4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this recommended practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector’s capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this recommended practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.4.2 The FID is generally only used with non-ionizable supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Therefore, this standard does not include the use of modifiers in the supercritical fluid.4.3 Linearity and speed of response of the recording system or other data acquisition device used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Bonsall (5) and McWilliam (6), in particular, should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a flame ionization detector (FID) used as the detection component of a gas or supercritical fluid (SF) chromatographic system.1.2 This recommended practice is directly applicable to an FID that employs a hydrogen-air or hydrogen-oxygen flame burner and a dc biased electrode system.1.3 This recommended practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, the column-to-detector interface (if any), and other system components, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is made part of a complete chromatographic system.1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an FID. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see recommended Practice E355.1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of an FID, see Refs (1, 2, 3, 4).21.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 5.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Performing this procedure from this practice should result in a properly adjusted walk-through metal detector operating at or near the optimum sensitivity setting for the environment in which it is installed.5.2 This practice determines the lowest sensitivity setting required to detect a specified test object and establishes a sensitivity setting suitable for most operational needs.5.3 This practice may be used to establish an initial sensitivity setting for follow-on procedures that determine credible values for probability of detection and confidence level, as required by regulatory authorities.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for adjusting the operational sensitivity of in-plant walk-through metal detectors. Performance of this procedure should result with in-plant walk-through metal detectors being adjusted to an initial operational sensitivity setting suitable for performance testing.1.2 This practice does not set test object specifications or specify specific test objects. These should be specified by the regulatory authority.1.3 This practice uses information developed by Practice C1270, or an equivalent procedure, which identifies the critical test object (from a specified set of test objects), its critical orientation, and the critical test path through the detection zone. In the case of Practice C1270, the information is found on the detection sensitivity map(s) for each in-plant walk-through metal detector.1.4 This practice is one of several developed to assist operators of nuclear facilities with meeting the metal detection performance requirements of the regulatory authorities (see Appendix X1 and Appendix X2).1.5 This standard practice is neither intended to set performance levels nor limit or constrain technologies.1.6 This practice does not address safety or operational issues associated with the use of walk-through metal detectors.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standards. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the acceptance requirements and performance testing procedures for all hand-held metal detectors (HHMDs) used to find metal contraband concealed or hidden on people or other objects with accessible surfaces. It covers baseline performance requirements, including metal object detection performance, safety (electrical, mechanical, fire), electromagnetic compatibility, environmental conditions and ranges, and mechanical durability. This performance specification describes the use of spherical test objects, instead of actual threat objects or exemplars of threat objects, to test the detection performance of HHMDs. The spherically shaped test objects are constructed of either aluminum or steel. Their diameters and the metal used for the different classification of HHMD performance are covered by this specification, along with the electrical conductivity and magnetic relative permeability of the metals used in the construction of the test objects. The specification also defines the distance between the measurement plane and the detector plane for the different HHMD size classes, as well as the x-axis scan range.1.1 This standard applies to all hand-held metal detectors (HHMDs) used to find metal contraband concealed or hidden on people or other objects with accessible surfaces. This standard describes baseline performance requirements, which includes metal object detection performance, safety (electrical, mechanical, fire), electromagnetic compatibility, environmental conditions and ranges, and mechanical durability. The requirements for metal detection performance are unique and, therefore, test methods for these parameters are provided, including the design of test objects. An agency or organization using this standard is encouraged to add their unique operationally-based requirements to those requirements listed in this baseline performance specification.1.2 This standard describes the use of spherical test objects, instead of actual threat objects or exemplars of threat objects, to test the detection performance of hand-held metal detectors. Spherical test objects are used because the detectability of spherical test objects is not orientation dependent, whereas this is not true for non-spherical test objects. This orientation-dependent detectability of non-spherical test objects may allow a HHMD to be incorrectly attributed a higher performance capability than that HHMD is capable of providing. To aid agencies wishing to add specific threat objects to their detection performance requirements, included in Appendix X1 is the analysis of the probability of detection for different orientations of agency-specific threat objects.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for calibrating a mass spectrometer-type helium leak detector with a series of commercially available calibrated leaks without need for recourse to a primary standard.1.2 Leak detector parameters determined by this test method include:1.2.1 Minimum detectable signal, drift noise (8.5, with recorder; 8.6, without recorder),1.2.2 Response time,1.2.3 Minimum detectable leak rate, and1.2.4 Sensitivity.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 A complex set of variables affect metal detection and detection sensitivity. Some physical characteristics of metal objects that influence detection are material composition, shape, surface area, surface and internal electrical and magnetic properties, and finish. The orientation of a test object can greatly influence detection as can the direction and speed or changes in speed while passing through the detection zone. Nearby large metal objects and metal moving in near proximity to a metal detector also affect operation, as do temperature and humidity, and can be a cause for nuisance alarms. Additionally, most currently manufactured walk-through metal detectors have some means for programming the operation of the detector for special conditions or requirements; these variables and the effect they have on the operation of in-plant detectors must be considered if a test program is to be effective. This practice is intended to minimize the impact of these variables on the operation of in-plant detectors by systematically testing the installed detectors in the operating environment with the test object(s) specified by the regulatory authority requirements.5.2 This practice may be used to determine the critical test object from a group of test objects, its critical orientation, and the critical test path through the detection zone. This information may allow the use of a single test object for setting the operational sensitivity of the detector and performing periodic performance evaluations necessary to ensure a high probability that all test objects in the group are detectible within the capabilities of the detector.5.3 The detection sensitivity map(s) generated by this practice provides baseline metal detection data for the specified test objects and can serve as a foundation for in-plant walk-through metal detector set-up and performance evaluation testing. The detection sensitivity map(s) may be incorporated into a detector performance test log in support of performance evaluation practices.5.4 This practice may provide insight into certain metal detection characteristics of walk-through metal detectors, particularly the effect of different metals and test object orientations on detection capability, that are useful for optimizing detector sensitivity settings for detection of specified weapons or shielding material, or both.5.5 Periodic performance of this practice and analysis of the results may provide a means to monitor the state of health of in-plant detectors and to gain further insight into detector application and operation.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the weakest detection path through the portal aperture and the worst-case orthogonal orientation of metallic test objects. It results in detection sensitivity maps, which model the detection zone in terms related to detection sensitivity and identify the weakest detection paths. Detection sensitivity maps support sensitivity adjustment and performance evaluation procedures (see Practices C1269 and C1309).NOTE 1: Unsymmetrical metal objects possessing a primary longitudinal component, such as handguns and knives, usually have one particular orientation that produces the weakest detection signal. The orientation and the path through the detector aperture where the weakest response is produced may not be the same for all test objects, even those with very similar appearance.NOTE 2: In the case of multiple specified test objects or for test objects that are orientation sensitive, it may be necessary to map each object several times to determine the worst-case test object or orientation, or both.1.2 This practice is one of several developed to assist operators of walk-through metal detectors with meeting the metal detection performance requirements of the responsible regulatory authority. (See Appendix X2)1.3 This practice is neither intended to set performance levels, nor limit or constrain operational technologies.1.4 This practice does not address safety or operational issues associated with the use of walk-through metal detectors.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector test results should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to specify completely a detector's capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector.3.2 The objective of this practice is to test the detector under specified conditions and in a configuration without an LC column. This is a separation independent test. In certain circumstances it might also be necessary to test the detector in the separation mode with an LC column in the system, and the appropriate concerns are also mentioned. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be adapted for use at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.1.1 This practice covers tests used to evaluate the performance and to list certain descriptive specifications of a refractive index (RI) detector used as the detection component of a liquid chromatographic (LC) system.1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independent of the chromatographic system (static conditions, without flowing solvent) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the requirements for non-essential ice detection system aspects of airworthiness and design for aeroplanes. The term ”aeroplane” as used in this specification was originally conceived for normal category fixed wing aircraft with a certified maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 19,000 lb or less and a passenger seating configuration up to 19 as defined in the Rules. However, these standards may be more broadly applicable, and their usage should not be unnecessarily limited. The installation of a non-essential ice detector is limited to level 1, 2, 3 and 4 Aeroplanes and normal, utility, acrobatic, or commuter category Aeroplanes. This specification prohibits the installation of a non-essential ice detector as a replacement for or modification to an existing Primary or Advisory ice detection system.This specification covers the general requirements (product identification, operating conditions, installation manual, user's manual); functional requirements (intended function, performance, accessibility of controls, software); environmental requirements (operating temperature range, storage/survival temperature range, operating humidity range, operating altitude range, operating airspeed range, vibration, icing, deicing fluids, emissions of radiofrequency energy, electrical power input). Also covered by this specification are installation requirements, crew interface, system safety analysis, and operating limitations.1.1 This specification covers international standards for non-essential ice detection system aspects of airworthiness and design for aeroplanes.1.2 The term “aeroplane” is utilized in this specification as it was originally conceived for normal category fixed wing aircraft with a certified maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 19 000 lb or less and a passenger seating configuration up to 19 as defined in the Rules. However, these standards may be more broadly applicable and their usage should not be unnecessarily limited.1.3 The applicant for a design approval must seek the individual guidance of their respective CAA body concerning the use of this specification as part of a certification plan. For information on which CAA regulatory bodies have accepted this specification (in whole or in part) as a means of compliance to their Small Aircraft Airworthiness regulations (hereinafter referred to as “the Rules”), refer to ASTM F44 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm) which includes CAA website links. It is the responsibility of the Applicant to validate any applicability beyond that identified in this specification and request acceptance from the applicable CAA.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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7.1 Walk-through metal detectors are an effective and unobtrusive means for searching for concealed metallic weapons and SNM (special nuclear material) shielding material. The detectors are generally applied to prevent the unauthorized entry of weapons into facilities, and theft or unauthorized removal of SNM. Daily functional testing of metal detectors shows that they are operating and will produce the correct alarm signal; the significant use of less frequent in-plant evaluations provides data from which to determine if detectors are operating at expected performance levels.7.2 This practice provides a system of procedures for evaluating the detection performance of walk-through metal detectors.7.3 The procedures specify data to be recorded and used for establishing, tracking, and auditing metal detector performance and operation.7.4 This practice suggests documentation for maintaining performance records. Appendix X4 provides examples of forms for recording and tracking detector operation and performance testing.1.1 This practice is one of several (see Appendix X1) developed to assist operators of nuclear facilities with meeting the metal detection performance requirements set by regulatory authorities.1.2 This practice consists of four procedures useful for evaluating the in-plant performance of walk-through metal detectors (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Walk-through Metal Detector Evaluation Testing ProgramNOTE 1: The number of detection sensitivity verification tests in a series, the number of passes per test, the acceptance criteria, and the frequency may be established by regulatory authority or set by the security organization based on threat scenarios or vulnerability assessments; the numbers should be sufficient to provide a degree of assurance commensurate with the detector application.NOTE 2: If the detector fails to meet the acceptance criteria, the verification series is terminated. The detector then must be tested to reestablish the probability of detection. If the probability of detection requirement cannot be met (repairs may be necessary), the detector must be mapped and the operational sensitivity setting reestablished. Performance testing can then be resumed starting with a new detection sensitivity test.NOTE 3: If the detector fails the functional test, the detector must be immediately removed from service (see Appendix X1).1.2.1 Two of the procedures provide data for evaluating probability of detection. These procedures use binomial data (alarm/not alarm).1.2.1.1 The detection sensitivity test (DST; see Note 1) is the initial procedure in the detection probability evaluation series. It is used to establish the probability of detection immediately after the detector has been adjusted to its operational sensitivity setting.NOTE 1: The DST is one of two procedures used to evaluate detection rate. The Detection Sensitivity Verification Test (DSVT) is the other. In the evaluation test strategy, the DST is used to initially determine and document the detection rate and then the DSVT is used to periodically check that the detection rate continues to meet the requirements.1.2.1.2 The detection sensitivity verification test (DSVT; see Note 1) procedure periodically provides data for evaluation of continuing detection performance.1.2.2 The third procedure is a “functional test.” It is used routinely to verify that a metal detector is operating and responds with the correct audio and visual signals when subjected to a condition that should cause an alarm.1.2.3 The fourth procedure is used to verify that alarms generated during detection sensitivity testing were likely the result of the detection of metal and not caused by outside interferences or the perturbation of the detection field by the tester's body mass.1.2.3.1 This procedure also can be used to establish a probability of occurrence for false alarms, for example, 20 test passes by a clean-tester resulting in no alarms indicates a false alarm probability of less than 0.15 at 95 % confidence. This procedure is optional unless required by the regulatory authority.1.3 This practice does not set test object specifications. The specifications should be issued by the regulatory authority.1.4 This practice is intended neither to set performance levels nor to limit or constrain technologies.1.5 This practice does not address safety or operational issues associated with the use of walk-through metal detectors.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’s capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.4.2 Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a variable-wavelength photometric detector (VWPD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more wavelengths in the range 190 to 800 nm. Many of the measurements are made at 254 nm for consistency with Practice E685. Measurements at other wavelengths are optional.1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).21.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10, 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification establishes the conformity assessment requirements for security systems and equipment. The design and testing requirements for a product’s conformity assessment are specified in the applicable ASTM performance standards developed by the ASTM F12 Committee on Security Systems and Equipment.1.2 Conformity assessment requirements ensure the consistent application of the ASTM performance standards and establishes requirements of the certification body’s accreditation process and operation of certification programs.1.3 Certification bodies, to acquire or maintain accreditation, shall meet and continue to meet the requirements established by this specification, including any matter incorporated by reference.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 High-purity germanium detectors are used for precise gamma-ray spectroscopy for the purpose of determining radioactivity in materials. Typical applications include monitoring, mapping, and characterization of neutron energy spectra in nuclear reactors or isotopic fission sources.1.1 This standard establishes techniques for calibration, usage, and performance testing of germanium detectors for the measurement of gamma-ray emission rates of radionuclides in radiation metrology for reactor dosimetry. The practice is applicable only to samples of small size, approximating to point sources. It covers the energy and full-energy peak efficiency calibration as well as the determination of gamma-ray energies in the 0.06 MeV to 2 MeV energy region and is designed to yield gamma-ray emission rates with an uncertainty of ±3 % (see Note 1). This technique applies to measurements that do not involve overlapping peaks, and in which peak-to-continuum considerations are not important.NOTE 1: Uncertainty U is given at the 68 % confidence level; that is,where δi are the estimated maximum systematic uncertainties, and σi are the random uncertainties at the 68 % confidence level. Other techniques of error analysis are in use (1, 2).21.2 Additional information on the setup, calibration, and quality control for radiometric detectors and measurements is given in IEEE/ANSI N42.14 and in Guide C1402 and Practice D7282.1.3 The values stated in SI units are generally to be regarded as standard. The rad is an exception.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’s capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.4.2 Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a photometric detector (PD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more fixed wavelengths in the range 210 nm to 800 nm. Measurements are made at 254 nm, if possible, and are optional at other wavelengths.1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).21.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10 and 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice may be used to accomplish several ends: to establish a worldwide frame of reference for terminology, metrics, and procedures for reliably determining trace detection performance of ETDs; as a demonstration by the vendor that the equipment is operating properly to a specified performance score; for a periodic verification by the user of detector performance after purchase; and as a generally-acceptable template adaptable by international agencies to specify performance requirements, analytes and dosing levels, background challenges, and operations.5.2 It is expected that current ETD systems will exhibit wide ranges of performance across the diverse explosive types and compounds considered. As in previous versions, this practice establishes the minimum performance that is required for a detector to be considered effective in the detection of trace explosives. An explosives detector is considered to have “minimum acceptable performance” when it has attained a test score of at least 80.1.1 This practice may be used for measuring, scoring, and improving the overall performance of detectors that alarm on traces of explosives on swabs. These explosive trace detectors (ETDs) may be based on, but are not limited to, chemical detection technologies such as ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS).1.2 This practice considers instrumental (post-sampling) trace detection performance, involving specific chemical analytes across eight types of explosive formulations in the presence of a standard background challenge material. This practice adapts Test Method E2677 for the evaluation of limit of detection, a combined metric of measurement sensitivity and repeatability, which requires ETDs to have numerical responses.1.3 This practice considers the effective detection throughput of an ETD by factoring in the sampling rate, interrogated swab area, and estimated maintenance requirements during a typical eight hour shift.1.4 This practice does not require, but places extra value on, the specific identification of targeted compounds and explosive formulations.1.5 The functionality of multi-mode instruments (those that may be switched between detection of trace explosives, drugs of interest, chemical warfare agents, and other target compounds) may also be tested. A multi-mode instrument under test shall be set to the mode that optimizes operational conditions for the detection of trace explosives. This practice requires the use of a single set of ETD operational settings for calculating a system test score based on the factors described in 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4. A minimum acceptable score is derived from criteria established in Practice E2520 – 07, and an example of such a test is presented in Appendix X1 (Example 2).1.6 Intended Users—ETD developers and manufacturers, testing laboratories, and international agencies responsible for enabling effective deterrents to terrorism.1.7 Actual explosives as test samples would be preferable, but standard explosive formulations are not widely available, nor are methods for depositing these quantitatively and realistically on swabs. This practice considers sixteen compounds that are available from commercial suppliers. This does not imply that only these sixteen are important to trace detection. Most ETDs are able to detect many other compounds, but these are either chemically similar (hence redundant) to the ones considered, or are unavailable from commercial suppliers for reasons of stability and safety. Under typical laboratory practices, the sixteen compounds considered are safe to handle in the quantities used.1.8 This practice is not intended to replace any current standard procedure employed by agencies to test performance of ETDs for specific applications. Those procedures may be more rigorous, use different compounds or actual explosive formulations, employ different or more realistic background challenges, and consider environmental sampling procedures and other operational variables.1.9 This practice recommends one method for preparation of test swabs, pipetting, because this method is simple, reproducible, quantitative, documented, and applicable to most current detection technologies. Other methods, such as inkjet printing and dry transfer, may generate more realistic analyte distributions and particle sizes, but these methods are not widely available and less familiar. They may be used if the procedures are validated and documented properly.1.10 With any deposition method, some compounds are difficult to present to the ETD inlet quantitatively due to volatility and loss during the swab preparation process. Problematic issues pertinent to this practice are identified along with recommended instructions.1.11 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1 Scope and object This clause of the General Standard applies except as follows: 1.1 Scope Addition: This Particular Standard specifies the particuar requirements for the safety of DOSEMETERS used in medical practice in the PATIENT ENVIRONMEN

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