4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same measurement procedure and same general type of material. In particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely measured by any single number.4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measurements of these surface properties.1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measurement of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss films,1.1.4 85-deg, recommended for intermediate and low gloss films, and1.1.5 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.NOTE 1: The 85-deg, 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in Test Method D523 and D3679; those for the 45° procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method provides a means of establishing specular gloss limits for bright, semi-mat, and mat glazed surfaces. It is realized that specular gloss measurements do not always correlate well with visual rankings of glossiness because specular gloss is only one of several related appearance attributes that produce the sensation of gloss. However, the prescribed test method is of sufficient accuracy for the intended purpose.NOTE 1: If a greater degree of distinction between bright glazed surfaces is desired, the 20° geometry instrument will provide it.41.1 This test method covers the determination of 60° specular gloss of glazed ceramic whitewares and related products.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in directions close to the specular than in others. Measurements by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles.5.1.1 Measured gloss ratings by this test method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen to that from a black glass standard. Since specular reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specimen, the measured gloss ratings change as the surface refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices.5.2 Other visual aspects of surface appearance, such as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss (1), (6), (7). Test Method E430 includes techniques for the measurement of both distinctness-of-image gloss and reflection haze. Test Method D4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze.5.3 Little information about the relation of numerical-to-perceptual intervals of specular gloss has been published. However, in many applications the gloss scales of this test method have provided instrumental scaling of coated specimens that have agreed well with visual scaling (10).5.4 When specimens differing widely in perceived gloss or color, or both, are compared, nonlinearity may be encountered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7).21.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method may be used to compare the gloss of porcelain enamel, ceramic, and other finishes or to provide a comparison of their resistance to attack from acid, alkali, or other environmental factors by measurement of gloss loss.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specular gloss of porcelain enameled specimens, but may be applicable to other specimens having similar reflection characteristics. This test method may be used to compare the gloss of porcelain enameled specimens or to provide an index of acid or abrasion resistance by measurement of gloss loss.NOTE 1: Specular gloss is one of several related appearance attributes that produce the sensation of glossiness. For this reason, specular gloss measurements may not always correlate well with visual rankings of glossiness.NOTE 2: Improved correlations with visual judgments can sometimes be achieved by the use of instruments with different geometries than those specified herein. Refer to Test Method D523 for 20, 60, and 85-deg geometries. Values generally cannot be predicated for one geometry from measurements made with another.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Specular gloss is a very important appearance parameter of printed matter. High gloss may be preferred for some purposes such as magazine covers, packaging and advertising, while lower gloss is preferred for minimizing glare, for example, in reading text. This method provides a means of determining gloss of prints produced in the laboratory, or to monitor print gloss on a production printing press.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the specular gloss of printed matter. 1.2 This test is applicable to prints on any flat substrate including paper, paperboard, metallic foil and plastic produced by any printing process, either in the laboratory or on a production printing press. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, is any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This test method may be used to evaluate the difference in gloss of dried films of emulsion floor polishes when the light reflected at a 60° angle is measured. Extremely high- or low-gloss polishes may not be differentiated at a 60° angle. A20° angle measured in accordance with Test Method D523 may give better definition of gloss.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the 60° specular gloss of films of emulsion floor polish after application to a substrate.NOTE 1: Specular gloss is one of several related appearance attributes that produce the sensation of glossiness. For this reason, specular gloss measurements may not always correlate well with visual rankings of glossiness.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method is primarily intended to measure the gloss of waxed papers. Note 1--For determining the gloss of book paper reference should be made to Test Method D1223. For very high gloss paper see Wink et al (1). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers non-specular surface finishes on overhead aluminum electrical conductors to establish a uniformity of conductor finish that is acceptable to the user. Such a specification will furnish a basis for consistent manufacturing process control. Overhead aluminum electrical conductors, when installed, tend to have a "reflective" or "specular" surface that can make a transmission line more noticeable in appearance against the background landscape. A factory treatment process of the outer surface of the aluminum wires can turn the surface finish into a dull, non-reflective, or "de-glared" matte grey finish that allows the conductor to become less visible when observed from a distance and enables the transmission line to blend in with the skyline or landscape background. This specification addresses ordering information, equipment, test procedure, requirements, and retest.1.1 This specification covers non-specular surface finishes on overhead aluminum electrical conductors. Overhead aluminum electrical conductors, when installed, typically have a shiny surface appearance. This “reflective” or “specular” surface can make a transmission line more noticeable in appearance against the background landscape. A factory treatment process of the outer surface of the aluminum wires can render the surface finish into a dull, non-reflective, matte grey finish. This non-reflective or “de-glared” surface finish allows the conductor to become less visible when observed from a distance and enables the transmission line to blend in with the skyline or landscape background.21.2 This specification is intended, by means of diffuse reflectance measurement, to establish a uniformity of conductor finish which is acceptable to the user. Such a specification will furnish a basis for consistent manufacturing process control.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Gloss measurements are used to qualify a raw material or finished product.5.2 Sample preparation will effect the outcome of gloss readings. This practice will eliminate second surface reflection, and allow a more accurate gloss reading of the substrate.5.3 Materials which require this preparation include the following: clear or translucent substrates, colored transparent substrates, and areas printed with clear, translucent, or transparent colored coatings.1.1 This practice covers the method of sample preparation, prior to taking gloss measurements on a membrane switch overlay.1.2 Typical applications include window display areas on a graphic overlay, and surface texture.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Mechanical properties of PEEK polymers, such as stiffness or yield strength, are influenced by the level of crystallinity.5 The reported crystallinity index determined by this test method has been correlated with percent crystallinity in PEEK polymers by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) experiments.2, 34.2 This test method may be useful for both process development, process control, product development, and research.1.1 This test method describes the collection of absorption spectra of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer in filled and unfilled grades, as supplied by a vendor, and the subsequent calculation of the percent crystallinity. The material is evaluated by infrared spectroscopy. The intensity (height) of the absorbance peaks is related to the amount of crystalline regions present in the material.1.2 This test method can be used for PEEK consolidated forms, such as injection molded parts, as long as the samples are optically flat and smooth.1.3 The applicability of the infrared method to industrial and medical grade PEEK materials has been demonstrated by scientific studies.2, 3 Percentage of crystallinity is related to R-FTIR measurement by calibration through wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) crystallinity measurements.2, 3 It is anticipated that this test method, involving the peak heights near 1305 cm-1 and 1280 cm-1, will be evaluated in an Interlaboratory Study (ILS) conducted according to Test Method E691.1.4 This test method does not suggest a desired range of crystallinity for specific applications.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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