4.1 This classification establishes categories of hydraulic fluids which are distinguished by their response to certain standardized laboratory procedures. These procedures indicate the possible response of some environmental compartments to the introduction of the hydraulic fluid. One set of procedures measures the aerobic aquatic biodegradability (environmental persistence) of the fluids and another set of procedures estimates the acute ecotoxicity effects of the fluids.4.1.1 Although this classification includes categories for both persistence and ecotoxicity, there is no relationship between the two categories. They may be used independently of each other, that is, a hydraulic fluid can be categorized with respect to both sets of laboratory procedures, or to persistence but not ecotoxicity, or to ecotoxicity but not persistence.4.1.2 There is no relationship between the categories achieved by a hydraulic fluid for persistence and for ecotoxicity. The placing of a hydraulic fluid with regard to one set of categories has no predictive value as to its placement with regard to the other set of categories.4.2 The test procedures used to establish the categories of hydraulic fluids are laboratory standard tests and are not intended to simulate the natural environment. Definitive field studies capable of correlating test results with the actual environmental impact of hydraulic fluids are usually site specific and so are not directly applicable to this classification. Therefore, the categories established by this classification can serve only as guidance to estimate the actual impact that the hydraulic fluids might have on any particular environment.4.3 This classification can be used by producers and users of hydraulic fluids to establish a common set of references that describe some aspects of the anticipated environmental impact of hydraulic fluids which are incidental to their use.4.4 Inclusion of a hydraulic fluid in any category of this classification does not imply that the hydraulic fluid is suitable for use in any particular hydraulic system application.4.5 The composition of hydraulic fluids may change with use and any change could influence the environmental impact of a used hydraulic fluid. Therefore, the classification of a hydraulic fluid may change upon use depending on the type and extent of the use.1.1 This classification covers all unused fully formulated hydraulic fluids in their original form.1.2 This classification establishes categories for the impact of hydraulic fluids on different environmental compartments as shown in Table 1. Fluids are assigned designations within these categories; for example PwL, Pwe, and so forth, based on performance in specified tests.1.3 This classification includes environmental persistence and acute ecotoxicity as aspects of environmental impact. Although environmental persistence is discussed first, this classification does not imply that considerations of environmental persistence should take precedence over concerns for ecotoxicity.1.3.1 Environmental persistence describes long term impact of hydraulic fluids to the environment. Environmental persistence is preferably measured by ultimate biodegradation but can also be measured by other means.1.3.2 Acute toxicity describes the immediate toxic impact of hydraulic fluids to the environment. Acute toxicity is preferably measured by the three trophic levels of aquatic organisms (Algae, Crustacea, and Fish).1.4 Another important aspect of environmental impact is bioaccumulation. This aspect is not addressed in the present classification because adequate test methods do not yet exist to measure bioaccumulation of hydraulic fluids.1.5 The present classification addresses the fresh water and soil environmental compartments. At this time marine and anaerobic environmental compartments are not included, although they are pertinent for many uses of hydraulic fluids. Hydraulic fluids are expected to have no significant impact on the atmosphere; therefore that compartment is not addressed.1.6 This classification addresses releases to the environment which are incidental to the use of a hydraulic fluid. The classification is not intended to address environmental impact in situations of major, accidental release. Nothing in this classification should be taken to relieve the user of the responsibility to properly use and dispose of hydraulic fluids.1.7 This classification does not cover any performance properties of a hydraulic fluid which relate to its performance in a hydraulic system.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 Before proceeding with these test methods, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply.5.2 The pendulum impact test indicates the energy to break standard test specimens of specified size under stipulated parameters of specimen mounting, notching, and pendulum velocity-at-impact.5.3 The energy lost by the pendulum during the breakage of the specimen is the sum of the following:5.3.1 Energy to initiate fracture of the specimen;5.3.2 Energy to propagate the fracture across the specimen;5.3.3 Energy to throw the free end (or ends) of the broken specimen (“toss correction”);5.3.4 Energy to bend the specimen;5.3.5 Energy to produce vibration in the pendulum arm;5.3.6 Energy to produce vibration or horizontal movement of the machine frame or base;5.3.7 Energy to overcome friction in the pendulum bearing and in the indicating mechanism, and to overcome windage (pendulum air drag);5.3.8 Energy to indent or deform plastically the specimen at the line of impact; and5.3.9 Energy to overcome the friction caused by the rubbing of the striker (or other part of the pendulum) over the face of the bent specimen.5.4 For relatively brittle materials, for which fracture propagation energy is small in comparison with the fracture initiation energy, the indicated impact energy absorbed is, for all practical purposes, the sum of factors 5.3.1 and 5.3.3. The toss correction (see 5.3.3) may represent a very large fraction of the total energy absorbed when testing relatively dense and brittle materials. Test Method C shall be used for materials that have an Izod impact resistance of less than 27 J/m (0.5 ft·lbf/in.). (See Appendix X4 for optional units.) The toss correction obtained in Test Method C is only an approximation of the toss error, since the rotational and rectilinear velocities may not be the same during the re-toss of the specimen as for the original toss, and because stored stresses in the specimen may have been released as kinetic energy during the specimen fracture.5.5 For tough, ductile, fiber filled, or cloth-laminated materials, the fracture propagation energy (see 5.3.2) may be large compared to the fracture initiation energy (see 5.3.1). When testing these materials, factors (see 5.3.2, 5.3.5, and 5.3.9) can become quite significant, even when the specimen is accurately machined and positioned and the machine is in good condition with adequate capacity. (See Note 7.) Bending (see 5.3.4) and indentation losses (see 5.3.8) may be appreciable when testing soft materials.NOTE 7: Although the frame and base of the machine should be sufficiently rigid and massive to handle the energies of tough specimens without motion or excessive vibration, the design must ensure that the center of percussion be at the center of strike. Locating the striker precisely at the center of percussion reduces vibration of the pendulum arm when used with brittle specimens. However, some losses due to pendulum arm vibration, the amount varying with the design of the pendulum, will occur with tough specimens, even when the striker is properly positioned.5.6 In a well-designed machine of sufficient rigidity and mass, the losses due to factors 5.3.6 and 5.3.7 should be very small. Vibrational losses (see 5.3.6) can be quite large when wide specimens of tough materials are tested in machines of insufficient mass, not securely fastened to a heavy base.5.7 With some materials, a critical width of specimen may be found below which specimens will appear ductile, as evidenced by considerable drawing or necking down in the region behind the notch and by a relatively high-energy absorption, and above which they will appear brittle as evidenced by little or no drawing down or necking and by a relatively low-energy absorption. Since these methods permit a variation in the width of the specimens, and since the width dictates, for many materials, whether a brittle, low-energy break or a ductile, high energy break will occur, it is necessary that the width be stated in the specification covering that material and that the width be reported along with the impact resistance. In view of the preceding, one should not make comparisons between data from specimens having widths that differ by more than a few mils.5.8 The type of failure for each specimen shall be recorded as one of the four categories listed as follows:C = Complete Break—A break where the specimen separates into two or more pieces.H = Hinge Break—An incomplete break, such that one part of the specimen cannot support itself above the horizontal when the other part is held vertically (less than 90° included angle).P = Partial Break—An incomplete break that does not meet the definition for a hinge break but has fractured at least 90 % of the distance between the vertex of the notch and the opposite side.NB = Non-Break—An incomplete break where the fracture extends less than 90 % of the distance between the vertex of the notch and the opposite side.For tough materials, the pendulum may not have the energy necessary to complete the breaking of the extreme fibers and toss the broken piece or pieces. Results obtained from “non-break” specimens shall be considered a departure from standard and shall not be reported as a standard result. Impact resistance cannot be directly compared for any two materials that experience different types of failure as defined in the test method by this code. Averages reported must likewise be derived from specimens contained within a single failure category. This letter code shall suffix the reported impact identifying the types of failure associated with the reported value. If more than one type of failure is observed for a sample material, then the report will indicate the average impact resistance for each type of failure, followed by the percent of the specimens failing in that manner and suffixed by the letter code.5.9 The value of the impact methods lies mainly in the areas of quality control and materials specification. If two groups of specimens of supposedly the same material show significantly different energy absorptions, types of breaks, critical widths, or critical temperatures, it may be assumed that they were made of different materials or were exposed to different processing or conditioning environments. The fact that a material shows twice the energy absorption of another under these conditions of test does not indicate that this same relationship will exist under another set of test conditions. The order of toughness may even be reversed under different testing conditions.NOTE 8: A documented discrepancy exists between manual and digital impact testers, primarily with thermoset materials, including phenolics, having an impact value of less than 54 J/m (1 ft-lb/in.). Comparing data on the same material, tested on both manual and digital impact testers, may show the data from the digital tester to be significantly lower than data from a manual tester. In such cases a correlation study may be necessary to properly define the true relationship between the instruments.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of plastics to “standardized” (see Note 1) pendulum-type hammers, mounted in “standardized” machines, in breaking standard specimens with one pendulum swing (see Note 2). The standard tests for these test methods require specimens made with a milled notch (see Note 3). In Test Methods A, C, and D, the notch produces a stress concentration that increases the probability of a brittle, rather than a ductile, fracture. In Test Method E, the impact resistance is obtained by reversing the notched specimen 180° in the clamping vise. The results of all test methods are reported in terms of energy absorbed per unit of specimen width or per unit of cross-sectional area under the notch. (See Note 4.)NOTE 1: The machines with their pendulum-type hammers have been “standardized” in that they must comply with certain requirements, including a fixed height of hammer fall that results in a substantially fixed velocity of the hammer at the moment of impact. However, hammers of different initial energies (produced by varying their effective weights) are recommended for use with specimens of different impact resistance. Moreover, manufacturers of the equipment are permitted to use different lengths and constructions of pendulums with possible differences in pendulum rigidities resulting. (See Section 5.) Be aware that other differences in machine design may exist. The specimens are “standardized” in that they are required to have one fixed length, one fixed depth, and one particular design of milled notch. The width of the specimens is permitted to vary between limits.NOTE 2: Results generated using pendulums that utilize a load cell to record the impact force and thus impact energy, may not be equivalent to results that are generated using manually or digitally encoded testers that measure the energy remaining in the pendulum after impact.NOTE 3: The notch in the Izod specimen serves to concentrate the stress, minimize plastic deformation, and direct the fracture to the part of the specimen behind the notch. Scatter in energy-to-break is thus reduced. However, because of differences in the elastic and viscoelastic properties of plastics, response to a given notch varies among materials. A measure of a plastic's “notch sensitivity” may be obtained with Test Method D by comparing the energies to break specimens having different radii at the base of the notch.NOTE 4: Caution must be exercised in interpreting the results of these standard test methods. The following testing parameters may affect test results significantly:Method of fabrication, including but not limited to processingtechnology, molding conditions, mold design, and thermaltreatments;Method of notching;Speed of notching tool;Design of notching apparatus;Quality of the notch;Time between notching and test;Test specimen thickness,Test specimen width under notch, andEnvironmental conditioning.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 5: These test methods resemble ISO 180:1993 in regard to title only. The contents are significantly different.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method shall be used to determine the hail impact resistance of windshields for acceptance, design, service, or research purposes. By using this method with the installed windshield angle and velocity of a specific aerospace vehicle, design allowables, criteria, and tolerances can be established for that vehicle's windshield.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the impact resistance of an aerospace transparent enclosure (windshield, canopy, window, lens cover, etc.), hereinafter called windshield, during hailstorm conditions using simulated hailstones consisting of ice balls molded under tightly controlled conditions. This test shall also be used to meet hail test or performance requirements that are specified by design or contract.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

2.1 In many geographic areas there is concern about the effect of falling hail upon solar collector covers. This practice may be used to determine the ability of flat-plate solar collector covers to withstand the impact forces of hailstones. In this practice, the ability of a solar collector cover plate to withstand hail impact is related to its tested ability to withstand impact from ice balls. The effects of the impact on the material are highly variable and dependent upon the material.2.2 This practice describes a standard procedure for mounting the test specimen, conducting the impact test, and reporting the effects.2.2.1 The procedures for mounting cover plate materials and collectors are provided to ensure that they are tested in a configuration that relates to their use in a solar collector.2.2.2 The corner locations of the four impacts are chosen to represent vulnerable sites on the cover plate. Impacts near corner supports are more critical than impacts elsewhere. Only a single impact is specified at each of the impact locations. For test control purposes, multiple impacts in a single location are not permitted because a subcritical impact may still cause damage that would alter the response to subsequent impacts.2.2.3 Resultant velocity is used to simulate the velocity that may be reached by hail accompanied by wind. The resultant velocity used in this practice is determined by vector addition of a 20 m/s (45 mph) horizontal velocity to the vertical terminal velocity.2.2.4 Ice balls are used in this practice to simulate hailstones because natural hailstones are not readily available to use, and ice balls closely approximate hailstones. However, no direct relationship has been established between the effect of impact of ice balls and hailstones. Hailstones are highly variable in properties such as shape, density, and frangibility.2 These properties affect factors such as the kinetic energy delivered to the cover plate, the period during which energy is delivered, and the area over which the energy is distributed. Ice balls, with a density, frangibility, and terminal velocity near the range of hailstones, are the nearest hailstone approximation known at this time. Perhaps the major difference between ice balls and hailstones is that hailstones are much more variable than ice balls. However, ice balls can be uniformly and repeatedly manufactured to ensure a projectile with known properties.2.2.5 A wide range of observable effects may be produced by impacting the various types of cover plate materials. The effects may vary from no effect to total destruction. Some changes in the cover material may be visible when there is no apparent functional impairment of the cover plate material. All effects of each impact must be described in the report so that an estimate of their significance can be made.2.3 Data generated using this practice may be used: (1) to evaluate impact resistance of a single material or collector, (2) to compare the impact resistance of several materials or collectors, (3) to provide a common basis for selection of cover materials or collectors for use in various geographic areas, or (4) to evaluate changes in impact resistance due to environmental factors such as weather.2.4 This practice does not state the size(s) of ice ball(s) to be used in making the impact. Either the person requesting the test or the person performing the test must determine ice ball size to be used in the testing. Choice of ice ball size may relate to the intent of the testing.2.4.1 If the testing is being performed to evaluate impact resistance of a single material or collector, or several materials or collectors, it may be desirable to repeat the test using several sizes of ice balls. In this manner the different effects of various sizes of ice balls may be determined.2.4.2 The size and frequency of hail varies significantly among various geographic areas. If testing is being performed to evaluate materials or collectors intended for use in a specific geographic area, the ice ball size should correspond to the level of hail impact resistance required for that area. Information on hail size and frequency may be available from local historical weather records or may be determined from the publications listed in Appendix X1.2.5 The hail impact resistance of materials may change as the materials are exposed to various environmental factors. This practice may be used to generate data to evaluate degradation by comparison of hail impact resistance data measured before and after exposure to such aging.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the ability of cover plates for flat-plate solar collectors to withstand impact forces of falling hail. Propelled ice balls are used to simulate falling hailstones. This practice is not intended to apply to photovoltaic cells or arrays.1.2 This practice defines two types of test specimens, describes methods for mounting specimens, specifies impact locations on each test specimen, provides an equation for determining the velocity of any size ice ball, provides a method for impacting the test specimens with ice balls, and specifies parameters that must be recorded and reported.1.3 This practice does not establish pass or fail levels. The determination of acceptable or unacceptable levels of ice-ball impact resistance is beyond the scope of this practice.1.4 The size of ice ball to be used in conducting this test is not specified in this practice. This practice can be used with various sizes of ice balls.1.5 The categories of solar collector cover plate materials to which this practice may be applied cover the range of:1.5.1 Brittle sheet, such as glass,1.5.2 Semirigid sheet, such as plastic, and1.5.3 Flexible membrane, such as plastic film.1.6 Solar collector cover materials should be tested as:1.6.1 Part of an assembled collector (Type 1 specimen), or1.6.2 Mounted on a separate test frame cover plate holder (Type 2 specimen).1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Data obtained by this test method have been used to predict the behavior of plastic sheeting at low temperatures only if the conditions of deformation are similar to those specified in this test method. This test method is useful for specification testing and for comparative purposes, but does not necessarily determine the lowest use temperature for a particular plastic.4.2 It has been demonstrated that on calendared sheeting the brittleness temperature is sensitive to the direction of fold. It has also been demonstrated that the brittleness temperature is sensitive to the direction of sampling. Therefore, it is imperative that the procedure for taking specimens and folding be followed explicitly.1.1 This test method covers the determination of that temperature at which plastic sheeting 1.00 mm (0.040 in.) or less in thickness exhibits a brittle failure under specified impact conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.NOTE 1: This test method was developed jointly with the Society of the Plastics Industry, primarily for use with plasticized vinyl sheetings. Its applicability to other plastic sheetings must be verified by the user.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2: This test method and ISO 8570 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1.1 This terminology covers terms related to impact test methods and impact attenuation specifications of sports equipment and surfaces.1.2 This terminology is appropriate for use in the development of standards that describe gravity-driven impact test methods or specify impact attenuation performance criteria and which fall under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities.1.3 This terminology defines common terms that are applicable to many sports-related impact tests including those used in the context of sports surfaces, athletic footwear, protective equipment and padding. The use of a common terminology will promote greater consistency among standards and reduce the risk of misinterpretation.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This classification provides a family of single-number ratings for describing high-frequency impact sound insulation. “High-frequency” in this context refers to the third-octave bands from 400 to 3150 Hz, which is approximately the upper half of the frequency range of interest in building acoustics measurements. Common sources of high-frequency impact sound include the impact of hard-heeled shoes, dragging furniture, dog toenails, and dropping objects on hard-surfaced flooring.4.2 The high-frequency impact sound insulation of an assembly is primarily determined by the characteristics of the floor topping, largely independent of the other details of the assembly.3 For many assemblies, the existing ratings (such as IIC) become controlled by frequency bands below 400 Hz. For these assemblies, the existing ratings are not representative of the impact insulation at high frequencies. The high-frequency ratings defined here have been shown to accurately represent the behavior of assemblies at high frequencies.4,5 These ratings are intended to aid the acoustical professional in evaluating the high-frequency insulation of an assembly, and in evaluating, rank-ordering, and specifying floor topping products that will affect the level of high-frequency impact sound.4.3 The ratings in this classification have similar numerical range and behavior as the existing ratings of Classification E989. Further, the ratings in this classification can be calculated from existing test reports without additional testing. This was done to take advantage of the existing test results and body of knowledge.4.4 This classification describes only the high-frequency range of impact sound and no other aspects of impact noise. It does not address impact sound below 400 Hz, such as thudding from footfalls, and additional ratings are required to describe impact sound in these frequency ranges. This classification does not replace Classification E989 (Impact Insulation Class) and is not interchangeable with it. For example, the HIIC rating of an assembly does not determine its IIC rating and cannot be used to show compliance with an IIC requirement. The expectation is that the high-frequency ratings would be reported alongside the existing ratings.4.5 The family of ratings described use the same calculation method and differ only in the origin of the third-octave data used in the calculation. There is a high-frequency version of each existing impact rating, in which this classification is used instead of Classification E989 to calculate the single-number rating.1.1 This classification provides methods for calculating single-number ratings of high-frequency impact sound transmission, based on one-third-octave-band impact sound pressure levels generated by the standard tapping machine as described in Test Methods E492, E1007, and E2179.1.2 This classification defines ratings that are not defined in other standards. Within their purview, other standards shall define additional ratings based on the methods of this classification.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is intended to simulate the effects of backfilling after pipe has been placed in the trench. The backfill is often rocky soil and, if it is unscreened and the coated pipe is unshielded by sand or other protective padding, the falling rocks may seriously damage the coating.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative resistance of pipeline coatings to impact by observing the effects of falling stones on coated pipe specimens.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See Practice D4169 for additional guidance.4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Test Methods D4003 (revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is required.1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The impact strength of PVC profiles relates to suitability for service and to quality of processing. Impact tests are used for quality-control purposes and as an indication that products can withstand handling during assembling, installation, or in service.5.2 Results obtained by use of this test method are used in two ways:5.2.1 As the basis for establishing impact-test requirements in product standards, and5.2.2 To measure the effect of changes in materials or processing.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the energy required to crack or break rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) profile under specified conditions of impact by means of a falling weight.1.2 This test method is used either by itself or in conjunction with other methods for measuring PVC product toughness.1.3 Because of the wide variety of profile sizes and shapes and the wide variety of manufacturing procedures and field abuse, this test method does not correlate universally with all types of abuse. Therefore, correlations must be established as needed.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The results of this method quantify the impact attenuation of playing surface and system specimens under the specific test conditions, either within a laboratory or the location the surface system is installed for use.5.2 The test method measures the outcome of impacts performed under specific conditions. It does not quantify the intrinsic material properties of the tested specimens.5.3 Test results from different specimens obtained under the same conditions (that is, the same missile mass and geometry, drop height, etc.) are used to compare impact attenuation under those conditions.5.4 Test results obtained under different conditions are not comparable. Specifically obtained with different missiles are not equivalent and cannot be directly compared. Similarly, test results obtained using the same missile, but using different drop heights, are not directly comparable.1.1 This test method measures the impact attenuation of surface systems and materials, specifically the peak impact acceleration (“impact shock”) and calculates the Head Injury Criteria produced under prescribed impact conditions.1.2 This test method is applicable to surface systems intended to provide impact attenuation, made of naturally occurring or synthetic materials.1.3 This test method is applicable to impact attenuating mats and padding used in sports facilities, including, but not limited to: stadium wall padding, gymnastic mats, wrestling mats, turf playing systems, pole vault landing systems, and playground protective surfacing.1.4 This test method is used to measure the impact attenuation of materials and components used as protective padding on trampoline frames, goal posts, etc., provided the material or component can be tested separately from the equipment to which it is attached.1.5 Without modifications, this test method shall not be used to test materials and components that are attached to structures or equipment or finished products, unless the impact attenuation of the whole system is of interest.1.6 While it is widely believed that lower values for impact attenuation can reduce the severity of impact-related injuries, the relationships between the results of this test method and specific injury risk are within automotive testing data.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliable and repeatable tests for the evaluation of various types of protective headgear when subjected to rotational loading. Use of these test methods in conjunction with the specific individual performance standards is intended to reduce the likelihood of serious injury and death resulting from impacts to the head sustained by individuals participating in sports, recreation, and other leisure activities in which protective headgear is worn.1.1 This test method covers laboratory equipment, procedures, and basic requirements pertinent to testing the performance of helmets during rotational loading using an incline anvil. Deviations and additions to this test method will be specified, as required, in individual ASTM performance standards.1.2 Requirements—The helmet may be tested under one or more specified environmental conditions for impact attenuation (the limiting of impact forces) as a result of a vertical free-fall onto an incline anvil.1.3 Except where noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is designed to impart tensile impact energy to a butt fused plastic pipe specimen, record the energy to fail the specimen and plot the load over time curve of the tensile test. Energy recorded at yield and rupture and the rupture mode (brittle or ductile) are used as criteria in the evaluation of the butt fusion joint. The evaluation of the force/time curve not only makes it possible to compare different butt fusion parameters but also to evaluate the rupture mode of the specimen to determine joint integrity. Each coupon's test results will usually be compared to test results for coupons machined from the base pipe material, un-fused.4.1.1 These data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for research and development. For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method.4.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation and with speed and environment of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.4.2.1 It is realized that a material cannot be tested without also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence, when comparative tests of materials per se are desired, the greatest care must be exercised to ensure that all specimens are prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to include the effects of specimen preparation. While care must be taken to secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of preparation, treatment, and handling, the exact dimensions of the test specimens are entered into the Data Acquisition System (DAS) before initiating the test.1.1 This is a tensile impact test method that develops enough tensile impact energy at specific rates of strain to rupture standard tensile impact specimens of butt fused plastic pipe. It is used to determine the quality of PE butt fusion joints made in the field or in qualification testing. It can also be used to determine the optimum butt fusion joining parameters of PE materials.1.2 This test method is applicable for testing pipe specimens with a diameter 2.37 in. (60.3 mm) and larger with a wall thickness from 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) and larger.NOTE 1: This test method is similar to ISO 13953.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This test method may be used alone or together with other test methods, to evaluate the quality of the butt fused joints. When this test, conducted at laboratory temperatures per 9.2, is combined with the elevated temperature, sustained pressure test in Specification D3035, both the short term and long term strength of the PE butt fusion joint will be verified.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of the LIR rating is to describe the low-frequency impact noise, often referred to as “thudding,” primarily generated by footfall on lightweight structures. The rating increases as the impact sound attenuation of the floor-ceiling structure increases. This rating has been shown to correlate with subjective reaction3,4 and can be used to evaluate and compare the low-frequency impact noise performance of assemblies.4.2 The LIIC rating can be used for relative comparison and to rank-order the low-frequency performance of assemblies within a given test laboratory.5 The reproducibility of LIIC between laboratories has not been measured, and the relationship between laboratory and field ratings (LIIC and LIR) is not assumed or established.NOTE 1: The tendency for measurement uncertainty to increase at low frequencies should be considered when utilizing metrics of classification standard.NOTE 2: This classification does not replace Classification E989 (Impact Insulation Class) and is not interchangeable with it. For example, the LIIC rating of an assembly does not determine its IIC rating and cannot be used to show compliance with an IIC requirement. The expectation is that the low-frequency ratings would be reported alongside the existing ratings.4.3 This classification shall only be used with one-third-octave-band data.1.1 This classification provides methods for calculating single-number ratings of low-frequency impact noise transmission, based on one-third-octave-band impact noise levels as described in Test Methods E492 and E1007.1.2 This classification defines ratings that are not defined in other standards. Other standards may define additional ratings based on the methods of this classification.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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