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5.1 This test method measures the rate of thermal transport between a heating element and a fabric specimen. Some of the comfort properties of a garment relate to initial thermal sensations (that is, cold or warm feeling upon initial contact), where lower thermal effusivity values indicate sensations of warmth and higher values indicate sensations of coolness. The thermal effusivity of different fabrics and their initial perceived surface temperature are important to assist product developers with fabric selection.5.2 The sensor and the test specimen being measured shall be at the same temperature for measurements at standard conditions. This test method may be applied to any fabric with a thermal effusivity in the range of 35 to 1700 Ws1/2/m2·K.5.3 Air flow shall be kept at a minimum to ensure temperature fluctuations do not occur during the measurement.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement of thermal effusivity of woven, knitted, or non-woven fabrics using a guarded modified transient plane source (MTPS) instrument.4 This test method is applicable to a wide range of thicknesses; however, the thickness of the specimen must be greater than the penetration depth of the heat flux during the measurement time.1.2 This test method is comparative since specimens of known thermal effusivity are used to calibrate the apparatus at the factory level. Thermal effusivity of the calibration specimens are confirmed through calculations that use established properties of thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat.1.3 This test method is intended for measuring fabrics in a dry state at ambient conditions.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide will familiarize public officials and business and industry managers with source reduction, reuse, recycling, or disposal of steel cans.1.1 This guide provides general information to public officials and business and industry managers regarding the source reduction, reuse, recycling, or disposal of steel cans under 5-gal (wet) or 40-lb (dry) capacity. It presents a comprehensive overview of the steel can life cycle. Five-gallon pails and larger containers, up to 55-gal drums, will be in a separate guide due to their inherently different use and management when empty.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended for use when measuring surface flammability of flexible cellular materials exposed to fire. The test method provides a laboratory test procedure for measuring and comparing the surface flammability of materials when exposed to a prescribed level of radiant heat energy. The test is conducted using specimens that are representative, to the extent possible, of the material or assembly being evaluated. For example, if an assembly is required to be tested, such specimens shall replicate the type and thickness of all the layers present in the assembly being evaluated.5.2 The rate at which flames will travel along surfaces depends upon the physical and thermal properties of the material, product, or assembly under test, the specimen mounting method and orientation, the type and level of fire or heat exposure, the availability of air, and properties of the surrounding enclosure. (1-6)4, 55.3 Test Method E162 is a generic version of this test method, using an apparatus that is substantially the same as the one used in this test method. However, Test Method E162 is normally intended for application to specimens other than flexible cellular materials.5.3.1 The pilot burner in this test method is different from the pilot burner in Test Method E162.5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory fire test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.5 If the test results obtained by this test method are to be considered as part of an overall assessment of fire hazard in a building or structure, then the criteria, concepts and procedures incorporated into Guide E1546 shall be taken into consideration.1.1 This is a fire test response standard.1.2 This test method describes the measurement of surface flammability of flexible cellular materials.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not, by itself, incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.6 Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units, in parentheses, are for information only and are approximations (see also IEEE/ASTM SI-10).1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide provides general information to users, public officials, and others regarding the source reduction, reuse, recycling, or disposability of materials made from solid or corrugated fiberboard. It may be used as a resource in the determination of the point at which recycling is impractical and disposal is appropriate. 1.2 This guide does not attempt to provide specific information on how solid or corrugated fiberboard is to be recycled or its preferred means of disposal. It is intended to be informational in nature and to serve as a starting point for considerations of recycling and associated environmental issues. The need for observance of and compliance with Federal, state, and local statutes and ordinances is recognized as imposing certain limitations on the extent of recycling and means of disposal of all materials. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This practice presents the procedures and equipment that will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling of stationary source emissions for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. This application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Although velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases, this is, however, not included in this practice. This practice describes representative sampling of gases in a duct, both by extractive and non-extractive methods. In extractive sampling, gases are conditioned to remove aerosols, particulate matter, and other interfering substances before being conveyed to the instruments. In non-extractive sampling, the measurements are made in-situ; therefore, no sample conditioning except filtering is required.1.1 This practice2 covers procedures and equipment that will permit representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams with limitations as described below. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx).1.2 Velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases. This is not included in this practice.1.3 There are some combustion processes and conditions that may limit the applicability of this practice. Where such conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are required, especially when dealing with any of the following:1.3.1 Corrosive or highly reactive components,1.3.2 High vacuum, high pressure, or high temperature gas streams,1.3.3 Wet flue gases,1.3.4 Fluctuations in velocity, temperature, or concentration due to uncontrollable variation in the process,1.3.5 Gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas streams,1.3.6 Measurements made using environmental control devices, and1.3.7 Low levels of gas concentrations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety precautions, refer to 5.1.4.8, 5.2.1.6, and 6.2.2.1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is designed to provide a basis for estimating one aspect of the fire exposure behavior of exposed insulation installed on the floor of an open attic. The test environment is intended to simulate attic floor exposure to radiant heat conditions. Radiant heat has been observed and defined in full-scale attic experiments.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the critical radiant flux of exposed attic floor insulation subjected to a flaming ignition source in a graded radiant heat energy environment inside a test chamber. The test specimen can be any attic floor insulation. This test method is not applicable to those insulations that melt or shrink away when exposed to the radiant heat energy environment or the ignition source.1.2 This test method measures the critical radiant flux at the farthest point to which the flame advances. It provides a means for relative classification of a fire test response standard for exposed attic floor insulation. The imposed radiant flux simulation levels of thermal radiation are likely to impinge on the surface of exposed attic insulation from roof assemblies heated by the sun and by heat or flames of an incidental fire which has the potential to involve an attic space. This test method is intended to simulate an important element of fire exposure that has the potential to develop in open attics, but is not intended for use in describing flame spread behavior of insulation installed other than on an attic floor.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the material, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 Warning—Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Illumination of a switch or of certain features of a switch often has a functional purpose and must meet specification to satisfy the functional requirements of the switch.3.2 Illumination of the switch can be affected by variations in the quality and design of the overlay and its application.3.3 This test method addresses only the optical and visual appearance of the switch and not its electrical function.3.4 This test method is non-destructive.3.5 If this test method is applied to the entire switch assembly, the results can be applied to the whole device. However, it may be sufficient and practical to apply the test either to a subassembly only, or to the illumination only, in which case the results apply to that layer only and the net effect on the fully assembled device must be extrapolated.1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the luminous color of a backlit membrane switch. As written, it applies to a fully assembled switch. For specific purposes, it can be applied to partially assembled switches, with the understanding that the results pertain only to the partial assembly and will be modified as the further assembly proceeds.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Illumination of a switch or of certain features of a switch often has a functional purpose and must meet specification to satisfy the functional requirements of the switch.3.2 Illumination of the switch can be affected by variations in the quality and design of the overlay and its application.3.3 This test method addresses only the optical and visual appearance of the switch and not its electrical function.3.4 This test method is non-destructive.3.5 If this test method is applied to the entire switch assembly, the results can be applied to the whole device. However, it may be sufficient and practical to apply the test either to a subassembly only, or to the illumination layer only, in which case the results apply to that layer only and the net effect on the fully assembled device must be calculated, extrapolated, or otherwise inferred.1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the luminance of a backlit membrane switch. As written, it applies to a fully assembled switch. For specific purposes, it can be applied to partially assembled switches with the understanding that the results pertain only to the partial assembly and will be modified as the further assembly proceeds.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide may be used in the investigation of underground storage tank systems for equipment problems in a wide variety of applications. Use of this guide is voluntary. It is intended to assist users who want to investigate equipment failures, malfunctions, and other potential causes of suspected releases.4.2 The following groups of users may find the guide particularly helpful:4.2.1 Storage tank system designers and manufacturers;4.2.2 Storage tank installers, testers, and inspectors;4.2.3 Storage tank maintenance contractors;4.2.4 Storage tank removal contractors;4.2.5 Federal, state, tribal or local regulators, including departments of health, departments of environmental protection, and fire departments;4.2.6 Petroleum release remediation professionals;4.2.7 Insurance adjusters;4.2.8 Storage tank owners and operators;4.2.9 Consultants, auditors, and compliance assistance personnel.4.3 This guide is intended to assist in the development of protocols for determination of source and cause of a release and the investigation of a malfunction or failure of any component of a UST system and the implementation of said protocols. This guide outlines steps that may be necessary and include, but are not limited to initial evaluation of the UST system to determine if there has been a component failure preparation of samples of failed or compromised equipment for laboratory analysis; visual; and analytical evaluation of release indications; and documentation of the investigation. The guide provides a series of investigation options from which the user may design failure investigation protocols. The guide describes common investigation techniques in the order in which they might be employed in an investigation.4.4 A user may elect to utilize this guide for a number of reasons, which include, but are not limited to:4.4.1 To differentiate new releases from new discovery of old releases;4.4.2 To establish malfunction and failure rates of various UST system components;4.4.3 To determine expected life spans of various UST components;4.4.4 To identify opportunities for improving the performance and reliability of storage tank equipment;4.4.5 To focus inspection and maintenance efforts on those component of the UST system that are most prone to compromise, malfunction and failure;4.4.6 To identify those components of the UST system that require more frequent maintenance;4.4.7 To reduce equipment replacement costs;4.4.8 To prevent petroleum releases;4.4.9 To identify those conditions that may cause or contribute to equipment or component compromise, deterioration or other cause of malfunction or failure of the UST system;4.4.10 To comply with environmental regulations that require the investigation of suspected releases and determine the source and cause of releases; and4.4.11 To identify conditions that may cause or contribute to nonsudden releases that may not be detected by other leak detection methods.4.5 This guide may be used to establish a framework that pulls together the common approaches to investigation. The framework will allow the user to establish an investigation protocol to meet the user’s specific requirements. Specific user requirements will vary depending upon the purposes of the data collection and the decisions that the investigation is intended to support. This guide does not provide methods to establish specific user investigation requirements nor does it establish minimum levels of documentation.4.6 This guide will acquaint users with methods and tools that may be used in investigations of equipment problems associated with USTs. The user may include a subset of the methods described in this guide in their investigation. The user may consider a variety of factors in determining which combination of the methods to employ.4.7 This guide is not intended to require the user to conduct a failure investigation.4.8 This guide is focused on the identification, documentation, and preservation of compromised UST system equipment. It does not provide guidance on establishing root causes of compromise, malfunction or failure. The identification of root causes of compromise, malfunction or failure may require further expert analysis of the data and equipment collected during the failure investigation.4.9 Determination of equipment failures and evidence of the source and cause of a release are often unavailable due to the loss of critical information necessary to pinpoint equipment failures and conduct an investigation. Adjustment, repair or removal of failed equipment before determining and documenting the cause of the failure may interfere with the failure investigation. Failures may be caused by compatibility issues, manufacturer defects, corrosion, degradation, improper installation, damage, age, misuse, use or other causes. This guide may be used to identify techniques and procedures applicable to maintenance personnel and equipment vendors that will allow an investigator to evaluate possible equipment failures before equipment is adjusted, repaired, replaced or destroyed.4.10 This guide does not address all the safety measures that must be taken when removing and disassembling UST systems. Because most UST systems have contained flammable or combustible liquids special precautions should be taken to prevent fire, explosions and exposure to toxic vapors. API standard STD 2015 and RP 2016 address some of the safety considerations as do many of the procedures available from fire departments.1.1 Overview—This guide is an organized collection of information and series of options for industry, regulators, consultants and the public, intended to assist with the development of investigation protocols for underground storage tank facilities in the United States. While the guide does not recommend a specific course of action, it establishes an investigation framework, and it provides a series of techniques that may be employed to: identify equipment problems; in some cases collect and preserve failed equipment for forensic evaluation or laboratory analysis; identify the source of a release; and document the investigation. The guide includes information on methods of investigation, documentation, collecting and preserving samples; chain of custody; storage; shipping; working with equipment manufacturers; and notification of regulators and listing laboratories. The goal in using the guide is to identify the appropriate level of investigation and to gather and preserve information, in an organized manner, which could be used in the future to improve system design or performance. While this guide may act as a starting point for users with limited experience in failure investigation, the user is encouraged to consult with failure analysis experts for specific investigation procedures that may be needed for certain equipment and the investigation should be conducted by a qualified professional. As users develop their specific investigation protocols, they may find that the investigations can be streamlined for certain types of facilities.1.2 Limitations of This Guide: 1.2.1 Given the variability of the different investigators that may wish to use this guide and the different types of facilities and failures that will be investigated, it is not possible to address all the relevant standards that might apply to a particular investigation. This guide uses generalized language and examples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recommended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals.1.2.2 This guide does not address safety issues associated with the investigation, taking samples and storing equipment. Users are cautioned to exercise proper care in handling equipment that was in contact with flammable and combustible liquids and vapors. Some of the activities described in this guide may be subject to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations or may only be conducted by individuals with appropriate HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response) training certifications recognized by federal and state regulatory authorities, such as HAZWOPER training.1.2.3 This guide does not address laboratory investigations of material properties and detailed failure analysis.1.2.4 This guide does not cover underground storage tank systems storing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).1.2.5 This guide does not replace state-required closure assessments and investigations. Requirements vary from state to state and often include specific sampling requirements. The user should comply with the requirement of the authority having jurisdiction.1.2.6 Prior to implementing the steps described in Section 5, users of this guide must determine if the authority having jurisdiction has any qualification requirements for the individual performing the investigation.1.2.7 Investigations addressed by this guide may involve knowledge, skills, and abilities generally attributed to individuals certified as tank systems installers, inspectors, or removers, or those who are trained in soil and groundwater sampling protocols (for example, geologists, groundwater professionals, or engineers).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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