1.1 This specification covers the white pigments that consist substantially of anhydrous (calcined) natural aluminum silicates (of the 1+1 layer type) and are restricted to those minerals which conform to the chemical compositional limits prescribed herein and which can be suitably processed to what is known as paint pigment quality.

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This specification establishes the properties and requirements for the pigments commercially known as raw sienna and burnt sienna in the dry and paste in oil forms. The dry pigments shall be sampled and tested as appropriate, and conform accordingly to composition requirements as to iron oxide, calcium compounds, moisture and other volatile matter, coarse particles (total residue retained on a No. 325 sieve), and organic colors. The pigments in paste in oil form shall conversely be tested and conform to composition requirements as to pigment, nonvolatile vehicle, moisture by distillation, and coarse particles (total residue retained on a No. 325 sieve). Both forms shall adhere to specified mass color, tint character, and tinting strength requirements as well.1.1 This specification covers the pigments commercially known as raw sienna and burnt sienna.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers molybdate orange dry pigments made by chemical coprecipitation of lead chromate and lead molybdate, with or without admixtures of other insoluble lead compounds or other materials. Mixing the pigments with a white pigment should produce tints with required mass colors and characters. The dry pigments should be subjected to chemical analysis, The dry pigments should conform to the specified requirements for chromium content, molybdenum content, moisture and other volatile matter content, coarse particle content, water-soluble matter content, mass color and tinting strength, and resistance to loss of gloss, chalking, and color change.1.1 This specification covers the pigment known as molybdate orange.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The following hazard caveat applies to the test method portion of this specification only. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used as a referee method and for quality control. The vehicle (oil) for preparing the dispersions and the tinting pigment (ultramarine blue) are specified but other vehicles and tinting pigments can be used. Any such changes in the test method must be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.4.2 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast and relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by visual assessment of blue tints.1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.NOTE 1: Test Method D2745 describes a procedure for instrumental evaluation of black tinted samples.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the basic requirement for colored and white pigments in powder form to be used as admixtures in concrete for the purpose of producing integrally colored concrete. Where the pigments are a constituent of a multicomponent admixture, this specification applies to the pigment constituent of the admixture. This specification does not include the determination of pigment stability when elevated temperature using low-pressure (atmospheric) or high-pressure (autoclave) steam is used to accelerate the curing process. Cement (either Type I or Type II), aggregates, and admixtures materials shall be subjected to the following test methods: water wettability; alkali resistance; percentage of sulfates; water solubility; atmospheric curing stability; light resistance; effects on concrete, which include preparation of mixtures, making and curing, time of setting, air content, and compressive strength; and color match of shipment.1.1 This specification covers the basic requirement for colored and white pigments in powder form to be used as admixtures in concrete for the purpose of producing integrally colored concrete. Where the pigments are a constituent of a multicomponent admixture, this specification applies to the pigment constituent of the admixture. This specification is not intended to establish compatibility of pigments with any other concrete admixtures unless they are tested in combination in accordance with 4.7.1.2 This specification does not include the determination of pigment stability when elevated temperature using low-pressure (atmospheric) or high-pressure (autoclave) steam is used to accelerate the curing process.1.3 In addition to tests defining the pigments themselves, a limited number of tests on concrete are included to define the effects on setting times, air content, and compressive strength. If more extensive information is required for a particular job, additional testing criteria and procedures should be agreed upon between the seller and user.1.4 The maximum prescribed dosage rate of a pigment, established in accordance with 4.7, shall be equal to or less than 10 mass % of cement. When a combination of pigments is used to produce the desired color and color intensity, the total dosage rate of all pigments combined shall not exceed any of the individual maximum dosage rates of the component pigments.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.

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4.1 This practice is of value (1) to the producer of fine particles as a means of reporting particle characteristics with respect to quality control and (2) to the buyer to assure that the particle size and particle size distribution meet his requirements.1.1 This practice for reporting the fineness characteristics of pigments is designed to apply in most cases where well-known methods for determining these particle size characteristics in the subsieve range are employed, such as microscopic, sedimentation, and turbidimetric methods; and partially to absorption and permeability methods.1.2 Laminar, plate-like pigments and composite pigments having a definite bimodal distribution are not considered within the scope of this practice.1.3 Parameters—The fineness characteristics are reported in the following three parameters:1.3.1 Particle Size Parameter.1.3.2 Coarseness Parameter—A parameter descriptive of the coarseness character of the pigment, making use of a limiting value in the subsieve range similar to that used in the sieve ranges.1.3.3 Dispersion Parameter—A parameter descriptive of the uniformity of the particle size distribution.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements and methods of test for lamellar iron oxide pigments, commonly called micaceous iron oxide, used primarily in protective coatings for steel. This standard is related to ISO 10601 and Australian Standard 2855- covering both specifications and methods of test. A companion test method for lamellar (thin film) content is included. This specification covers two types of micaceous iron oxide.1.2 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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AbstractThese test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of white titanium dioxide pigments. The analytical procedures appear in the following order: sample preparation, qualitative analysis, moisture content determination, total titanium content determination by Jones Reductor and Aluminum Reduction methods, aluminum oxide content determination, and silica content determination. The reagents to be used shall include ammonium hydroxide, ammonium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid, tin, zinc, carbon steel, iron, ferric sulfate solution, nitric acid, sodium oxalate, potassium permanganate, aluminum metal foil, ammonium thiocyanate indicator solution, ferritic ammonium sulfate solution, sodium bicarbonate solution, sulfuric acid, titanium dioxide, acetic acid, ammonium phosphate, EDTA solution, methyl orange indicator solution, sodium bisulfate monohydrate, sodium fluoride, xylenol orange indicator solution, and zinc sulfate solution.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of white titanium dioxide pigments.1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionsPreparation of Sample 4Qualitative Analysis 5 and 6Moisture 7Total Titanium:   Jones Reductor Method   8 – 12 Aluminum Reduction Method 13 – 17Aluminum Oxide 18 – 22Silica 23 – 291.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in Section 19.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This standard specification covers wet ground mica pigments for use in the manufacture of protective coatings. Pigments shall be made by wet grinding muscovite mica. Properties such as density, moisture, grit, coarse particles, residue, ignition loss, and color shall conform to the requirements of the specification.1.1 This specification covers two types of finely divided muscovite mica, commercially known as wet ground mica, suitable for use in the manufacture of protective coatings.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The nonvolatile content of raw materials may be used to determine the total nonvolatile content (solids) of paint and related coatings. Such information may be useful to coatings producers and users for the determination of the total solids available for film formation and for the estimation of the volatile organic content.1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of the proper ASTM test method for determining the volatile and nonvolatile content of pigments.NOTE 1: Test methods for determining the composition of the volatile fraction are not covered by this guide.1.2 The standards included are as follows:Standard Section ASTM DesignationInert or low hiding pigments 4.1 D280White pigments 4.2 D280Black pigments 4.3 D280     D1509Aluminum and zinc pigments 4.4 D280    D480Blue pigments 4.5 D280     D1135Green pigments 4.6 D280Yellow, orange, brown pigments 4.7 D280     D3724Red pigments 4.8 D280Miscellaneous 4.9  1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard is useful for characterizing the wettability of surfaces. A surface that is easy to wet is one over which a coating is more likely to give good adhesion and appearance and less likely to suffer surface tension related defects such as crawling, cratering, pinholing and orange peel.5.2 This standard also can be used to test pigment surfaces for wettability, particularly by potential surfactant- or resin-based dispersants or mill bases. Easily wetted pigments are more likely to be easy to disperse and dispersants/mill bases that wet pigments of interest are more likely to disperse those pigments well.5.3 Although the contact angle is governed by the surface tensions of the test liquid and test surface, the angle cannot provide a surface tension value directly.5.4 A low advancing contact angle value (<45°) is indicative of wetting and angles of 10 to 20° are indicative of excellent wetting.5.5 Water can be used as a test liquid to establish (via the advancing contact angle) whether a surface is hydrophilic (angle <45°), hydrophobic (angle >90°) or somewhere in-between (angle of 45 to 90°). Water contact angles have been used to estimate surface cleanliness before and after cleaning operations, ease of wettability of surfaces by waterborne coatings and the effectiveness of rinsing processes.5.6 An organic liquid such as a solvent also can be used to characterize a substrate, coating or pigment. The resultant contact angle will depend on the surface tensions of the liquid and the test surface. A low surface tension (energy) test surface will not be wet by a high surface tension liquid.5.7 In addition to water and solvents, a surfactant dispersion or dispersant solution can be used to test a pigment surface. Any test liquid that is a potential dispersant for a test pigment must wet the pigment well or it will not work as a dispersant.5.8 Contact angle measurements can be used to map surfaces in terms of hydrophilicity, presence of low surface tension components or contaminants, or variations in composition. Other analytical methods such as infrared microscopy would be needed to identify the chemical moieties that give the contact angle differences.5.9 This test method can be used on nearly all coatings and substrates and may be extended to pigments by compressing the pigment powder into a solid disk.1.1 This practice covers the measurement of the angle of contact when a drop of liquid is applied to a coated surface, substrate, or preformed disk of pigment.1.2 There are two types of contact angles, advancing and receding. This standard deals only with advancing contact angles.1.3 This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturer’s instructions for the device being used to make the measurements, but is not intended to replace them.1.4 A common test liquid is water, but many other liquids such as solvents, surfactant and dispersant solutions and even liquid paints can be used.1.5 This practice is based on goniometry, which involves the observation of a sessile drop of test liquid on a solid substrate.1.6 Although contact angles are governed by surface tension, this standard cannot be used to measure surface tension directly.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 In production of paints, smoothness of the paint film is of paramount importance. Agglomerates or coarse particles larger than 45 μm are difficult to disperse and may prevent obtaining a smooth film. These test methods are a valuable quality control test for grading raw materials.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of coarse particles in dry pigments.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Zinc oxide functions as both a chemical and a pigment. It is used in a variety of applications including rubber, paint, reprography, glass, chemicals, etc. In paint, it contributes to mildew protection, ultraviolet absorption, hiding power, and neutralization of acids formed upon oxidation of the paint film.AbstractThis specification establishes the properties and requirements for the pigment commercially known as "zinc white" or zinc oxide, which may be purchased either in the dry or paste in oil forms. Dry pigments, which may be processed either by the French process or American process, shall conform individually to required compositions of zinc oxide, total sulfur, moisture and other volatile matter, total impurities (including moisture and other volatile matter), and coarse particles (total residue retained on a No. 325 sieve). Conversely, pigments in the paste in oil form shall adhere to required composition of the pigment, linseed oil, moisture and other volatile matter, and coarse particles and skins (total residue retained on a No. 325 sieve). Pigments shall also be tested for tinting strength, and oil absorption by Gardner-Coleman and spatula rub-out methods.1.1 This specification covers the pigments commercially known as “zinc white” or zinc oxide. The pigments may be purchased in the dry form or as a paste in oil.NOTE 1: Zinc oxides are used in many industries. For additional information, see Classification D4295 and Test Methods D4315 for descriptions of zinc oxide use in rubber compounding.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 High speed dispersion is a commonly used dispersion method in the coatings industry. For the purpose of this practice, “high speed” would normally be understood to be a range of RPM between 3 000 and 10 000. This practice provides a reference for its use, so that a producer and user can standardize on an incorporation technique. This will minimize differences in the millbase, and allow the interested parties to concentrate on the physical, chemical, or optical methods to be run.1.1 This practice covers the dispersion of pigments using a laboratory size high-speed impeller mill. It is similar in technical content to ISO 8780-3.NOTE 1: This practice is restricted to mill bases of moderately high viscosity due to either high vehicle concentration or high pigment concentration, or both, which can produce high shear force. It is not intended to provide a means of formulating either pilot plant or full-scale mill base compositions (scaling up the process from laboratory equipment to factory mills is not simple).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle-size distribution in the sub-sieve size range of the common extender pigments such as aluminum silicate (kaolin clay), magnesium silicate (talc), calcium carbonate (calcite or dolomite or precipitated calcium carbonate), and mica pigments, and may also be extended to the denser prime pigments such as the white titanium pigments (rutile or anatase) and similar mineral pigments when and if such information is of concern. Particle-size distribution has significance in the evaluation of rheological and pigmentary properties of pigments in paint and also may sometimes be used to characterize the identity or grade of pigments. 1.2 Sedimentation methods having as their basis Stoke's law have found general acceptance for this purpose. Results are expressed in terms of equivalent spherical diameter (e.s.d.), the diameter of a sphere having the same specific gravity as the particle in question and which settles at the same rate. Most mineral pigment particles are more-or-less asymmetrical, but despite differences in the relationship between equivalent spherical diameter and actual dimensions, the results of a sedimentation particle-size analysis can be correlated readily with many pigment properties. 1.3 Procedures limited to gravitational sedimentation are relatively inaccurate for pigment particles smaller than about 1 [mu]m e.s.d., and centrifugal procedures may be required for the much finer ranges. Nevertheless, the data obtained above the 1 [mu]m limitation provide useful information. This method is particularly applicable to pigments if a major fraction of the particles fall in the range from about 15 to 1.5 [mu]m, but have a total particle-size range of at least two decades. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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