【国外标准】 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute, Chronic, and Life-Cycle Aquatic Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids

5.1 Polychaetes are an important component of the benthic community, in which they generally comprise 30 to 50 % of the macroinvertebrate population. They are preyed upon by many species of fish, birds, and larger invertebrate species. Larger polychaetes feed on small invertebrates, larval stages of invertebrates, and algae. Polychaetes are especially sensitive to inorganic toxicants and, to a lesser extent, to organic toxicants (1).4 The ecological importance of polychaetes and their wide geographical distribution, ability to be cultured in the laboratory, and sensitivity to contaminants make them appropriate acute and chronic toxicity test organisms. Their relatively short life cycle enables the investigator to measure the effect of contaminants on reproduction.5.2 An acute toxicity or chronic text is conducted to obtain information concerning the immediate effects of an exposure to a test material on a test organism under specified experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test provides data on the short-term effects, which are useful for comparisons to other species but do not provide information on delayed effects. Chronic toxicity tests provide data on long-term effects.5.3 A life-cycle toxicity test is conducted to determine the effects of the test material on survival, growth, and reproduction of the test species. Additional sublethal endpoints (for example, biochemical, physiological, and histopathological) may be used to determine the health of the species under field conditions.5.4 The results of acute, chronic, and life-cycle toxicity tests can be used to predict effects likely to occur on marine organisms under field conditions.5.5 The results of acute, chronic, or life-cycle toxicity tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species and the toxicities of different test materials, as well as to study the effects of various environmental factors on the results of such tests.5.6 The results of acute, chronic, or life-cycle toxicity tests might be an important consideration when assessing the hazards of materials to marine organisms (see Guide E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for aquatic organisms (2).5.7 The results of acute, chronic, or life-cycle toxicity tests might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure activity relationships between, test materials.5.8 The results of acute, chronic, and life-cycle toxicity tests will depend partly on the temperature, quality of food, condition of test organisms, test procedures, and other factors.1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to marine and estuarine waters on certain species of polychaetes during short- or long-term continuous exposure. The polychaete species used in these tests are either field collected or from laboratory cultures and exposed to varying concentrations of a toxicant in static or static-renewal conditions. These procedures may be useful for conducting toxicity tests with other species of polychaetes, although modifications might be necessary.1.2 Modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, the results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to those of many other tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting acute, chronic, or life-cycle tests with other species of polychaetes.1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, and known or unknown mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct these tests on factors such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. These procedures can also be used to assess the toxicity of potentially toxic discharges such as municipal wastes, sediments/soils, oil drilling fluids, produced water from oil well production, and other types of industrial wastes. An LC50 (medial lethal concentration) may be calculated from the data generated in each acute and chronic toxicity test when multiple concentrations are tested. Growth, determined by a change in measured weight, and reproduction, as the change in total number of organisms, are used to measure the effect of a toxicant on life-cycle tests; data are analyzed statistically to indicate that concentration at which a significant difference occurs between the test solutions and control(s).1.4 The results of dose-response acute or chronic toxicity tests with toxicants added experimentally to salt water should usually be reported in terms of an LC50 (mortality), or EC50 (medial effect concentration). The results of life-cycle toxicity tests with toxicants added experimentally to salt water should be reported as that concentration at which a statistically significant difference in the number of offspring or growth (determined by weight) is produced with reference to the control(s).1.5 Where appropriate, this standard has been designed to be consistent with or complementary to other methods for assessing toxicity to invertebrates described in Test Methods E1367 and E1706, and Guides E1391, E1525, E1611, and E1688.1.6 This guide is arranged as follows:  SectionReferenced Documents  2Terminology  3Summary of Guide  4  5Apparatus  6 Facilities  6.1 Construction Materials  6.2 Test Chambers  6.3 Cleaning  6.4 Acceptability  6.5Safety Precautions  7Dilution Water  8 Requirements  8.1 Source  8.2 Treatment  8.3 Characterization  8.4Test Material  9 General  9.1 Stock Solution  9.2 Test Concentrations  9.3Test Organisms 10 Species 10.1 Age 10.2 Source 10.3 Feeding 10.4 Holding 10.5 Quality 10.6Procedure 11 Experimental Design 11.1  Acute Test 11.1.1  Chronic Test 11.1.2  Life-Cycle Test 11.1.3 Test Condition Specifications 11.2  Dissolved Oxygen 11.2.1  Temperature 11.2.2  Loading 11.2.3  Salinity 11.2.4  Light 11.2.5 Beginning the Test 11.3 Feeding 11.4 Duration of Test 11.5 Biological Data 11.6 Other Measurements 11.7Hazards  Analytical Methodology 13Acceptability of Test 14Calculation of Results 15Report 16Keywords 17Appendixes:   Neanthes arenaceodentata Appendix X1 Capitella capitata Appendix X2 Ophryotrocha diadema Appendix X3 Dinophilus gyrociliatus Appendix X41.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.