5.1 Plutonium oxide powder is a component of MOX fuel. This test method can be used to determine whether the carbon and sulfur contents of the PuO2 powder meets the requirements of Specifications C757 and C753 or other requirements as defined by agreement between the nuclear and fuel supplier and the customer.5.2 MOX is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. To be used as a fuel, MOX materials must meet specifications on the impurity element contents in them. Examples of these requirements are given in Specification C833.5.3 This method is suitable for pure plutonium oxide powder.1.1 This test method is for the determination of the carbon and sulfur contents in plutonium oxide (PuO2) powder. The method utilizes an induction furnace purged with oxygen for combustion of the sample. Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide produced by the combustion are swept into absorption cells and quantified by infrared absorption spectrophotometers. This test method is an alternative to the methods for carbon and sulfur given in Test Method C697.1.2 Determination of the carbon and sulfur contents in nuclear-grade sintered mixed oxide (MOX) fuel pellets requires the use of larger samples and is addressed in Test Method C1853.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Units of measurement in parentheses are included for information only.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of a laboratory instrument on any given day with the prior performance of that instrument. This practice is not intended for comparison of different instruments with each other, nor is it directly applicable to dedicated process FT-NIR analyzers. This practice requires the use of a check sample compatible with the instrument under test as described in 5.3.1.1 This practice covers two levels of tests to measure the performance of laboratory Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometers. This practice applies to the short-wave near infrared region, approximately 800 nm (12 500 cm–1) to 1100 nm (9090.91 cm–1); and the long-wavelength near infrared region, approximately 1100 nm (9090.91 cm–1) to 2500 nm (4000 cm–1). This practice is intended mainly for transmittance measurements of gases and liquids, although it is broadly applicable for reflectance measurements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Benzene is classed as a toxic material. A knowledge of the concentration of this compound may be an aid in evaluating the possible health hazard to persons handling and using the gasoline. This test method is not intended to evaluate such hazards.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent benzene in full-range gasoline. It is applicable to concentrations from 0.1 % to 5 volume %.1.2 This test method has not been validated for gasolines containing oxygenates. Certain oxygenates interfere with the measurement described in this test method. Test Method D 6277 is recommended for gasolines containing oxygenates.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8 and 9.1.

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5.1 The present and growing international governmental requirements to add fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) to diesel fuel has had the unintended side-effect of leading to potential FAME contamination of jet turbine fuel in multifuel transport facilities such as cargo tankers and pipelines, and industry wide concerns.5.2 Analytical methods have been developed with the capability of measuring down to <5 mg/kg levels of FAME, however these are complex, and require specialized personnel and laboratory facilities. This Rapid Screening method has been developed for use in the supply chain by non specialized personnel to cover the range of 10 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg.1.1 This test method specifies a rapid screening method using flow analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FA-FTIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares (PLS-1) processing for the determination of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of aviation turbine fuel (AVTUR), in the range of 10 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg.NOTE 1: Specifications falling within the scope of this test method are: Specification D1655 and Defence Standard 91-91.NOTE 2: This test method detects all FAME components, with peak IR absorbance at approximately 1749 cm-1 and C8 to C22 molecules, as specified in standards such as Specification D6751 and EN 14214. The accuracy of the method is based on the molecular weight of C16 to C18 FAME species; the presence of other FAME species with different molecular weights could affect the accuracy.NOTE 3: Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants and corrosion inhibitors are measured with the FAME by the FTIR spectrometer. However the effects of these additives are removed by the flow analysis processing.NOTE 4: FAME concentrations from 150 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, and below 10 mg/kg can be measured but the precision could be affected.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Laser profiling assessment is a quality control tool for identifying and quantifying deformation, physical damage, and other pipe anomalies after installation, providing means and methods for determining the quality of workmanship and compliance with project specifications. Laser profiling can be used for:4.1.1 Measurement of the structural shape, cross sectional area and defects;4.1.2 Collection of data needed for pipe rehabilitation or replacement design; and4.1.3 Post rehabilitation, replacement or new construction workmanship verification.4.2 A laser profile pre-acceptance and condition assessment survey provides significant information in a clear and concise manner, including but not limited to graphs and still frame digital images of pipe condition prior to acceptance, thereby providing objective data on the installed quality and percentage ovality, deformation, deflection or deviation, that is often not possible from an inspection by either a mandrel or CCTV only survey.1.1 Laser profiling is a non-contact inspection method used to create a pipe wall profile and internal measurement using a standard CCTV pipe inspection system, 360 degree laser light projector, a measurement by means of infrared sensors and geometrical profiling software. This practice covers the procedure for the measurement to determine any deviation of the internal surface of installed pipe compared to the design. The measurements may be used to verify that the installation has met design requirements for acceptance or to collect data that will facilitate an assessment of the condition of pipe or conduit due to structural deviations or deterioration. This standard practice provides minimum requirements on means and methods for laser profiling to meet the needs of engineers, contractors, owners, regulatory agencies, and financing institutions.1.2 This practice applies to all types of pipe material, all types of construction, and pipe shapes.1.3 This practice applies to depressurized and gravity flow storm sewers, drains, sanitary sewers, and combined sewers with diameters from 6 in. to 72 in. (150 mm and 1800 mm).1.4 This standard does not include all aspects of pipe inspection, such as joint gaps, soil/water infiltration in joints, cracks, holes, surface damage, repairs, corrosion, and structural problems associated with these conditions.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The profiling process may require physical access to lines, entry manholes, and operations along roadways that may include safety hazards.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. There are no safety hazards specifically, however, associated with the use of the laser ring profiler specified (listed and labeled as specified in 1.3).1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Carbon dioxide gas transmission rate (CO2TR) is an important determinant of the packaging protection afforded by barrier materials. It is not, however, the sole determinant, and additional tests, based on experience, must be used to correlate packaging performance with CO2TR. It is suitable as a referee method of testing, provided that purchaser and seller have agreed on sampling procedures, standardization procedures, test conditions and acceptance criteria.1.1 This method covers a procedure for determination of the steady-state rate of transmission of carbon dioxide gas through plastics in the form of film, sheeting, laminates, coextrusions, or plastic-coated papers or fabrics. It provides for the determination of (1) carbon dioxide gas transmission rate (CO2TR), (2) the permeance of the film to carbon dioxide gas (PCO2), and (3) carbon dioxide permeability coefficient (P’CO2) in the case of homogeneous materials.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Biodiesel is a fuel commodity primarily used as a value-added blending component with diesel fuel.5.2 This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends containing FAME.5.3 The use of triglycerides in fuels is not approved for transportation applications within any ASTM specification. This test method allows the quantification of triglyceride concentration in biodiesel blends, thus enabling detection of out-of-specification blending.5.4 This test method is fast, simple to run, inexpensive and requires no sample preparation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel and triglyceride (TAG) concentrations in traditional diesel and renewable diesel fuel blends using a portable mid-infrared spectrometer.1.2 The method applies to samples with biodiesel concentrations from 3 % to 40 % by volume. Additionally, it applies to samples with biodiesel concentrations from 2 % to 27 % by volume which contain triglycerides concentrations from 1 % to 10 % by volume. Triglycerides from 2 % to 10 % by volume can be determined in samples of diesel having biodiesel concentrations from 3 % to 27 % by volume. FAME and triglyceride can be simultaneously determined outside these stated ranges, but the stated precision estimates do not apply.1.3 The method is not able to distinguish TAG and FAME if the TAG concentrations is below 0.142× the measured FAME concentrations.1.4 This procedure is not appropriate for the determination of the concentration of biodiesel in the form of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), see Section 6 for further discussion of possible interferences.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods for the analysis, comparison, and identification of pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes. If no meaningful differences are noted between the known and unknown samples regarding physical appearance or measurements, then IR spectroscopy should be the next step in the analytical scheme.5.2 Infrared spectroscopy can provide molecular information regarding major organic and inorganic components. For various reasons, components in lesser amounts are typically more difficult to identify unequivocally. Reasons for this include interference of the absorption bands of the major components with the less intense bands of minor components and sensitivity issues whereby the minor components are present at concentrations below the detection limits of the instrument.5.3 Infrared spectroscopy can be used to obtain spectra for elucidation of the chemical composition of a tape and for comparison of two or more tape samples. When used for spectral comparisons, the objective is to determine whether any meaningful differences exist between the samples.1.1 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a valuable method for the identification and comparison of pressure sensitive tapes (1-20).2 This guide provides basic recommendations and information about infrared spectrometers and accessories, with an emphasis on sampling techniques specific to pressure sensitive tape examinations. The particular method(s) employed by each examiner or laboratory will depend upon available equipment, examiner training, sample suitability, and sample size.1.2 This guide is intended for examiners with a basic knowledge of the theory and proficiency in the use of infrared spectroscopy as well as experience in the handling and forensic examination of pressure sensitive tapes. Further, this guide is to be used in conjunction with a broader analytical scheme (21-23).1.3 Disclaimer: This guide offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This standard cannot replace knowledge, skill, or the ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1 Scope This clause of part 1 is replaced by: This standard deals with the safety of electric appliances incorporating emitters for exposing the skin to ultraviolet and infrared radiation, for household and similar use, their rated voltage being no

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4.1 Hydrogenated nitrile rubbers are available at different levels of unsaturation and different acrylonitrile content. Highly saturated grades offer optimum resistance to aging, such as exposure to heat, ozone, and chemicals, and can be effectively cured only with peroxides or high energy radiation.4.2 Partially unsaturated grades can be cured by sulfur systems in addition to peroxides and high energy radiation.4.3 This test method provides an infrared technique to determine the unsaturation level of hydrogenated nitrile rubbers in the raw state. It can be used for research and development, quality control, and referee purposes.1.1 This test method covers the percentage of residual unsaturation (double bonds in unhydrogenated butadiene) in hydrogenated nitrile rubber and is based on infrared examination of rubber films cast from solution.1.2 This test method is applicable to all grades of hydrogenated nitrile rubber in the raw state.1.3 This test method assumes that specimens and infrared spectra are prepared and analyzed by experienced personnel and that the equipment is operated according to the manufacturer's direction for optimum performance. No details for operation of infrared spectrophotometers are included in this test method.1.4 Since it is customary in infrared spectrophotometry to use wavenumbers (cm−1) rather than Hertz (Hz), the unit for frequency in the SI system, the former is employed throughout this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These practices are intended for all infrared spectroscopists. For novices, these practices will serve as an overview of preparation, operation, and calculation techniques. For experienced persons, these practices will serve as a review when seldom-used techniques are needed.1.1 These practices cover the techniques most often used in infrared quantitative analysis. Practices associated with the collection and analysis of data on a computer are included as well as practices that do not use a computer.1.2 This practice does not purport to address all of the concerns associated with developing a new quantitative method. It is the responsibility of the developer to ensure that the results of the method fall in the desired range of precision and bias.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements appear in Section 6, Note A4.7, Note A4.11, and Note A5.6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Determination of carbon monoxide is essential to evaluation of many air pollution concerns and pollution control strategies. This test method derives significance from providing such determination.5.2 Carbon monoxide is formed in the process of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and is a constituent of the exhaust of gasoline engines. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards for CO that are designed to protect the public health and welfare (3, 4).5.3 This test method is suitable for measurements appropriate for the purposes noted in 5.1 and 5.2.1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of the atmosphere between 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) and 115 mg/m3 (100 ppm(v)). The measuring principle is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by CO in the 4.7 μm region (1).21.2 The test method has a limit of detection of about 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) carbon monoxide in air.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values and units in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers infrared thermometers, which are electronic instruments intended for the intermittent measurement and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor. The specification addresses the assessment of the subject's internal body temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Though, performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided. Limits are set for laboratory accuracy, and determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments are required. Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are all established herein.1.1 This specification covers electronic instruments intended for intermittent measuring and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor.1.2 The specification addresses assessing subject’s body internal temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided.1.3 The specification sets limits for laboratory accuracy and requires determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments.1.4 Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are established.NOTE 1: For electrical safety, consult Underwriters Laboratory Standards.2NOTE 2: For electromagnetic emission requirements and tests, refer to CISPR 11: 1990 Lists of Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Disturbance Characteristics of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radiofrequency Equipment.31.5 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods for the analysis, comparison, and identification of fibers using IR spectroscopy. IR spectroscopy can provide additional compositional information than is obtained using polarized light microscopy alone. The extent to which IR spectral comparison is conducted will vary with specific sample and case evaluations.5.2 IR analysis should follow visible and fluorescence comparison microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and ultraviolet (UV)/visible spectroscopy. If no exclusionary differences are noted between the known and unknown samples in optical properties, then proceed to IR spectroscopy as the next step in the analytical scheme, as applicable.NOTE 1: IR analysis generally follows the aforementioned techniques since sample preparation (for example, flattening) irreversibly changes fiber morphology.5.3 IR spectroscopy should be conducted before dye extraction for chromatography due to the semi-destructive nature of the extraction technique. Because of the large number of sub-generic classes, forensic examination of acrylic and modacrylic fibers is likely to benefit significantly from IR spectral analysis (5). Useful distinctions between subtypes of nylon and polyester fibers can also be made by IR spectroscopy.5.4 IR spectroscopy can provide molecular information regarding major organic and inorganic components. Components in lesser amounts are typically more difficult to identify. Reasons for this include interference of the absorption bands of the major components with the less-intense bands of minor components, and sensitivity issues whereby the minor components are present at concentrations below the detection limits of the instrument.5.5 Fiber samples are prepared and mounted for microscopical IR analysis by a variety of techniques. IR spectra of fibers are obtained using an IR spectrometer coupled with an IR microscope, ATR, or diamond compression cell with beam condenser.5.6 IR spectroscopy can be used to obtain spectra for elucidation of the chemical composition of the fiber and for comparison of two or more fiber samples.5.6.1 When used to characterize the fiber type, the spectrum can be compared to reference spectra obtained from authenticated samples or reference standards.5.6.2 When used for spectral comparisons, the objective is to determine whether any exclusionary differences exist between the samples.1.1 Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a valuable method of fiber polymer identification and comparison in forensic examinations. The use of IR microscopes, coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, has greatly simplified the IR analysis of single fibers, thus making the technique feasible for routine use in the forensic laboratory. This guide provides basic recommendations and information about IR spectrometers and accessories, with an emphasis on sampling techniques specific to fiber examinations. The particular method(s) employed by each examiner or laboratory will depend upon available equipment, examiner training, sample suitability, and sample size.1.2 This guide is intended for examiners with a basic knowledge of the theory and practice of IR spectroscopy, as well as experience in the handling and forensic examination of fibers. In addition, this guide is to be used in conjunction with a broader analytical scheme.1.3 If polymer identification is not readily apparent from optical data alone, an additional method of analysis, such as microchemical tests, melting point, IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, or pyrolysis gas chromatography, should be used. An advantage of IR spectroscopy is that the instrumentation is readily available in most forensic laboratories and the technique is minimally destructive.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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