3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).NOTE 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to permit the user to validate numerical values produced by a multivariate, infrared or near-infrared laboratory or process (online or at-line) analyzer calibrated to measure a specific chemical concentration, chemical property, or physical property. If the analyzer results agree with the primary test method to within limits based on the multivariate model for the user-prespecified statistical confidence level, these results can be considered ’validated’ to the user pre-specified confidence limit for a specific application, and hence can be considered useful for that specific application.5.2 Procedures are described for verifying that the instrument, the model, and the analyzer system are stable and properly operating.5.3 A multivariate analyzer system inherently utilizes a multivariate calibration model. In practice, the model both implicitly and explicitly spans some subset of the population of all possible samples that could be in the complete multivariate sample space. The model is applicable only to samples that fall within the subset population used in the model construction. A sample measurement cannot be validated unless applicability is established. Applicability cannot be assumed.5.3.1 Outlier detection methods are used to demonstrate applicability of the calibration model for the analysis of the process sample spectrum. The outlier detection limits are based on historical as well as theoretical criteria. The outlier detection methods are used to establish whether the results obtained by an analyzer are potentially valid. The validation procedures are based on mathematical test criteria that indicate whether the process sample spectrum is within the range spanned by the analyzer system calibration model. If the sample spectrum is an outlier, the analyzer result is invalid. If the sample spectrum is not an outlier, then the analyzer result is valid providing that all other requirements for validity are met. Additional, optional tests may be performed to determine if the process sample spectrum falls in a sparsely populated region of the multivariate space covered by the calibration set, too far from neighboring calibration spectra to ensure good interpolation. For example, such nearest neighbor tests are recommended if the calibration sample spectra are highly clustered.5.3.2 This practice does not define mathematical criteria to determine from a spectroscopic measurement of a sample whether the sample, the model, or the instrument is the cause of an outlier measurement. Thus, the operator who is measuring samples on a routine basis will find criteria in the outlier detection method to determine whether a sample measurement lies within t he expected calibration space, but will not have specific information as to the cause of the outlier without additional testing.1.1 This practice covers requirements for the validation of measurements made by laboratory, field, or process (online or at-line) infrared (near- or mid-infrared analyzers, or both), and Raman analyzers, used in the calculation of physical, chemical, or quality parameters (that is, properties) of liquid petroleum products and fuels. The properties are calculated from spectroscopic data using multivariate modeling methods. The requirements include verification of adequate instrument performance, verification of the applicability of the calibration model to the spectrum of the sample under test, and verification that the uncertainties associated with the degree of agreement between the results calculated from the infrared or Raman measurements and the results produced by the PTM used for the development of the calibration model meets user-specified requirements. Initially, a limited number of validation samples representative of current production are used to do a local validation. When there is an adequate number of validation samples with sufficient variation in both property level and sample composition to span the model calibration space, the statistical methodology of Practice D6708 can be used to provide general validation of this equivalence over the complete operating range of the analyzer. For cases where adequate property and composition variation is not achieved, local validation shall continue to be used.1.1.1 For some applications, the analyzer and PTM are applied to the same material. The application of the multivariate model to the analyzer output (spectrum) directly produces a PPTMR for the same material for which the spectrum was measured. The PPTMRs are compared to the PTMRs measured on the same materials to determine the degree of agreement.1.1.2 For other applications, the material measured by the analyzer system is subjected to a consistent additive treatment prior to being analyzed by the PTM. The application of the multivariate model to the analyzer output (spectrum) produces a PPTMR for the treated material. The PPTMRs based on the analyzer outputs are compared to the PTMRs measured on the treated materials to determine the degree of agreement.1.1.3 In some cases, a two-step procedure is employed. In the first step, the analyzer and PTM are applied to the measurement of a blendstock material. In a second step, the PPTMRs produced in Step 1 are used as inputs to a second model that predicts the results obtained when the PTM is applied to the analysis of the finished blended product produced by additivation to the blendstock. If the analyzer used in the first step is a multivariate spectroscopic based analyzer, then this practice is used to access the degree of agreement between PPTMRs and PTMRs. Otherwise, Practice D3764 is used to compare the PPTMRs to the PTMRs for this blendstock to determine the degree of agreement. Since this second step does not use spectroscopic data, the validation of the second step is done using Practice D3764. If the first step uses a multivariate spectrophotometric analyzer, then only samples for which the spectra are not outliers relative to the multivariate model are used in the second step. Note that the second model might accommodate variable levels of additive material addition to the blend stock.1.2 Multiple physical, chemical, or quality properties of the sample under test are typically predicted from a single spectral measurement. In applying this practice, each property prediction is validated separately. The separate validation procedures for each property may share common features, and be affected by common effects, but the performance of each property prediction is evaluated independently. The user will typically have multiple validation procedures running simultaneously in parallel.1.3 Results used in analyzer validation are for samples that were not used in the development of the multivariate model, and for spectra which are not outliers or nearest neighbor inliers relative to the multivariate model.1.4 When the number, composition range or property range of available validation samples do not span the model calibration range, a local validation is done using available samples representative of current production. When the number, composition range and property range of available validation samples becomes comparable to those of the model calibration set, a general validation can be done.1.4.1 Local Validation: 1.4.1.1 The calibration samples used in developing the multivariate model must show adequate compositional and property variation to enable the development of a meaningful correlation, and must span the compositional range of samples to be analyzed using the model to ensure that such analyses are done via interpolation rather than extrapolation. The Standard Error of Calibration (SEC) is a measure of how well the PTMRs and PPTMRs agree for this set of calibration samples. SEC includes contributions from spectrum measurement error, PTM measurement error, and model error. Sample (type) specific biases are a part of the model error. Typically, spectroscopic analyzers are very precise, so that spectral measurement error is small relative to the other types of error.1.4.1.2 During initial analyzer validation, the compositional range of available samples may be small relative to the range of the calibration set. Because of the high precision of the spectroscopic measurement, the average difference between the PTMRs and PPTMRs may reflect a sample (type) specific bias which is statistically observable, but which are less than the uncertainty of PPTMR, U(PPTMR). Therefore, the bias and precision of the PTMR/PPTMR differences are not used as the basis for local validation.1.4.1.3 Based on SEC, and the leverage statistic, the uncertainty of each PPTMR, U(PPTMR) is calculated. During validation, for each non-outlier sample, a determination is made as to whether the absolute difference between PPTMR and PTMR, |δ|, is less than or equal to U(PPTMR). Counts are maintained as to the total number of non-outlier validation samples, and the number of samples for which |δ| is less than or equal to U(PPTMR). Given the total number of non-outlier validation samples, an inverse binomial distribution is used to calculate the minimum number of results for which |δ| must be less than U(PPTMR). If the number of results for which |δ| is less than U(PPTMR) is greater than or equal to this minimum, then the results are consistent with the expectations of the multivariate model, and the analyzer passes local validation. The calculations involved are described in detail in Section 11 and Annex A4.1.4.1.4 The user must establish that results that are consistent with the expectations based on the multivariate model will be adequate for the intended application. A 95 % probability is recommended for the inverse binomial distribution calculation. The user may adjust this based on the criticality of the application. See Annex A4 for details.1.4.2 General Validation: 1.4.2.1 When the validation samples are of sufficient number, and their compositional and property ranges are comparable to that of the model calibration set, then a General Validation can be done.1.4.2.2 General Validation is conducted by doing a D6708 based assessment between results from the analyzer system (or subsystem) produced by application of the multivariate model, (such results are herein referred to as PPTMRs), versus the PTMRs for the same sample set. The system (or subsystem) is considered to be validated if the D6708 meets the following condition:(1) No bias correction can statistically improve the agreement between the PPTMRs versus the PTMRs, and(2) Rxy computed as per D6708 meets user-specified requirements.1.4.2.3 For analyzers used in product release or product quality certification applications, the precision and bias requirement for the degree of agreement are typically based on the site or published precision of the PTM.NOTE 1: In most applications of this type, the PTM is the specification-cited test method.1.4.2.4 This practice does not describe procedures for establishing precision and bias requirements for analyzer system applications. Such requirements must be based on the criticality of the results to the intended business application and on contractual and regulatory requirements. The user must establish precision and bias requirements prior to initiating the validation procedures described herein.1.5 This practice does not cover procedures for establishing the calibration model (correlation) used by the analyzer. Calibration procedures are covered in Practice D8321 and references therein.1.6 This practice is intended as a review for experienced persons. For novices, this practice will serve as an overview of techniques used to verify instrument performance, to verify model applicability to the spectrum of the sample under test, and to verify that the degree of agreement between PPTMRs and PTMRs meet user requirements.1.7 This practice specifies appropriate statistical tools, outlier detection methods, for determining whether the spectrum of the sample under test is a member of the population of spectra used for the analyzer calibration. The statistical tools are used to determine if the infrared measurement results in a valid property or parameter estimate.1.8 The outlier detection methods do not define criteria to determine whether the sample or the instrument is the cause of an outlier measurement. Thus, the operator who is measuring samples on a routine basis will find criteria to determine that a spectral measurement lies outside the calibration, but will not have specific information on the cause of the outlier. This practice does suggest methods by which instrument performance tests can be used to indicate if the outlier methods are responding to changes in the instrument response.1.9 This practice is not intended as a quantitative performance standard for the comparison of analyzers of different design.1.10 Although this practice deals primarily with validation of infrared and Raman analyzers, the procedures and statistical tests described herein are also applicable to other types of analyzers which employ multivariate models.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The transmittance of an attenuating medium can cause errors for an infrared thermographer using an infrared imaging radiometer to measure the temperature of a specimen through the medium. Three test methods are given for measuring and compensating for this error source.5.1.1 A procedure is given for measuring the transmittance of an attenuating medium.5.1.2 A procedure is given for compensating for errors when measuring the temperature of a specimen having a known emissivity through an attenuating medium with a known transmittance.5.1.3 A procedure is given for measuring and compensating for transmittance and emissivity errors when the specimen temperature is known.5.2 These procedures can be used in the field or laboratory using commonly available materials.5.3 These procedures can be used with any infrared radiometers that have the required computer capabilities.5.4 The values of transmittance are defined only in terms of the procedure for the purpose of process control and nondestructive evaluation of materials.1.1 This practice covers procedures for measuring and compensating for transmittance when using an infrared imaging radiometer to measure the temperature of a specimen through an attenuating medium, such as a window, filter, or atmosphere.21.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 These procedures may involve use of equipment and materials in the presence of heated or electrically-energized equipment, or both.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This procedure can be used for a variety of applications, including identifying unlabeled material, process control, raw material acceptance, product evaluation, and compositional change during environmental testing.5.2 Rubber chemicals vary widely in their chemical and physical properties. Infrared spectrophotometers vary in the presentation of a spectrum (some are linear with absorbance, others with transmittance, some use grating for energy dispersion, others use a sodium chloride prism, some obtain a spectrum through a mathematical Fourier Transform, and the like). For these reasons, a single universal method of specimen preparation and set of instrument parameters is not possible.5.3 By using a specific sampling procedure and operating conditions, a given spectrophotometer will give an absorption curve that is characteristic of the rubber chemical or mixture under investigation.5.4 The ability to superimpose the infrared spectrum of the test specimen upon that of a reference specimen, obtained under the same conditions, is evidence that the two are identical.5.5 The presence of additional absorption bands in either the test specimen or the reference specimen indicates the presence of one or more additional components.1.1 This practice covers a simple, rapid practice to prove the identity of a rubber chemical before incorporation into a rubber mix by comparison of its infrared absorption spectrum with that of a reference specimen.1.2 This technique can also be used to detect gross contamination or large differences in rubber chemicals. Thus, it can provide a basis for producer-consumer agreement.1.3 Wherever “infrared spectrophotometer” is used, “Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR)” may also be understood.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method provides a means for the comparison of waterborne oil samples with potential sources. The waterborne samples may be emulsified in water or obtained from beaches, boats, oil-soaked debris, and so forth. The unknown oil is identified by the similarity of its infrared spectrum with that of a potential source oil obtained from a known source, selected because of its possible relationship to the unknown oil. The analysis is capable of comparing most oils. Difficulties may be encountered if a spill occurs in an already polluted area, that is, the spilled-oil mixes with another oil. In certain cases, there may be interfering substances which require modification of the infrared test method or the use of other test methods (see Practice D3326, Method D.) It is desirable, whenever possible, to apply other independent analytical test methods to reinforce the findings of the infrared test method (see Practice D3415).1.1 This test method provides a means for the identification of waterborne oil samples by the comparison of their infrared spectra with those of potential source oils. 1.2 This test method is applicable to weathered or unweathered samples, as well as to samples subjected to simulated weathering. 1.3 This test method is written primarily for petroleum oils. 1.4 This test method is written for linear transmission, but could be readily adapted for linear absorbance outputs. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.

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5.1 This test method is used for determination of the carbon content of water from a variety of natural, domestic, and industrial sources. In its most common form, this test method is used to measure organic carbon as a means of monitoring organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. These measurements are also used in monitoring waste treatment processes.5.2 The relationship of TOC to other water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total oxygen demand (TOD) is described in the literature. 41.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), and total organic carbon (TOC) in water, wastewater, and seawater in the range from 0.1 mg/L to 4000 mg/L of carbon.1.2 This test method was used successfully with reagent water spiked with sodium carbonate, acetic acid, and pyridine. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.3 This test method is applicable only to carbonaceous matter in the sample that can be introduced into the reaction zone. The syringe needle or injector opening size generally limit the maximum size of particles that can be so introduced.1.4 In addition to laboratory analyses, this test method may be applied to stream monitoring.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice establishes the standard techniques that are of general use in securing and analyzing samples in microgram quantities (microanalysis) by infrared spectrophotometry. These techniques include general microspectroscopy, analysis of gas chromatographic fractions, analysis of liquid chromatographic fractions, analysis of thin-layer chromatographic fractions, analysis of paper chromatographic fractions, analysis of gases evolved from a thermogravimetric analyzer, and infrared spectroscopy using a microscope.1.1 This practice covers techniques that are of general use in securing and analyzing microgram quantities of samples by infrared spectrophotometric techniques. This practice makes repetition of description of specific techniques unnecessary in individual infrared methods.1.2 These recommendations are supplementary to Practices E168, E573, and E1252, which should be referred to for theory, general techniques of sample preparation, and calculations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur compounds is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product.1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum products including lubricating oils containing additives, and in additive concentrates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above 177 °C (350 °F). Other sulfur concentrations outside of those listed in 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 may be analyzed, but the precision stated may or may not apply. These procedures use IR detection or TCD following combustion in a furnace.1.1.1 Procedure A, IR Detection: 1.1.1.1 This procedure is applicable to samples containing a mass fraction of sulfur between 0.22 % and 24.2 %.1.1.1.2 Petroleum coke containing a mass fraction of sulfur between 2.53 % to 3.79 % sulfur may be analyzed.1.1.2 Procedure B, TCD Detection: 1.1.2.1 This procedure is applicable to samples containing a mass fraction of sulfur between 0.071 % and 25.8 %.1.1.2.2 Petroleum coke containing a mass fraction of sulfur between 0.19 % to 6.38 % sulfur may be analyzed.1.2 Petroleum coke containing a mass fraction of sulfur between 2.53 % to 3.79 % sulfur may be analyzed. Other sulfur concentrations may be analyzed, but the precision stated may or may not apply.NOTE 1: The D1552 – 08 (2014) version of this standard contained two other procedures using iodate titrations. Since these procedures are no longer being used in the industry laboratories based on a survey of D02.SC 3 laboratories conducted in September 2014, they are being deleted. For earlier information on the deleted procedures, D1552 – 08 (2014) may be perused.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides general guidelines for the proper practice of gas chromatography coupled with infrared spectrophotometric detection and analysis (GC/IR). This practice assumes that the chromatography involved in the practice is adequate to separate the compounds of interest. It is not the intention of this practice to instruct the user how to perform gas chromatography properly.1.1 This practice covers techniques that are of general use in analyzing qualitatively multicomponent samples by using a combination of gas chromatography (GC) and infrared (IR) spectrophotometric techniques. The mixture is separated into its individual components by GC and then these individual components are analyzed by IR spectroscopy. Types of GC-IR techniques discussed include eluent trapping, flowcell, and eluite deposition.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Mechanical properties of PEEK polymers, such as stiffness or yield strength, are influenced by the level of crystallinity.5 The reported crystallinity index determined by this test method has been correlated with percent crystallinity in PEEK polymers by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) experiments.2, 34.2 This test method may be useful for both process development, process control, product development, and research.1.1 This test method describes the collection of absorption spectra of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer in filled and unfilled grades, as supplied by a vendor, and the subsequent calculation of the percent crystallinity. The material is evaluated by infrared spectroscopy. The intensity (height) of the absorbance peaks is related to the amount of crystalline regions present in the material.1.2 This test method can be used for PEEK consolidated forms, such as injection molded parts, as long as the samples are optically flat and smooth.1.3 The applicability of the infrared method to industrial and medical grade PEEK materials has been demonstrated by scientific studies.2, 3 Percentage of crystallinity is related to R-FTIR measurement by calibration through wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) crystallinity measurements.2, 3 It is anticipated that this test method, involving the peak heights near 1305 cm-1 and 1280 cm-1, will be evaluated in an Interlaboratory Study (ILS) conducted according to Test Method E691.1.4 This test method does not suggest a desired range of crystallinity for specific applications.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 MOX is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. This test method is designed to determine whether the carbon content of the pellets meet the requirements of the fuel specification. Examples of these requirements are given in Specification C833.5.2 This method is suitable for all sintered MOX pellets containing up to 12 weight % PuO2 when the UO2 and PuO2 meet the requirements of Specifications C753 and C757. The method uncertainty is related to the concentration of the carbon in the sample. At lower concentrations, the relative uncertainty increases. At carbon contents close to the typical carbon content specification limit (100 μg carbon/g U + Pu metal) the method uncertainty is on the order of 5 %, but exact method performance is difficult to determine due to the lack of matrix matched certified reference material.1.1 This test method is an alternative to Test Method C698 for the determination of carbon in nuclear grade sintered mixed oxide (MOX) fuel pellets. The method for the determination of carbon presented in Test Method C698 consists of combusting carbon contained in MOX pellets with oxygen in a high-frequency induction furnace and detecting the resulting carbon dioxide using a thermal conductivity cell. The method for the determination of carbon presented in this test method consists of combusting carbon contained in MOX pellets with oxygen in a high-frequency induction furnace and subsequent detection of the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) using a non-dispersive infrared detector (NDIR). Sulfur oxide is stripped from the carrier gas stream by a cellulose filter prior to the detection of CO2.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous material, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 There are three types of olefinic groups present in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration, one or more of which can normally be found in any polyethylene (4). The three types are: trans-vinylene, R - CH = CH - R′, sometimes referred to as transinternal unsaturation; vinylidene or pendent methylene, RR′C = CH2; and vinyl unsaturation, R - CH = CH2, also referred to as terminal unsaturation.5.2 The type and quantity of these groups can influence the chemical and physical properties of the resin. Information concerning their presence may also be used to characterize or identify unknown resins or blends of resins.5.3 Vinylidene unsaturation represents the major portion of the unsaturation present in most low-density polyethylenes.5.4 Infrared spectroscopy can be used for the determination of unsaturation in polyethylene (1, 3, 5). The values determined by infrared agree with those determined by IC1 uptake (5).1.1 This test method is applicable to all types of polyethylenes, those ethylene plastics consisting of ethylene and α-olefin copolymers longer than propylene, and blends of the above in any ratio.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 All materials on exterior aircraft surfaces are subject to abrasion from airborne particles of various sizes and shapes. Transparent materials are particularly vulnerable to abrasion, since their performance is based on their ability to transmit light with a minimal amount of scatter. Scratches, pitting, and coating removal and delamination as a result of abrasion may increase scatter, reduce transmission, and degrade the performance of transparent materials. Visually transparent materials are required for pilot and air crew enclosures, such as canopies, windshields, and viewpoints. Materials transparent in the IR region (8 to 12 μm) are required for tracking, targeting, and navigational instrumentation.5.2 This test method is intended to provide a calibrated and repeatable means of determining the relative abrasion resistance of materials and coatings for optical and IR transparent materials and coatings. The test parameters for this test method can be directly related to dust cloud densities and velocities to which transparent materials are exposed in the field.1.1 This test method covers the resistance of transparent plastics and coatings used in aerospace windscreens, canopies, and viewports to surface erosion as a result of dust impingement. This test method simulates flight through a defined particle cloud environment by means of independent control of particle size, velocity, impact angle, mass loading, and test duration.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard covers the qualitative classification of synthetic detergent products or mixtures of synthetic detergents. It is applicable to built detergent formulations as well as individual surfactant compositions.NOTE 1: The organic active ingredient must be isolated from built syndet compositions in accordance with Test Method D2358.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This practice is intended for all infrared spectroscopists who are using dispersive instruments for qualitative or quantitative areas of analysis.4.2 The purpose of this practice is to set forth performance guidelines for testing instruments used in developing an analytical method. These guidelines can be used to compare an instrument in a specific application with the instrument(s) used in developing the method.4.3 An infrared procedure must include a description of the instrumentation and of the performance needed to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.1.1 This practice covers the necessary information to qualify dispersive infrared instruments for specific analytical applications, and especially for methods developed by ASTM International.1.2 This practice is not to be used as a rigorous test of performance of instrumentation.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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