4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except in confined areas and very close to the ground. These practices apply to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer.5.2 The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the sensor manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure.5.3 The calculations and transformations provided in these practices apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature using ancillary temperature devices.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The AE examination method detects structurally significant flaws in FRP structures via test loading. The damage mechanisms that are detected in FRP include resin cracking, fiber debonding, fiber pullout, fiber breakage, delamination, and secondary bond failure.5.2 Flaws in unstressed areas will not generate detectable AE.5.3 Flaws located with AE may be examined by other methods.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) fan blades of the type used in industrial cooling towers and heat exchangers.1.2 This practice uses simulated service loading to determine structural integrity.1.3 This practice will detect sources of acoustic emission in areas of sensor coverage that are stressed during the course of the examination.1.4 This practice applies to examinations of new and in-service fan blades.1.5 This practice is limited to fan blades of FRP construction, with length (hub centerline to tip) of less than 3 m [10 ft], and with fiberglass content greater than 15 % by weight.1.6 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources. Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Procedures for other NDE methods are beyond the scope of this practice.1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Significance: 4.1.1 Collection system maintenance requires allocating cleaning resources to the right place prior to system failure (sanitary sewer overflows, mainline blockages, and building backups). Transmissive acoustic inspection provides a tool to assist in allocating cleaning resources by prioritizing pipe segments based on their blockage assessment and thereby facilitating efficient cleaning resource allocation.4.1.2 This standard practice provides minimum requirements and suggested practices regarding the transmissive acoustic inspection of gravity-fed sewer line blockage assessment to meet the needs of maintenance personnel, engineers, contractors, authorities, regulatory agencies, and financing institutions.4.2 Limitations and Appropriate Uses: 4.2.1 The blockage assessment provided by the transmissive acoustic inspection may not resolve the type of blockage(s) within the pipe segment nor resolve the location(s) of the blockage(s) within the pipe segment.4.2.2 Due to the physics associated with transmissive acoustic inspection, the blockage assessment may be confounded due to:(1) Structural designs resulting in poor acoustic coupling,(2) Pipe segments completely filled with water, for example, full pipe sag or inverted siphon, and(3) Transient conditions within the pipe, for example, active lateral discharge or temporary flow surcharges.These issues are addressed as part of the performance criteria specified in X1.5.4.2.3 Due to physics associated with acoustics and trade-offs in equipment design for conducting transmissive acoustic inspection, there are limitations based on the following pipe segment attributes:(1) Pipe diameter,(2) Pipe segment length,(3) MH depth, and(4) Flow levels.Inspections conducted outside the manufacturer’s recommended ranges for these pipe segment attributes may result in the transmissive acoustic blockage assessment deviating from the performance criteria specified in X1.5.4.2.4 Inspections conducted between non-adjacent MHs, for example, skipping an intermediate MH, may result in the transmissive acoustic blockage assessment deviating from the performance criteria specified in X1.5.1.1 This practice covers procedures for assessing the blockage within gravity-fed sewer pipes using transmissive acoustics for the purpose of prioritizing sewer pipe cleaning operations.2 The assessment is based on an acoustic receiver measuring the acoustic plane wave transmitted through the pipe segment under test in order to evaluate the blockage condition of an entire segment and to provide an onsite assessment of the blockage within the pipe segment. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)31.2 The scope of this practice covers the use of the transmissive acoustic inspection as a screening tool. The blockage assessment provided by the acoustic inspection should be used to identify and prioritize pipe segments requiring further maintenance action such as cleaning or visual inspection, or both. Thereby, also identifying the pipe segments which are sufficiently clean and do not require additional maintenance action.1.3 This standard practice does not address structural issues with the pipe wall.1.4 The inspection process requires access to the manhole (MH) from ground level. It does not require physical access to the sewer line by either the equipment or the operator.1.5 This standard practice applies to all types of pipe material.1.6 The inspection process requires access to sewers and operations along roadways or other locations that are safety hazards. This standard does not describe the hazards likely to be encountered or the safety procedures that must be carried out when operating in these hazardous environments.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 1957元 / 折扣价： 1664 元

5.1 The methods described provide indirect measurement of the thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 1200°F [650°C]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references (1,2).61.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This AE examination is useful to detect micro-damage generation, accumulation, and growth of new or existing flaws. The examination is also used to detect significant existing damage from friction-based AE generated during loading or unloading of these regions. The damage mechanisms that can be detected include matrix cracking, fiber splitting, fiber breakage, fiber pull-out, debonding, and delamination. During loading, unloading, and load holding, damage that does not emit AE energy will not be detected.5.2 When the detected signals from AE sources are sufficiently spaced in time so as not to be classified as continuous AE, this practice is useful to locate the region(s) of the 2-D test sample where these sources originated and the accumulation of these sources with changing load or time, or both.5.3 The probability of detection of the potential AE sources depends on the nature of the damage mechanisms, flaw characteristics, and other aspects. For additional information, see X1.4.5.4 Concentrated damage in fiber/polymer composites can lead to premature failure of the composite item. Hence, the use of AE to detect and locate such damage is particularly important.5.5 AE-detected flaws or damage concentrated in a certain region may be further characterized by other NDE techniques (for example, visual, ultrasonic, etc.) and may be repaired as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations and the subsequent examination of the repair are outside the scope of this practice. For additional information, see X1.5.5.6 This practice does not address sandwich core, foam core, or honeycomb core plate-like composites due to the fact that currently there is little in the way of published work on the subject resulting in a lack of a sufficient knowledge base.5.7 Refer to Guide E2533 for additional information about types of defects detected by AE, general overview of AE as applied to polymer matrix composites, discussion of the Felicity ratio (FR) and Kaiser effect, advantages and limitations, AE of composite parts other than flat panels, and safety hazards.1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of panel and plate-like composite structures made entirely of fiber/polymer composites.1.2 The AE examination detects emission sources and locates the region(s) within the composite structure where the emission originated. When properly developed AE-based criteria for the composite item are in place, the AE data can be used for nondestructive examination (NDE), characterization of proof testing, documentation of quality control, or for decisions relative to structural-test termination prior to completion of a planned test. Other NDE methods may be used to provide additional information about located damage regions. For additional information, see X1.1 in Appendix X1.1.3 This practice can be applied to aerospace composite panels and plate-like elements as a part of incoming inspection, during manufacturing, after assembly, continuously (during structural health monitoring), and at periodic intervals during the life of a structure.1.4 This practice is meant for fiber orientations that include cross-plies, angle-ply laminates, or two-dimensional woven fabrics. This practice also applies to 3-D reinforcement (for example, stitched, z-pinned) when the fiber content in the third direction is less than 5 % (based on the whole composite).1.5 This practice is directed toward composite materials that typically contain continuous high modulus greater than 20 GPa [3 Msi] fibers.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 Cast iron Yankee dryers can be up to 6.7 m [22 ft] in diameter, 7.3 m [24 ft] long, and weigh 91 000 Kg [100 tons], or more (refer to Fig. 1). Vessel thickness measurements are available from the paper/tissue machine operator. Cast iron is a brittle metal and has no specific yield point. Yankee dryers must maintain specific dimensional tolerances. When a pressurized Yankee or steam heated paper dryer (SHPD) remains stationary, it fills with condensate at a rapid rate. In an hour, a steam pressurized Yankee or SHPD can fill half way with condensate, doubling the weight on the frame, and the floor. Some Yankee owners have corporate requirements that a cast iron Yankee dryer remain stationary for 1/2 h, then rotation is required. Permission is required, if the Yankee is to remain stationary for more time. This issue should be discussed with the responsible person prior to the examination.FIG. 1 Yankee Dryer Drum5.2 Yankee dryers operate under a heated hood. The hood is in close proximity to the Yankee shell and allows only inches of clearance for the top half of the vessel.5.3 Cast iron steam heated paper machine dryers are 2 m [6 ft] in diameter, or more, and may be 9 m [30 ft] long.5.4 Grey cast iron experiences a continuing reduction in elastic modulus as it is stressed to increasing higher levels. It is prudent not to stress grey cast iron material beyond its operating stress level.5.5 Flaws to be found are the same as those in any cast and machined product. Attempts have been made to characterize strength properties of cast irons in compact tension tests. In a TAPPI sponsored laboratory study, two out of three cast iron compact tension specimens experienced unplanned failures. From that experience it was cautioned that cracks initiated and grew faster than expected resulting in brittle fracture before the process could be halted. The failure of these two coupons demonstrated the rate in which cracks can grow in these materials and the material’s inability to stop a crack once it begins to grow. In each case, crack advance was extremely rapid and without warning. (See Note 1.)NOTE 1: Alleveto, C., and Williams D., Acoustic Emission Evaluation of Yankee Dryer Shell Material, 1991 TAPPI Engineering Conference Proceedings, pages 475-480.5.6 Maximum Examination Pressure—Maximum Allowable Working Pressure for cast iron vessels is set based on ASME (Section VIII) pressure calculations based on thickness, radius, and material strength values, and will not exceed 10 bar [160 psi] and 230 °C [450 °F] (Specification A278/A278M). When vessels are pressurized, anomalies produce emission at pressures less than normal fill pressure. Historically, if there is damage in a cast iron pressure boundary, AE activity will begin at load/stress levels less than 50 % of operating. Defects as small as 3 mm [1/8 in.] have been found using AE, during steam pressurization to operating pressure.5.7 Pressure increments should not exceed 0.35 bar [5 psi] per minute. If pressurization medium is to be steam, the Yankee should have been through the warm-up process.5.8 Yankee dryers may receive a subsequent examination, if necessary, after the Yankee is rotated to remove any condensate present.5.9 Pressurization Schedule—Pressurization should proceed at rates that allow achieving maximum examination pressure within a 30 minute period. During pressurization, pressure holds are not necessary; however, they may be useful for reasons other than measurement of AE. Pressure hold upon achieving maximum examination pressure may be up to 30 min.5.10 Excess background noise may distort AE data or render the AE measurements useless. Users must be aware of the following common sources of background noise: (measurable flow noise); mechanical contact with the vessel by objects; electromagnetic interference (EMI) from cranes, and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources; leaks at pipe or hose connections, or rain drops. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.5.11 Other Non-destructive test methods may be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic examinations have been used to establish circumferential position, depth, and dimensions of flaws that produce AE. Procedures for using other NDT nethods are beyond the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value due to the procedures herein that are unique to the AE community.1.2 This practice provides guidelines for carrying out acoustic emission (AE) examinations of Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers (SHPD) of the type to make tissue, paper, and paperboard products.1.3 This practice requires pressurization to levels used during normal operation. The pressurization medium may be high temperature steam, air, or gas. The dryer is also subjected to significant stresses during the heating up and cooling down periods of operation. Acoustic Emission data maybe collected during these time periods but this testing is beyond the scope of this document.1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect, as well as, localize emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide can be used in the development of acoustic emission applications for structural health monitoring.5.2 Accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of AE-SHM can be enhanced by following the steps and fundamental principles described in the guide.1.1 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a field of engineering that deals with diagnosis and monitoring of structures during their operation. The primary goal of SHM is detection, identification, assessment, and monitoring of flaws or fault conditions that affect or may affect the future safety or performance of structures. SHM combines elements of nondestructive testing and evaluation, condition/process monitoring, statistical pattern recognition, and physical modeling.1.2 The acoustic emission (AE) method uniquely fits the concept of SHM due to its capabilities to periodically or continuously examine structures and assess structural integrity during their normal operation.1.3 In this guide, the definitions and fundamental principles for applying the AE method for SHM tasks are elaborated. This includes:1.3.1 Terminology and definitions of SHM by the AE method,1.3.2 Outline the recommended process of AE-SHM, and1.3.3 Fundamental requirements regarding development of the SHM procedures, including selection of appropriate AE apparatus, data acquisition and analysis methods, diagnosis, monitoring and prediction.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 High pressure fluids being pumped in all oil field applications often stress iron pipes where subsequent failure can lead to injury to personnel or equipment. These forgings are typically constructed from 4700 series low carbon steel with a wall thickness in excess of 1.25 cm [0.5 in.], dependent on the manufacturers' specification. The standard method to certify that these iron segments can withstand operational pressures is to perform dye penetrant (PT) or magnetic particle penetrant (MT) tests, or both, to reveal defects (cracks and corrosion). As these methods are subject to interpretation by the human eye, it is desirable to employ a technique whereby a sensor based system can provide a signal to either pass or fail the test object. To that end, the acoustic emission (AE) method provides the requisite data from which acceptance/rejection can be made by a computer, taking the human out of the loop, providing that a human has correctly programmed the acceptance criteria. Most of these pipe segments are not linear, thus a 3D defect location method is desirable. The 3D source indication represents the spatial location of the defect without regard to its orientation, recognizing the source location is only approximate due to sound propagation through the part and water bath.5.2 The immersed 3D approach is found to be preferable due to the large number of parts to be examined. The 3D system is easily replicated and standardized in that all sensor locations are fixed to the exterior of the fluid bath. Multiple parts may be easily placed into an assembly, allowing all to be examined in a single test, thus accelerating throughput. Attaching a minimum of eight AE sensors to the tank enhances the probability that a sufficient number of AE hits in an event will occur, allowing for an approximate location determination. When an indication of a defect is observed, the subject part is identified by the spatial location allowing it to be removed for further examination, or rejected for service. An immersed test configuration is shown in Fig. 1a and b.FIG. 1 (a) Immersion Bath With Permanently Attached AE Sensors on Exterior (Circles)FIG. 1 (b) Photo of Part Under Test (continued)5.3 The non-immersed examination is equally effective in detecting defects, but requires more time to assemble in that sensors must be attached to the part for each examination. Moreover, the fluid fill and air purge times are much longer than in the immersed bath immersion. The non-immersed test layout and photo are shown in Fig. 2a and b. Note the sensors are indicated with the symbol x.FIG. 2 (a) Is the Layout, With sensors 1–4, of A Typical Non-immersed Test as is Shown in the Photo (b)FIG. 2 (b) Sensors 1–4, of A Typical Non-immersed Test (continued)1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value as it represents the only AE practice using hydrostatic testing in which the sensors are not in direct contact with the part.1.2 In the preferred embodiment, this practice examines immersed low carbon, forged piping being immersed in a water tank with the acoustic sensors permanently mounted on the tank walls rather than temporarily on the part itself. The pipes are monitored while being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar.1.3 This practice examines either an immersed pipe, or non-immersed pipe being stressed by internal hydrostatic means to create acoustic emissions when cracks are present. However, the non-immersed method is time consuming, requiring placement and removal of sensors for each pipe inspected, while the immersed method has sensors permanently mounted, providing consistent sensor coupling to the tank-eliminating reinstallation. The non-immersed method is not recommended for the specified reasons and only the immersed method will be discussed throughout the remainder of the practice. This is similar to pressure vessel testing described in Practice E569, but uses hydrostatic means not included in that standard.1.4 This Acoustic Emission (AE) method addresses examination for monitoring low carbon, forged piping systems being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar [15,000 psi] while being immersed in a water bath to facilitate sensor coupling.1.5 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.1.6 This practice can be used to replace visual methods, which are unreliable and have significant safety risks.1.7 This practice describes procedures to install and monitor acoustic emission resulting from local anomalies stimulated by controlled hydrostatic pressure.1.8 Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method permits testing of the major components of a digger derrick generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within the digger derrick under controlled loading. The energy releases occur during intentional application of a predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals. Acceptance/rejection criteria are beyond the scope of this test method. The test may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern, or to prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure of the digger derrick resulting from the application of the test load.5.2 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emission sources that may be defects, irregularities, or both, affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial personnel device.5.3 Significant sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test techniques or by other nondestructive methods (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, etc.). Other nondestructive methods may be required in order to precisely locate defects in the digger derrick, and to estimate their size. Additional tests are outside the scope of this test method.5.4 Defective areas found in digger derricks by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of digger derricks.1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method applies to special multipurpose vehicle-mounted machines, commonly known as digger derricks. These machines are primarily designed to dig holes, set poles, and position materials and apparatus.1.1.1.1 Insulated and non-insulated type digger derricks may be evaluated with this test method.1.1.1.2 Digger derricks, if so equipped to position personnel or equipment, or both, may also be evaluated with this test method in conjunction with Test Method F914.1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—Excluded from this test method are general-purpose cranes designed only for lifting service and machines primarily designed only for digging holes.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual inspection.1.3 Warning—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle or components.FIG. 1  Digger Derrick Nomenclature1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user's settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).4.2 This guide is not intended to replace annual (or semi-annual) instrumentation calibration (see Practice E750) or sensor recertification (see Practice E1781).4.3 This guide is not intended to replace routine electronic evaluation of AE instrumentation or routine reproducibility verification of AE sensors (see Guide E976).4.4 This guide is not intended to verify the maximum processing capacity or speed of an AE system.4.5 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.1 System performance verification methods launch stress waves into the examination article on which the sensor is mounted. The resulting stress wave travels in the examination article and is detected by the sensor(s) in a manner similar to acoustic emission.1.2 This guide describes methods which can be used to verify the response of an Acoustic Emission system including sensors, couplant, sensor mounting devices, cables and system electronic components.1.3 Acoustic emission system performance characteristics, which may be evaluated using this document, include some waveform parameters, and source location accuracy.1.4 Performance verification is usually conducted prior to beginning the examination.1.5 Performance verification can be conducted during the examination if there is any suspicion that the system performance may have changed.1.6 Performance verification may be conducted after the examination has been completed.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Sodars have found wide applications for the remote measurement of wind and turbulence profiles in the atmosphere, particularly in the gap between meteorological towers and the lower range gates of wind profiling radars. The sodar’s far field acoustic power is also used for refractive index calculations and to estimate atmospheric stability, heat flux, and mixed layer depth (1-5).3 Sodars are useful for these purposes because of strong interaction between sound waves and the atmosphere’s thermal and velocity micro-structure that produce acoustic returns with substantial signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The returned echoes are Doppler-shifted in frequency. This frequency shift, proportional to the radial velocity of the scattering surface, provides the basis for wind measurement. Advantages offered by sodar wind sounding technology include reasonably low procurement, operating, and maintenance costs, no emissions of eye-damaging light beams or electromagnetic radiation requiring frequency clearances, and adjustable frequencies and pulse lengths that can be used to optimize data quality at desired ranges and range resolutions. When properly sited and used with adequate sampling methods, sodars can provide continuous wind and turbulence profile information at height ranges from a few tens of meters to over a kilometer for typical averaging periods of 1 to 60 minutes.1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic remote sensing for measuring atmospheric wind and turbulence profiles. It includes a summary of the fundamentals of atmospheric sound detection and ranging (sodar), a description of the methodology and equipment used for sodar applications, factors to consider during site selection and equipment installation, and recommended procedures for acquiring valid and relevant data.1.2 This guide applies principally to pulsed monostatic sodar techniques as applied to wind and turbulence measurement in the open atmosphere, although many of the definitions and principles are also applicable to bistatic configurations. This guide is not directly applicable to radio-acoustic sounding systems (RASS), or tomographic methods.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Controlled stimulation, that is, the application of mechanical or thermal load, can generate AE from flawed areas of the structure. Sources may include flaw growth, oxide fracture, crack face stiction and release on load application, and crack face rubbing.5.2 The load range above normal service (peak) load is used to propagate fatigue cracks in the plastically strained region ahead of the crack tip. Crack propagation may not be a reliable source of AE, depending on the alloy and microstructure, the amount (rate) of crack extension, and possibility of brittle fracture in a segment of crack extension.5.3 Load increases resulting in significant ductile tearing may produce less emission than expected for the amount of crack growth. Processes that result in more brittle cleavage fractures are more detectable and produce more emission for smaller amounts of flaw growth. These include corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking modes of flaw growth, and would also be more likely in cast or welded structures than in fabricated (forged, rolled, or extruded) structures. Distributed defect structures such as hydrogen embrittlement, or creep cavitation in high temperature steels, may also produce significant emission without evidence of an existing crack-like flaw.5.4 Application and relaxation of load can produce secondary mechanically-induced emission that is not related to flaw extension. This includes crack face stiction release on loading—usually evidenced by emission at the same rising load value regardless of peak load; or crack face rubbing on load release as the fracture surfaces come back together.5.5 The load rate can be a significant concern as instrumentation can become saturated with AE activity. The ability to differentiate real data from background noise can be compromised.5.6 Background noise must be fully investigated and minimized before any AE monitoring can begin.AbstractThis practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical or thermal means. The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources. Acoustic emission examination of a structure usually requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. Such stimulation produces changes in the stresses in the structure. During stimulation of a structure, AE from discontinuities (such as cracks and inclusions) and from other areas of stress concentration, or from other acoustic sources (such as leaks, loose parts, and structural motion) can be detected by an instrumentation system, using sensors which, when stimulated by stress waves, generate electrical signals. Annual calibration and verification of pressure transducer, AE sensors, preamplifiers, signal processor, and AE electronic waveform generator should be performed.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical or thermal means.1.2 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of reported acoustic emission sources.1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a means for a reliable field determination of fuel dilution that is quick and preparation-free. Results are obtained in approximately 1 min. Such a method is used, for example, at remote railroad depots where it is impractical to carry out a standard laboratory method for determination of fuel dilution, such as described in Test Method D7593, but it is a critical need to determine if fuel has contaminated the lubricant. If fuel has contaminated the lubricant, this is significantly detrimental to the machinery and it is typically serviced immediately. Further, the fuel can ignite at the high temperatures encountered in machinery lubricant paths.1.1 This test method describes a means for determining the amount of fuel dilution present in an in-service lubricant. This is achieved by drawing into a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor vapor from the lubricant. Fuel vapor will be absorbed by the SAW sensor’s polymer coating. The amount of absorbance is then related to fuel content in the lubricant.1.2 The range of fuel dilution capable of being measured by the test method is from 0.1 % to 10.0 % by mass fuel dilution.1.3 This test method is specifically tailored to determining the fuel dilution of in-service lubricants, including newly utilized lubricants. The method is applicable to contamination with diesel, gasoline, and jet fuels.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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