatory entity under which the corrective action is being performed.4.9 This guide provides a framework based on overarching features and elements that should be customized by the user, based on site-specific conditions, regulatory context, and program objectives for a particular sediment site. This guide should not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.4.10 Assessment of NAPL movement in sediments is an evolving science. This guide provides a systematic, yet flexible, framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and users, based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, programmatic and regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, use of alternative scientifically based methods and procedures, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, multiple line of evidence (LOE) approaches, and unforeseen circumstances.4.11 Use of this guide supports multiple LOE approaches, using tiered or WOE evaluation frameworks, for the evaluation of NAPL movement in sediments.4.12 Use of this guide is consistent with the sediment risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process that guides the user to obtain the appropriate data; acquire and evaluate additional data; and refine goals, objectives, receptors, exposure pathways, and the CSM. As the sediment RBCA process proceeds, data and conclusions reached at each step of the process help focus subsequent evaluation. This integrative process results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making and timely, appropriate response actions for NAPL-impacted sediments.1.1 This guide discusses methodologies that can be applied to evaluate the potential for the movement (that is, pore-scale mobility or NAPL body-scale migration) of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in sediments. NAPL movement assessment in sediments is significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the frameworks for evaluating NAPL movement in upland soils have limited applicability for sediments. In particular, because upland NAPL conceptual site models may not be applicable to many sediment sites, this guide provides a framework to evaluate whether NAPL is mobile (at the pore scale) or migrating (at the NAPL body scale) in sediments.1.2 Assessment of the potential for NAPL to move in sediment is important for several reasons, including (but not limited to) evaluation of risk to potential receptors, the need for potential remedial action, and potential remedial strategies. For example, if the NAPL is migrating, sensitive receptors may be impacted and this will influence the choice and timing of any remedy selected for an area of the sediment site. If the NAPL is not mobile or migrating, then remedial actions may not be warranted.1.3 This guide is applicable at sediment sites where NAPL has been identified in the sediment by various screening methods and the need for a NAPL movement evaluation is warranted (Guide E3248).1.4 Petroleum hydrocarbon, coal tar, and other tar NAPLs (including fuels, oils, and creosote) are the primary focus of this guide. These forms of contamination are commonly related to historical operations at refineries, petroleum distribution terminals, manufactured gas plants (MGPs), and various large industrial sites.1.5 Although certain technical aspects of this guide apply to other NAPLs (for example, dense NAPLs [DNAPLs] such as chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents), this guide does not completely address the additional complexities of those DNAPLs.1.6 The goal of this guide is to provide a sound technical basis to determine if NAPL at the site is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, and if mobile, whether it is stable or migrating at the NAPL body scale. The potential for NAPL movement in the sediment is a key component in the development of the conceptual site model (CSM) and in deciding what remedial options should potentially be chosen for the site to reduce potential risks to human health and ecological receptors.1.7 This guide can be used to help develop, or refine, a CSM for the sediment site. A robust CSM is typically needed to optimize potential future work efforts at the site, which may include various risk management and remedial strategies for the site, as well as subsequent monitoring after any remedy implementation.1.8 This guide considers the mobility of NAPL in sediments that originated from three broad categories of potential NAPL emplacement mechanisms (Guide E3248).1.8.1 Migration of NAPL by advection (flow through the soil pore network) from an upland site into the pore network of sediments beneath an adjacent water body is one category of NAPL emplacement mechanism. This most commonly occurs within coarse-grained strata in the sediment.1.8.2 Direct discharge of light NAPL (LNAPL) into a waterway, where it is broken down by mechanical energy to form LNAPL beads, is another category of NAPL emplacement mechanism. Oil-particle aggregates (OPAs) are formed when suspended particulates in surface water adhere to LNAPL beads. Once enough particulates have adhered to an LNAPL bead and the OPA becomes dense enough, it settles through the water column onto a competent sediment surface, where it forms an in situ deposited NAPL (IDN) and may be buried by future sedimentation.1.8.3 The third category of NAPL emplacement mechanism is DNAPL flow (that is, direct discharge of DNAPL into a waterway), followed by settling through the water column and deposition directly onto a competent sediment surface, where it may be buried by future sedimentation.1.9 Ebullition-facilitated transport of NAPL from the sediment to the water column by gas bubbles is not within the scope of this guide. The evaluation of ebullition and associated NAPL/contaminant transport is covered in Guide E3300. Transport of NAPL due to erosional forces (for example, propeller wash) is not within the scope of this guide.1.10 This guide (see Section 5) presents an overall framework to evaluate if NAPL at the site is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, and migrating or stable at the NAPL body scale. It provides guidance on approaches and methodologies that address questions regarding NAPL movement evaluation.1.11 This guide (see Section 6) discusses the use of data from various laboratory tests (Appendix X1), calculation methodologies, and other methodologies to technically evaluate if NAPL in sediment at various locations in the site is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, and stable or migrating at the NAPL body scale. This evaluation can be performed using tiered and weight of evidence (WOE) frameworks. For example, it may be possible that NAPL is mobile or migrating in one part of the site, but is immobile in other parts of the site. There are currently no industry standard tiered and WOE frameworks to evaluate if NAPL in sediment is mobile or migrating, but illustrative examples of such frameworks are presented in Appendix X2. Case studies demonstrating the application of the example tiered and WOE frameworks exhibited in Appendix X2 are presented in Appendix X3.1.12 This guide (see Section 7) discusses applicable laboratory centrifuge testing methodologies that are used to evaluate NAPL mobility or immobility at the pore scale under the applicable test conditions (also see Appendix X4). Appendix X5 discusses the laboratory preparation of sediment samples used in centrifuge testing.1.13 This guide (see Section 8) discusses applicable laboratory water drive testing methodologies that are used to evaluate NAPL mobility or immobility at the pore scale under the applicable test conditions. This section discusses both rigid wall and flexible wall permeameter testing (also see Appendix X6). Appendix X5 discusses the laboratory preparation of sediment samples used in water drive testing.1.14 This guide (see Section 9) discusses calculation methodologies that provide insight into pore-scale NAPL mobility and NAPL body-scale migration at the site. To perform some of these calculations, NAPL property data such as density, viscosity, and NAPL–water interfacial tension are needed (see Appendix X1). The calculation methodologies include NAPL density versus hydraulic gradient calculations; pore entry pressure calculations; critical NAPL layer thickness calculations; and NAPL pore velocity calculations (also see Appendix X7 and Appendix X8).1.15 This guide (see Section 10) presents other field observation approaches that are useful in evaluating pore-scale NAPL mobility and NAPL body-scale migration. These methodologies include vertical profiles of NAPL saturation (including isopach mapping of the thickness of unimpacted sediment above the NAPL zone); and installation of monitoring wells in sediment.1.16 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.17 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.18 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Industrialized and urban areas have been found to deposit a number of toxic elements into environments where those elements were previously either not present or were found in trace amounts. Consequently, it is important to be able to measure the concentration of these pollution-deposited elements to properly study pollution effects.5.2 This procedure is concerned with the pollution-related trace elements that are described in 4.1 rather than those elements incorporated in the silicate lattices of the minerals from which the sediments were derived. These pollution-related trace elements are released into the water and readsorbed by the sediments with changes in general water quality, pH in particular. These elements are a serious source of pollution. The elements locked in the silicate lattices are not readily available in the biosphere (1-8).5.3 When comparing the trace element concentrations, it is important to consider the particle sizes to be analyzed (8, 9).5.3.1 The finer the particle the greater the surface area. Consequently, a potentially greater amount of a given trace element can be adsorbed on the surface of fine, particulate samples (4). For particle sizes smaller than 80 mesh, metal content is no longer dependent on surface area. Therefore, if this portion of the sediment is used, the analysis with respect to sample type (that is, sand, salt, or clay) is normalized. It has also been observed that the greatest contrast between anomalous and background samples is obtained when less than 80-mesh portion of the sediment is used (4, 5).5.3.2 After the samples have been dried, care must be taken not to grind the sample in such a way to alter the natural particle-size distribution (14.1). Fracturing a particle disrupts the silicate lattice and makes available those elements which otherwise are not easily digested (6). Normally, aggregates of dried, natural soils, sediments, and many clays dissociate once the reagents are added (14.3 and 15.2).1.1 These practices describe the partial extraction of soils, bottom sediments, suspended sediments, and waterborne materials to determine the extractable concentrations of certain trace elements.1.1.1 Practice A is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, boron, barium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, sodium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is the more vigorous and more complicated of the two.1.1.2 Practice B is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is less vigorous and less complicated than Practice A.1.2 These practices describe three means of preparing samples prior to digestion:1.2.1 Freeze-drying.1.2.2 Air-drying at room temperature.1.2.3 Accelerated air-drying, for example, 95 °C.1.3 The detection limit and linear concentration range of each procedure for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption spectrophotometric or other technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used. Also see various ASTM test methods for determining specific metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometric techniques.1.3.1 The sensitivity of the practice can be adjusted by varying the sample size (14.2) or the dilution of the sample (14.6), or both.1.4 Extractable trace element analysis provides more information than total metal analysis for the detection of pollutants, since absorption, complexation, and precipitation are the methods by which metals from polluted waters are retained in sediments.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for the preparation of samples for use in collaborative tests, to evaluate methods during their development, and for the evaluation of the precision and bias of proposed test methods.5.2 Statements of the precision and bias are a mandatory part of ASTM test methods. Such an evaluation is necessary to provide guidance to the user as to the reliability of measurements that can be expected by its use. The statements are developed on the basis of user experience (ordinarily collaborative tests) with the test method.5.3 The availability of test samples is a key requirement for collaborative evaluation of test methods.1.1 This practice establishes uniform general procedures for the development (preparation) and use of samples in the collaborative testing of methods for chemical analysis of sediments and similar materials.1.2 The principles of this practice are applicable to aqueous samples with suitable technical modifications.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the minerology, specific gravity, and particle size distributions (PSDs) of silica-based sediments to be used in the laboratory performance testing of stormwater treatment devices as well as criteria defining acceptable error for the target PSDs.1.2 Silica-based sediment is used as a surrogate material for performance and scour determinations for some manufactured stormwater treatment devices such as hydrodynamic separators and filters. These data are used to gain regulatory approvals within certain jurisdictions.1.3 Acceptance of test results attained according to this specification may be subject to specific requirements set by a Quality Assurance Project Plan, a specific verification protocol, or a policy set by an Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). It is advised to review one or all of the above to ensure compliance.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except for methods to establish and report sediment concentration and particle size. It is convention to exclusively describe sediment concentration in mg/L and particle size in mm or μm, both of which are SI units. The SI units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound units shall be regarded as conforming with this test method.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Silica-based sediment is considered hazardous under the OSHA Hazard Communications Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Clostridium perfringens is a strict obligate anaerobe that is found in fecal material. Under moderately adverse conditions these organisms produce endospores that can withstand extreme environmental conditions and are conservative tracers of past and present pollution in fresh and marine waters and sediments.1.1 This test method can enumerate Clostridium perfringens spores and vegetative cells from marine water, sediment, wastewater, ambient water, and drinking water. Since C. perfringens spores are present in large numbers in human and animal wastes and are resistant to wastewater treatment practices, extremes in temperature, and environmental stress, they are an indicator of present fecal contamination as well as a conservative tracer of past fecal contamination. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.5.2 The criteria will address only the collection of data on noncohesive sediment. A noncohesive sediment is one that consists of discrete particles and whose movement depends on the particular properties of the particles themselves (1). These properties can include particle size, shape, density, and position on the streambed with respect to other particles. Generally, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders are considered to be noncohesive sediments.1.1 This guide covers criteria for a complete sediment data set.1.2 This guide provides guidelines for the collection of non-cohesive sediment alluvial data.1.3 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Sediment toxicity evaluations are a critical component of environmental quality and ecosystem impact assessments, and are used to meet a variety of research and regulatory objectives. The manner in which the sediments are collected, stored, characterized, and manipulated can influence the results of any sediment quality or process evaluation greatly. Addressing these variables in a systematic and uniform manner will aid the interpretations of sediment toxicity or bioaccumulation results and may allow comparisons between studies.5.2 Sediment quality assessment is an important component of water quality protection. Sediment assessments commonly include physicochemical characterization, toxicity tests or bioaccumulation tests, as well as benthic community analyses. The use of consistent sediment collection, manipulation, and storage methods will help provide high quality samples with which accurate data can be obtained for the national inventory and for other programs to prevent, remediate, and manage contaminated sediment.5.3 It is now widely known that the methods used in sample collection, transport, handling, storage, and manipulation of sediments and interstitial waters can influence the physicochemical properties and the results of chemical, toxicity, and bioaccumulation analyses. Addressing these variables in an appropriate and systematic manner will provide more accurate sediment quality data and facilitate comparisons among sediment studies.5.4 This standard provides current information and recommendations for collecting and handling sediments for physicochemical characterization and biological testing, using procedures that are most likely to maintain in situ conditions, most accurately represent the sediment in question, or satisfy particular needs, to help generate consistent, high quality data collection.5.5 This standard is intended to provide technical support to those who design or perform sediment quality studies under a variety of regulatory and non-regulatory programs. Information is provided concerning general sampling design considerations, field and laboratory facilities needed, safety, sampling equipment, sample storage and transport procedures, and sample manipulation issues common to chemical or toxicological analyses. Information contained in this standard reflects the knowledge and experience of several internationally-known sources including the Puget Sound Estuary Program (PSEP), Washington State Department of Ecology (WDE), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Environment Canada. This standard attempts to present a coherent set of recommendations on field sampling techniques and sediment or interstitial water sample processing based on the above sources, as well as extensive information in the peer-reviewed literature.5.6 As the scope of this standard is broad, it is impossible to adequately present detailed information on every aspect of sediment sampling and processing for all situations. Nor is such detailed guidance warranted because much of this information (for example, how to operate a particular sampling device or how to use a Geographical Positioning System (GPS) device) already exists in other published materials referenced in this standard.5.7 Given the above constraints, this standard: (1) presents a discussion of activities involved in sediment sampling and sample processing; (2) alerts the user to important issues that should be considered within each activity; and (3) gives recommendations on how to best address the issues raised such that appropriate samples are collected and analyzed. An attempt is made to alert the user to different considerations pertaining to sampling and sample processing depending on the objectives of the study (for example, remediation, dredged material evaluations or status and trends monitoring).5.8 The organization of this standard reflects the desire to give field personnel and managers a useful tool for choosing appropriate sampling locations, characterize those locations, collect and store samples, and manipulate those samples for analyses. Each section of this standard is written so that the reader can obtain information on only one activity or set of activities (for example, subsampling or sample processing), if desired, without necessarily reading the entire standard. Many sections are cross-referenced so that the reader is alerted to relevant issues that might be covered elsewhere in the standard. This is particularly important for certain chemical or toxicological applications in which appropriate sample processing or laboratory procedures are associated with specific field sampling procedures.5.9 The methods contained in this standard are widely applicable to any entity wishing to collect consistent, high quality sediment data. This standard does not provide guidance on how to implement any specific regulatory requirement, or design a particular sediment quality assessment, but rather it is a compilation of technical methods on how to best collect environmental samples that most appropriately address common sampling objectives.5.10 The information presented in this standard should not be viewed as the final statement on all the recommended procedures. Many of the topics addressed in this standard (for example, sediment holding time, formulated sediment composition, interstitial water collection and processing) are the subject of ongoing research. As data from sediment monitoring and research becomes available in the future, this standard will be updated as necessary.1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining, storing, characterizing, and manipulating marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments, for use in laboratory sediment toxicity evaluations and describes samplers that can be used to collect sediment and benthic invertebrates (Annex A1). This standard is not meant to provide detailed guidance for all aspects of sediment assessments, such as chemical analyses or monitoring, geophysical characterization, or extractable phase and fractionation analyses. However, some of this information might have applications for some of these activities. A variety of methods are reviewed in this guide. A statement on the consensus approach then follows this review of the methods. This consensus approach has been included in order to foster consistency among studies. It is anticipated that recommended methods and this guide will be updated routinely to reflect progress in our understanding of sediments and how to best study them. This version of the standard is based primarily on a document developed by USEPA (2001 (1))2 and by Environment Canada (1994 (2)) as well as an earlier version of this standard.1.2 Protecting sediment quality is an important part of restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of our natural resources as well as protecting aquatic life, wildlife, and human health. Sediment is an integral component of aquatic ecosystems, providing habitat, feeding, spawning, and rearing areas for many aquatic organisms (MacDonald and Ingersoll 2002 a, b (3)(4)). Sediment also serves as a reservoir for contaminants in sediment and therefore a potential source of contaminants to the water column, organisms, and ultimately human consumers of those organisms. These contaminants can arise from a number of sources, including municipal and industrial discharges, urban and agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition, and port operations.1.3 Contaminated sediment can cause lethal and sublethal effects in benthic (sediment-dwelling) and other sediment-associated organisms. In addition, natural and human disturbances can release contaminants to the overlying water, where pelagic (water column) organisms can be exposed. Sediment-associated contaminants can reduce or eliminate species of recreational, commercial, or ecological importance, either through direct effects or by affecting the food supply that sustainable populations require. Furthermore, some contaminants in sediment can bioaccumulate through the food chain and pose health risks to wildlife and human consumers even when sediment-dwelling organisms are not themselves impacted (Test Method E1706).1.4 There are several regulatory guidance documents concerned with sediment collection and characterization procedures that might be important for individuals performing federal or state agency-related work. Discussion of some of the principles and current thoughts on these approaches can be found in Dickson, et al. Ingersoll et al. (1997 (5)), and Wenning and Ingersoll (2002 (6)).1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:  Section  1Referenced Documents  2Terminology  3Summary of Guide  4  5Interferences  6Apparatus  7Safety Hazards  8Sediment Monitoring and Assessment Plans  9Collection of Whole Sediment Samples 10Field Sample Processing, Transport, and Storage of Sediments 11Sample Manipulations 12Collection of Interstitial Water 13Physico-chemical Characterization of Sediment Samples 14Quality Assurance 15Report 16Keywords 17Description of Samplers Used to Collect Sediment or Benthic Invertebrates Annex A11.6 Field-collected sediments might contain potentially toxic materials and should thus be treated with caution to minimize occupational exposure to workers. Worker safety must also be considered when working with spiked sediments containing various organic, inorganic, or radiolabeled contaminants, or some combination thereof. Careful consideration should be given to those chemicals that might biodegrade, volatilize, oxidize, or photolyze during the exposure.1.7 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 1058元 / 折扣价： 900 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24 h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single-laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.5.3 The 24 h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction method.1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

Sediment in insulating oil may deposit on transformer parts and interfere with heat transfer and may choke oil ducts; thus hindering oil circulation and heat dissipation. Inorganic sediment usually indicates contamination of some type and organic sediment indicates either deterioration of the oil or contamination.Soluble sludge indicates deterioration of the oil, presence of contaminants, or both. It serves as a warning that formation of sediment may be imminent.The determination of sediment and soluble sludge in a used insulating oil assists in deciding whether the oil may continue to be used in its existing condition or should be replaced, reclaimed, or reconditioned.1.1 This test method covers the determination of sediment and soluble sludge in service-aged insulating oils of petroleum origin. Also, provision is made for determining organic and inorganic content of the sediment. The method is intended primarily for oils of comparatively low viscosity; for example 5.7 to 13.0 cSt (mm2/s) at 40°C (104°F). Suitability for high viscosity oils have not been determined.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Solvent extraction of soils and sediments can provide information on the availability of petroleum hydrocarbons to leaching, water quality changes, or other site conditions.5.2 Rapid heating, in combination with temperatures in excess of the atmospheric boiling point of acetone/hexane, reduces sample preparation or extraction times.5.3 Reduced amounts of solvents are required and solvent loss due to boiling and evaporation are eliminated by use of closed extraction vessels.1.1 This practice covers the solvent extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from soils and sediments, using closed vessel microwave heating, for subsequent determination by gravimetric or gas chromatographic techniques.1.2 This practice is recommended only for solid samples that can pass through a ten mesh screen (approximately 2 mm openings).1.3 The solvent extract obtained by this practice may be analyzed for total or specific nonvolatile and semivolatile petroleum hydrocarbons but may require sample clean-up procedures prior to specific compound analysis.1.4 This practice is limited to solvents that are recommended for use in microwave solvent extraction systems.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound values given for units of pressure are to be regarded as standard; SI unit conversions are shown in parentheses.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 9.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Partial extraction of soils and sediments can provide information on the availability of elements to leeching, water quality changes, or other site conditions.4.2 Rapid heating, in combination with temperatures in excess of the atmospheric boiling point of nitric acid, reduces sample preparation or reaction times.4.3 Little or no acids are lost to boiling or evaporation in the closed digestion vessel so additional portions of acid may not be required. Increased blank corrections from trace impurities in acid are minimized.1.1 This practice covers the digestion of soils and sediments for subsequent determination of acid-extractable concentrations of certain elements by such techniques as atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy.1.1.1 Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and zinc can be extracted from the preceding materials. Other elements may be determined using this practice.1.2 The analytical sample is arbitrarily defined as that which passes a 10-mesh (approximately 2 mm openings) screen and is prepared according to Practice D3974.1.3 Actual element quantitation can be accomplished by following the various test methods under other appropriate ASTM standards for element(s) of interest.1.4 The detection limit and linear concentration range for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption or emission spectrophotometric technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used.1.5 Before selecting a digestion technique, the user should consult the appropriate quantitation standard(s) for any special analytical considerations, and Practice D3974 for any special preparatory considerations.1.6 The extent of extraction of elements from soils and sediments by this method is dependent upon the physical and mineralogic characteristics of the prepared sample.1.7 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information purposes only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This test method is intended to allow for a rapid (24-h) index Kd of a geomedia’sorption affinity for given chemicals or leachate constituents. A large number of samples may be analyzed using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based on the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24-h time period is used to make the test convenient as well as to minimize microbial degradation, which may be a problem in longer procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.The 24-h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd. However, to report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, 22 h) to ensure that solute concentrations in the solution phase have reached a steady state by 24 h.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension, for example, soils, fluvial sediments, sedimentary deposits, or any other accumulations of unconsolidated solid particles (for a companion method, for metal solute, see Test Method D 4319). The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions like those produced by waste extraction tests (for example, Test Method D 3987).1.2 This test method is applicable for screening and providing the relative rankings of a large number of samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate closely the sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings and under flow conditions.1.3 While this test method is intended to be applicable for all soluble organic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as volatilization or degradation by microbes, light, or hydrolysis.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元