5.1 This test method has the advantage of extreme simplicity. It is a crude and non-specific test method, but it is useful in the study of long-term trends. It requires very little investment in equipment and can be carried out without a large technically-skilled staff.5.2 This test method is useful for obtaining samples of settleable particulate matter for further chemical analysis (1).41.1 This test method covers a procedure for collection of dustfall and its measurement. This test method is not appropriate for determination of the dustfall rate in small areas affected by specific sources. This test method describes determination of both water-soluble and insoluble particulate matter.1.2 This test method is inappropriate for industrial hygiene use except where other more specific methods are also used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method provides a means of automatically separating and collecting atmospheric particulate and acidic gaseous fluoride samples.5.2 Since the samples are collected on dry tapes, the samples are in a form which allows elution of the fluoride content with a small volume of eluent. Consequently, the method allows analyses of air samples taken for a time period as short as several minutes.1.1 This test method describes the automatic separation and collection on chemically treated paper tapes of particulate and gaseous forms of acidic fluorides in the atmosphere by means of a double paper tape sampler. The sampler may be programmed to collect and store individual air samples obtained over time periods from several minutes to 3 h. A 30.5-m (100-ft) tape will allow unattended operation for the automatic collection of up to 600 samples.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are included for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Sources of particulate and water-soluble gaseous fluorides in the atmosphere include the fertilizers, aluminum reduction plants, phosphate processors, steel mills, coal burning operations, brick and tile manufacturers, and various less significant sources (5). Gaseous fluorides can cause adverse effects when ingested or inhaled by animals or humans, or absorbed by plants. The procedures documented in this test method provide a means of determining of particulate and water soluble gaseous fluoride in atmospheres.5.2 This test method provides a means of separation and collection of particulate and water soluble gaseous fluoride and provides samples that are convenient to analyze.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for separation and collection of particulate and water-soluble gaseous fluorides from the atmosphere on a chemically treated filter and in an impinger. The sampling rate may vary from 30  L/min (1.0 ft3/min) to 15 L/min (0.5 ft3/min) for longer sampling periods depending on the atmospheric fluoride concentration. This test method is not intended to be applied to gaseous fluorine compounds that are not water-soluble.1.2 There are several limitations of the test method:1.2.1 Although the acid-treated, medium retentive, prefilter has been shown to allow passage of HF, it restricts passage of particulate matter only as small as about 1 μm. Thus, smaller particulate matter may pass through the filter and be collected in or pass through the impingers.1.2.2 The maximum sample volume to be taken using this test method prior to changing the acid-treated prefilter is recommended as 12 m3. This recommendation is made to minimize any effects due to particulate matter build-up.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 7.4.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The sodium bicarbonate coated tube filter method provides a means of separating and collecting atmospheric gaseous fluoride and particulate fluoride samples.5.2 Since the samples are collected on the dry tube and filter, the fluoride may be eluted with a small volume of eluant (see Section 10 for specific instructions on fluoride elution). Elution into a small volume and the sensitivity of the analytical methods employed allow the analysis of the collected fluoride to fractional parts of a microgram per cubic metre on samples taken for a 12-h period.1.1 The sodium bicarbonate-coated glass tube and membrane filter method provides a means for the separation and collection of gaseous atmospheric forms of fluoride reactive with sodium bicarbonate and particulate forms of fluoride which are collected by a filter. The test method is applicable to 12-h sampling periods, collecting 1 to 500 μg of gaseous fluoride at a 15 L/min (0.5 ft3/min) sampling rate or about 0.1 to 50 μg/m3. The length of the sampling period can therefore be adjusted so that the amount of fluoride collected will fall within this range. The actual lower limit of the test method will depend upon the sensitivity of the analytical method employed and the quality of reagents used in tube preparation and analysis. It is recommended that the lower limit of detection should be considered as two times the standard deviation of the monthly arithmetic mean blank value. Any values greater than the blank by less than this amount should be reported as “blank value.”1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 In this test method, the amount of particulate generated into the air by operating a vacuum cleaner over a specific floor covering that is contaminated with dust will be determined. Particles from the motor, floor covering, and the test dust will all be measured. The amount of dust generated in the laboratory practice will differ from that in residential/commercial installations because of variations in floor coverings, soil and other solid particulate compositions, the vacuuming process used by individual operators, the air exchange rate of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and other factors.4.2 To provide a uniform basis for measuring the performance in 4.1, a standardized test chamber, equipment, floor covering material, and dust particulate are used in this test method.4.3 Due to the large range of generated particle counts observed among products in the vacuum cleaner industry at the present time, the test results of the maximum particle counts generated under this test method are expressed in Log10 equivalents for evaluation and comparison of product performance.1.1 This test method provides a laboratory test for the measurement of particulate generated as a direct result of the vacuuming process.1.2 This test method is applicable to all residential/commercial uprights, canisters, stickvacs, central vacuum systems, and combination cleaners.1.3 This test method applies to test dust removal from floor coverings not the removal of surface litter and debris.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Low temperature fuel cells such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) require high purity hydrogen for maximum material performance and lifetime. The particulates in hydrogen used in FCVs and hydrogen powered internal combustion vehicles may adversely affect pneumatic control components, such as valves or other critical system components. The visualization of the size and morphology of particles is an important tool for determining particle origin as well as for devising particle formation reduction strategies.1.1 This test method is primarily intended for visualizing and measuring the sizes and morphology of particulates in hydrogen used as a fuel for fuel cell or internal combustion engine powered vehicles. This test method describes procedures required to obtain size and morphology data of known quality. This test method can be applied to other gaseous samples requiring determination of particulate sizes and morphology provided the user’s data quality objectives are satisfied.1.2 Mention of trade names in standard does not constitute endorsement or recommendation. Other manufacturers of equipment, software or equipment models can be used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission rates is an important test method widely used in the practice of air pollution control.5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal or state agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining compliance with regulations and statutes.5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard an important tool in manufacturer’s research and development programs.5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform basis for comparison of product performance that is useful to the consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced to the useful heat production.5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be fully representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that users of hand-fired wood burning equipment have a great deal of influence over the performance of any wood-burning appliance. Some compromises in realism have been made in the interest of providing a reliable and repeatable test method.1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired or automatically fed biomass burning hydronic heating appliances. These appliances transfer heat to the indoor environment through circulation of a liquid heat exchange media such as water or a water-antifreeze mixture.1.2 The test method simulates hand loading of seasoned cordwood or fueling with a specified biomass fuel and measures particulate emissions and delivered heating efficiency at specified heat output rates based on the appliance’s rated heating capacity.1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel method as specified in Test Method E2515. Delivered efficiency is determined by measurement of the usable heat output (determined through measurement of the flow rate and temperature change of water circulated through a heat exchanger external to the appliance) and the heat input (determined from the mass of dry fuel burned and its higher heating value). Delivered efficiency does not attempt to account for pipeline loss.1.4 Products covered by this test method include both pressurized and non-pressurized heating appliances intended to be fired with wood or automatically fed biomass fuels. These products are hydronic heating appliances which the manufacturer specifies for outdoor or indoor installation. They are often connected to a heat exchanger by insulated pipes and normally include a pump to circulate heated liquid. They are used to heat structures such as homes, barns, and greenhouses and can heat domestic hot water, spas, or swimming pools.1.4.1 Hydronic heating systems that incorporate a high mass heat storage system that is capable of storing the entire heat output of a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A1. Systems that incorporate high mass heat storage capable of storing a portion of the output from a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A2.1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this standard include:1.5.1 Manufacturers specify indoor or outdoor installation.1.5.2 A firebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel or a hopper and automated feed system for delivery of particulate fuel such as wood pellets or solid biomass fuel to a burn pot or combustion chamber.1.5.3 Typically a thermostatic control device that controls combustion air supply or fuel delivery, or both, to maintain the liquid in the appliance within a predetermined temperature range provided sufficient fuel is available in the firebox or hopper.1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion products from the appliance.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6.1 Exception—Metric units are used in 13.1, 13.4.3, Tables 4-6, and A1.11.6.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It has long been the practice to include in fuel specifications a requirement that the fuel be clear and bright and free of visible particulate matter (see Note 1). However, there has been no standard method for making this determination so that practices have differed. This test method provides standard procedures for the test.NOTE 1: Clean and bright is sometimes used in place of clear and bright. The meaning is identical.5.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for contamination in a distillate fuel. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance, primarily as a communication tool. Other test methods, including Test Methods D2276, D2709, and D4860, permit quantitative determinations of contaminants. No relationship has been established between Procedure 2 and these quantitative methods.5.2.1 Test Method D8148 has established a correlating relationship with Procedure 2 appearance rating numbers by reporting a correlating instrument haze rating (IHR) based upon its spectroscopically determined haze clarity index (HCI). Supporting data can be found in RR:D02-1876.55.3 Limited laboratory evaluations of samples that have failed this clear and bright test indicate that an experienced tester can detect as little as 40 ppm of free water in the fuel.1.1 This test method covers two procedures for estimating the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points below 400 °C and an ASTM color of 5 or less.1.1.1 Both procedures can be used as field tests at storage temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures.1.1.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for contamination. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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7.1 The ionic form of an ion-exchange material affects both its equivalent mass and its equilibrium water content. These in turn influence the numerical values obtained in exchange capacity determinations, in density measurements, and in the size of the particles. To provide a uniform basis for comparison, therefore, the sample should be converted to a known ionic form before analysis. This procedure provides for the conversion of cation-exchange materials to the sodium form and anion-exchange materials to the chloride form prior to analysis. These forms are chosen since they permit samples to be weighed and dried without concern for air contamination or decomposition. If other ionic forms are used this fact should be noted in reporting the results.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of ion-exchange resins when used for the treatment of water. They are intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following thirteen test methods are included:  SectionsTest Practice A—Pretreatment  6 – 10Test Method B—Water Retention Capacity 11 – 18Test Method C—Backwashed and Settled Density 19 – 26Test Method D—Particle Size Distribution 27 – 35Test Method E—Salt-Splitting Capacity of Cation-Exchange Resins 36 – 45Test Method F—Total Capacity of Cation-Exchange Resins 46 – 55Test Method G—Percent Regeneration of Hydrogen-Form Cation-Exchange Resins 56 – 64Test Method H—Total and Salt-Splitting Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins 65 – 73Test Practice I—Percent Regeneration of Anion Exchange Resins 74 – 82Test Practice J—Ionic Chloride Content of Anion-Exchange Resins 83 – 90Test Method K—Carbonate Content of Anion-Exchange Resins 91 – 99Test Method L—Sulfate Content of Anion Exchange Resins 100 – 108Test Practice M—Total Anion Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins  109 – 1171.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.8.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides criteria for products used to measure particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbine fuel. The objective is to verify that filters, support pads, and field monitors fall within the acceptable ranges that are established by this practice.1.1 This practice determines suitability of products used for measuring particulate contamination in aviation turbine fuel when using Test Methods D5452 and D2276.1.2 There are two major parts of this practice. The first is for evaluation of the cellulose acetate butyrate field monitors that are used in combination with the filters and the filter support pads. The second part is for evaluation of the filter when used with an appropriate cellulose acetate butyrate field monitor.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This sampling procedure is used to collect a particulate filter sample containing particulates 0.2 µm or larger in size to be used to measure the size and concentration of particulates in a gaseous fuel stream.1.1 This practice is primarily for sampling particulates in gaseous fuels up to a nominal working pressure (NWP) of 70 MPa (10 152 psi) using an in-stream filter. This practice describes sampling apparatus design, operating procedures, and quality control procedures required to obtain the stated levels of precision and accuracy.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Low operating temperature fuel cells such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) require high purity hydrogen for maximum material performance and lifetime. Measurement of particulates in hydrogen is necessary for assuring a feed gas of sufficient purity to satisfy fuel cell and internal combustion system needs as defined in SAE J2719. The particulates in hydrogen fuel for fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and gaseous hydrogen powered internal combustion engine vehicles may adversely affect pneumatic control components, such as valves, or other critical system components. Therefore, the concentration of particulates in the hydrogen fuel should be limited as specified by ISO 14687-2, SAE J2719, or other hydrogen fuel quality specifications.5.2 Although not intended for application to gases other than hydrogen fuel, techniques within this test method can be applied to gas samples requiring determination of particulate concentration.1.1 This test method is primarily intended for gravimetric determination of particulate concentration in hydrogen intended as a fuel for fuel cell or internal combustion engine powered vehicles. This test method describes operating and quality control procedures required to obtain data of known quality satisfying the requirements of SAE J2719. This test method can be applied to other gaseous samples requiring determination of particulates provided the user’s data quality objectives are satisfied.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The measurement of particulate matter is widely performed to characterize emissions from stationary sources in terms of emission concentrations and emission rates to the atmosphere for engineering and regulatory purposes.5.2 This test method provides near real-time measurement results and is particularly well suited for use in performance assessment and optimization of particulate matter controls achieved by air pollution control devices or process modifications (including fuel, feed, or process operational changes) and performance assessments of particulate matter continuous emissions monitoring systems (PM CEMS)5.3 This test method is well suited for measurement of particulate matter-laden gas streams in the range of 0.2 mg/m3 to 50 mg/m3, especially at low concentrations.5.4 The U.S. EPA has concurred that this test method has been demonstrated to meet the Method 301 bias3 and precision criteria for measuring particulate matter from coal fired utility boilers when compared with EPA Method 17 and Method 5 (40CFR60, Appendix A).5.5 This test method can accurately measure relative particulate matter concentrations over short intervals and can be used to assess the uniformity of particulate concentrations at various points on a measurement traverse within a duct or stack.1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This test method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This test method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.1.2 This test method is suitable for collecting and measuring filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 mg/m3 and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this test method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200°C (392°F) and having gas velocities from 3 to 27 m/s.1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a description of the procedure used for calculating the results.1.6 This test method may also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species having the potential to react with or within the sample train.1.7 Appendix X1 provides procedures for assessment of the spatial variation in particulate matter (PM) concentration within the cross section of a stack or duct test location to determine whether a particular sampling point or limited number of sampling points can be used to acquire representative PM samples.1.8 Appendix X2 provides procedures for reducing the sampling time required to perform calibrations of automated monitoring systems where representative PM samples can be acquired from a single sample point and certain other conditions are met.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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9.1 Cation exchange materials are frequently used in the sodium form to exchange divalent and trivalent ions in the influent water for sodium ions on the resin sites. This process is commonly referred to as softening water since it removes those ions that form a “hard” curd of insoluble salts with the fatty acids used in some soaps and that also precipitate when water is boiled. In such a process, sodium chloride is used as the regenerant to return the cation-exchanging groups to the sodium form.9.2 This test method is intended to simulate the performance of such materials in actual usage. It may be used either to compare the performance of new materials or to compare the performance of a material that has been used with its original performance.9.3 Regenerant concentrations and dosages used herein are typical for the types of materials used in this application. If different concentrations or amounts of regenerant are agreed upon by parties using this test method, this fact should be stated when the results are reported. Similarly, the test water specified is the agreed upon standard. Where other test waters or the water to be treated are used in the test, the analysis of the water in terms of total solids, sodium, calcium, magnesium, other di- or trivalent metals as well as the major anions present should be reported with the test results.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating capacity of particulate cation-exchange materials when used for the removal of calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions from water. It is intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following two test methods are included:  SectionsTest Method A—Sodium Cycle  8 to 14Test Method B—Hydrogen Cycle 15 to 211.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The tape lift provides a rapid and simple technique for removing particles from a surface and determining their number and size distribution.3.2 By using statistically determined sample size and locations, an estimate of the surface cleanliness level of large areas can be made. The user shall define the sampling plan.3.3 The sampling plan shall consider the importance of surface geometry and surface orientation to gas flow, gravity, obstructions, and previous history of hardware. These factors influence particle fallout and entrapment of particles on the surface. The geometry of joints, recessed areas, fasteners, and the correspondence of particle-count data to area can be maintained.3.4 The selection of tape and the verification of its effect on the cleanliness of the hardware is very important. The tape adhesive should have sufficient cohesion to avoid transfer of the adhesive to the surface under test. The impact of adhesive transfer should be evaluated by laboratory testing before using the tape on the hardware. Since potential for adhesive transfer exists, cleaning to remove any adhesive might be required. In addition, the tape should have low outgassing characteristics, and as a minimum, it should meet the requirements of less than 1.0 % total mass loss (TML) and 0.1 % collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM), as measured by Test Method E595.3.5 Care should be exercised in deciding which surfaces should be tested by this practice. The tape can remove marginally adhering paint and coatings. Optical surfaces should not be tested until verification has been made that the surface coating will not be damaged. The minimum effectiveness of particle removal from smooth surfaces and angles down to 90° for all practice methods is 90 % for particles larger than 5 μm. Rough surface finishes result in low removal efficiencies. Surface finishes up to approximately 3.20 μm (125 μin.) have been tested and found to give satisfactory results.3.6 This practice has been tested only on surfaces at room temperature. Evaluation of temperature effects must be conducted prior to using the test on surfaces other than room temperature.3.7 Only personnel experienced in microscopic particle-counting techniques should be used to count and size the particles.1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling surfaces to determine the presence of particulate contamination, 5 μm and larger. The practice consists of the application of a pressure-sensitive tape to the surface followed by the removal of particulate contamination with the removal of the tape. The tape with the adhering particles is then mounted on counting slides. Counting and measuring of particles is done by standard techniques.1.2 This practice describes the materials and equipment required to perform sampling of surfaces for particle counting and sizing.1.3 The criteria for acceptance or rejection of a part for conformance to surface cleanliness level requirements shall be determined by the user and are not included in this practice.1.4 This practice is for use on surfaces that are not damaged by the application of adhesive tape. The use of this practice on any surface of any material not previously tested, or for which the susceptibility to damage is unknown, is not recommended. In general, metals, metal plating, and oxide coatings will not be damaged. Application to painted, vapor deposited, and optical coatings should be evaluated before implementing this test.1.5 This practice provides three methods to evaluate tape lift tests, as follows:Practice Sections   A—This method uses light transmitted through the tape and tape adhesive to detect particles that adhere to it. 4 to 6 B—This method uses light transmitted through the tape adhesive after bonding to a base microscope slide, dissolving the tape backing, and a cover slide. The particles are embedded in the adhesive, and air bubbles are eliminated with acrylic mounting media. 7 to 9 C—This method uses light reflected off the tape adhesive to detect particles that adhere to it. 10 to 121.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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