5.1 Many geotechnical tests require the utilization of intact, representative samples of soil. The quality of these samples depends on many factors. Many of the samples obtained by intact sampling methods have inherent anomalies. Sampling procedures cause disturbances of varying types and intensities. These anomalies and disturbances, however, are not always readily detectable by visual inspection of the intact samples before or after testing. Often test results would be enhanced if the presence and the extent of these anomalies and disturbances are known before testing or before destruction of the sample by testing. Such determinations assist the user in detecting flaws in sampling methods, the presence of natural or induced shear planes, and the presence of natural intrusions, such as gravels or shells at critical regions in the samples, the presence of sand and silt seams, and the intensity of disturbances caused by sampling.5.2 X-ray radiography provides the user with a picture of the internal massive structure of the soil sample, regardless of whether the soil is X-rayed within or without the sampling tube. X-ray radiography assists the user in identifying the following:5.2.1 Appropriateness of sampling methods used.5.2.2 Effects of sampling in terms of the disturbances caused by the turning of the edges of various thin layers in varved soils, large disturbances caused in soft soils, shear planes induced by sampling, or extrusion, or both, effects of overdriving of samplers, the presence of cuttings in sampling tubes, or the effects of using bent, corroded, or nonstandard tubes for sampling.5.2.3 Naturally occurring fissures, shear planes, etc.5.2.4 The presence of intrusions within the sample, such as calcareous nodules, gravel, or shells.5.2.5 Sand and silt seams, organic matter, large voids, and channels developed by natural or artificial leaching of soil components.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the quality of soil samples in thin wall tubes or of extruded soil cores by X-ray radiography.1.2 This practice enables the user to determine the effects of sampling and natural variations within samples as identified by the extent of the relative penetration of X-rays through soil samples.1.3 This practice can be used to X-ray soil cores (or observe their features on a fluoroscope) in thin wall tubes or liners ranging from approximately 50 to 150 mm [2 to 6 in.] in diameter. X-rays of samples in the larger diameter tubes provide a radiograph of major features of soils and disturbances, such as large scale bending of edges of varved clays, shear planes, the presence of large concretions, silt and sand seams thicker than 6 mm [1/4 in.], large lumps of organic matter, and voids or other types of intrusions. X-rays of the smaller diameter cores provide higher resolution of soil features and disturbances, such as small concretions (3 mm [1/8 in.] diameter or larger), solution channels, slight bending of edges of varved clays, thin silt or sand seams, narrow solution channels, plant root structures, and organic matter. The X-raying of samples in thin wall tubes or liners requires minimal preparation.1.4 Greater detail and resolution of various features of the soil can be obtained by X-raying extruded soil cores, as compared to samples in metal tubes. The method used for X-raying soil cores is the same as that for tubes and liners, except that extruded cores have to be handled with extreme care and have to be placed in sample troughs (similar to Fig. 2) before X-raying. This practice should be used only when natural water content or other intact soil characteristics are irrelevant to the end use of the sample.1.4.1 Often it is necessary to obtain greater resolution of features to determine the propriety of sampling methods, the representative nature of soil samples, or anomalies in soils. This practice requires that either duplicate samples be obtained or already tested specimens be X-rayed.1.5 This practice can only be used to its fullest extent after considerable experience is obtained through many detailed comparisons between the X-ray image and the sample X-rayed.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with standard.1.7  This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.8.1 For purposes of comparing, a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.8.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the signification digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements, see Section 7.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The determination of trace impurities (on the order of parts per billion) in high purity water places extreme requirements on all aspects of the analytical system. This is particularly true when ubiquitous species such as sodium and chloride are of interest because they can potentially be introduced as contaminants at almost every step of an analytical procedure. Contamination can occur during sample collection, during sample storage by leaching of improperly cleaned containers, during sample transfer, and by handling with pipets, syringes, etc., and during the actual analysis by contaminated reagents and sample cells and loop systems. It is also possible that trace contaminants can be lost from samples by volatilization or precipitation, by diffusion into the matrix of the container material, and by “plating out” on the walls of sampling lines by flow phenomena.4.2 Strict adherence to a given procedure is necessary to achieve good results at trace levels of analysis because very small differences in procedure execution will affect precision and the addition or loss of nanogram amounts of analyte may affect the accuracy of a determination.1.1 This practice2 covers concepts for handling high purity water samples needed for the measurement of ever-decreasing levels of specified impurities that are encountered in the operation of modern high-pressure boilers and turbines. The handling of blanks associated with the analysis of high purity water samples is also covered by this practice. The techniques presented can help the investigator increase the accuracy of analyses performed.1.2 This practice is applicable to water and steam samples from “zero solids treated” once-through or drum-type boilers, reactor coolant water, electronic grade water, or any other process water where analyte concentrations are in the low parts per billion (micrograms per litre) range.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in 6.2.3.5, 6.1, and 6.3.7.

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5.1 The procedure in this test method for a sample as specified herein is intended for the purpose of determining the residual moisture present in a RDF analysis sample.5.2 The residual moisture value is used to correct as-determined analysis results such as gross heating value, sulfur, and ash to dry sample basis results.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of residual moisture in refuse-derived fuel (RDF) analysis samples. It is used to calculate on a dry basis other determinations performed on analysis RDF samples. It is used with air-dry moisture results to calculate total moisture (Note 1). The total moisture is used to calculate as-received values or other analyses performed on a sample.NOTE 1: In some instances, RDF moisture may change during size-reduction steps of the RDF analysis sample preparation procedure. This moisture change, unless suitable corrections are made, will affect the accuracy of the total moisture value as calculated from the air-dry and residual moisture results.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary information, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for subsequent qualitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, see Test Method E1618.5.2 This practice is capable of removing a portion of the headspace vapors, containing quantities smaller than 0.1 µL/L of ignitable liquid residues, from a sample container and concentrating the ignitable liquid residues onto an adsorbent medium (1).5.2.1 Recovery from fire debris samples will vary, depending on factors including debris temperature, adsorbent temperature, container size, adsorptive material, headspace volume, sampling volume or sampling time and flow rate, and adsorptive competition from the sample matrix (2).5.3 The principal concepts of static headspace concentration are similar to those of static headspace (Practice E1388) and dynamic headspace concentration (Practice E1413). The static headspace concentration technique can be more sensitive than the static headspace technique and less sensitive than the dynamic. The static techniques do however leave the sample in a condition suitable for resampling, as only a portion, typically less than 10 %, of the headspace is withdrawn from a sample container (3).5.3.1 Re-sampling and analysis is possible with static headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube, because only a portion of the headspace from the container is removed (3). Taking multiple headspace samples will continuously reduce the concentration of ignitable liquid vapors present, which can result in a change in relative composition of components and eventually non-recovery when the questioned headspace originally contained very low quantities of ignitable liquid residues (less than 0.1 µL/L).5.4 Common solid adsorbent/desorption procedure combinations in use are activated carbon/solvent elution and Tenax4 TA/thermal desorption.5.5 Solid adsorbent/desorption procedures not specifically described in this standard can be used as long as the practice has been validated as outlined in Section 11.1.1 This practice describes the procedure for separation of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris samples using static headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube, for subsequent solvent elution or thermal desorption.1.2 Static headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube involves removal of a headspace extract from a sample container (typically a jar, can, or bag), through a small hole punctured in the container, using a syringe or pump.1.3 Static headspace concentration systems for adsorption onto an adsorbent tube are illustrated and described.1.4 This practice is suitable for preparing extracts from fire debris samples containing a range of volumes (µL to mL) of ignitable liquid residues, with sufficient recovery for subsequent qualitative analysis (1).21.5 Alternative headspace concentration methods are listed in Section 2 (see Practices E1388, E1412, E1413, and E2154).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience (Practice E2917) and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The transport of any suspended solids or corrosion products from the preboiler cycle has been shown to be detrimental to all types of steam generating equipment. Corrosion product transport as low as 10 ppb can have significant impact on steam generators performance.5.2 Deposited corrosion products on pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator tubes can reduce heat transfer, and, if the deposit is sufficiently thick, can provide a local area for impurities in the bulk water to concentrate, resulting in a corrosive environment. In boiling water reactor (BWR) plants, the transport of corrosion products can cause fuel failure, out of core radiation problems from activation reactions, and other material related problems.5.3 In fossil plants, the transport of corrosion products can reduce heat transfer in the boilers leading to tube failures from overheating. The removal of these corrosion products by chemical cleaning is expensive and potentially harmful to the boiler tubes.5.4 Normally, grab samples are not sensitive enough to detect changes in the level of corrosion product transport. Also, system transients may be missed by only taking grab samples. An integrated sample over time will increase the sensitivity for detecting the corrosion products and provide a better understanding of the total corrosion product transport to steam generators.1.1 This practice is applicable for sampling condensed steam or water, such as boiler feedwater, for the collection of suspended solids and (optional) ionic solids using a 0.45-μm membrane filter (suspended solids) and ion exchange media (ionic solids). As the major suspended component found in most boiler feedwaters is some form of corrosion product from the preboiler system, the device used for this practice is commonly called a corrosion product sampler.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 An acute effluent toxicity test is conducted to obtain information concerning the immediate effects on test organisms of a short-term exposure to an effluent under specific experimental conditions. One can directly examine acute effects of complex mixtures of chemicals as occurs in effluents and some ambient waters. Acute effluent toxicity tests can be used to evaluate the potential for designated-use or aquatic life impairment in the receiving stream, lake, or estuary. An acute toxicity test does not provide information about whether delayed effects will occur, although a post-exposure observation period, with appropriate feeding if necessary, might provide such information.5.2 Results of acute effluent tests might be used to predict acute effects likely to occur on aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that (1) motile organisms might avoid exposure when possible, (2) toxicity to benthic species might be dependent on sorption or settling of components of the effluent onto the substrate, and (3) the effluent might physically or chemically interact with the receiving water.5.3 Results of acute effluent tests might be used to compare the acute sensitivities of different species and the acute toxicities of different effluents, and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.5.4 Acute tests are usually the first step in evaluating the effects of an effluent on aquatic organisms.5.5 Results of acute effluent tests will depend on the temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, exposure technique, and other factors.AbstractThis guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of aqueous ambient samples and effluents on certain species of freshwater and saltwater fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians, during a short-term exposure, depending on the species, using the static, renewal, and flow-through techniques. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous effluents with many other aquatic species, although modifications might be necessary. Static tests might not be applicable to effluents that have a high oxygen demand, or contain materials that (1) are highly volatile, (2) are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solutions, or (3) are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test. Results of acute toxicity tests should usually be reported in terms of a median lethal concentration (LC50) or median effective concentration (EC50). An acute toxicity test does not provide information about whether delayed effects will occur. Specified requirements involving the following are detailed: (1) hazards; (2) apparatus: facilities, special requirements, construction materials, metering system, test chambers, cleaning, and acceptability; (3) dilution water requirements, source, treatment, and characterization; (4) effluent sampling point, collection, preservation, treatment, and test concentrations; (5) test organism species, age, source, care and handling, feeding, disease treatment, holding, acclimation, and quality; (6) procedure: experimental design, dissolved oxygen, temperature, loading, beginning the test, feeding, duration of test, biological data, and other measurements; (7) analytical methodology; (8) acceptability of test; (9) calculation of results; and (1) report of results.1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of an aqueous effluent on certain species of freshwater and saltwater fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians, usually during 2 day to 4 day exposures, depending on the species, using the static, renewal, and flow-through techniques. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous effluents with many other aquatic species, although modifications might be necessary.1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous effluents.1.3 This guide is based in large part on Guide E729 where addition details are provided for test elements that may be applicable to the ambient and effluent toxicity testing described in this method. The major differences between the two guides are (1) the maximum test concentration is 100 % effluent or ambient sample, (2) testing is not chemical-specific, and (3) the holding time of effluent and ambient samples is often considerably less than that for chemicals and other test materials. Because the sample is often a complex mixture of chemicals, analytical tests cannot generally be used to confirm exposure concentrations.1.4 Selection of the technique to be used in a specific situation will depend upon the needs of the investigator and upon available resources. Static tests provide the most easily obtained measure of acute toxicity but should not last longer than 48 h. Renewal and flow-through tests may last longer than 48 h because the pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and effluent are maintained at desired levels and degradation and metabolic products are removed. Static tests might not be applicable to effluents that have a high oxygen demand or contain materials that (1) are highly volatile, (2) are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solutions, or (3) are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test. Flow-through tests are generally preferable to renewal tests, although in some situations a renewal test might be more cost-effective than a flow-through test.1.5 In the development of these procedures, an attempt was made to balance scientific and practical considerations and to ensure that the results will be sufficiently accurate and precise for the applications for which they are commonly used. A major consideration was that the common uses of the results of acute tests on effluents do not require or justify stricter requirements than those set forth in this guide. Although the tests may be improved by using more organisms, longer acclimation times, and so forth, the requirements presented in this guide should usually be sufficient.1.6 Results of acute toxicity tests should usually be reported in terms of a median lethal concentration (LC50) or median effective concentration (EC50). In some situations, it might be necessary only to determine whether a specific concentration is acutely toxic to the test species or whether the LC50 or EC50 is above or below a specific concentration.1.7 This guide is arranged as follows:  Section   Referenced Documents   2Terminology   3Summary of Guide   4   5Hazards   7Apparatus   6 Facilities   6.1 Special Requirements   6.2 Construction Materials   6.3 Metering System   6.4 Test Chambers   6.5 Cleaning   6.6 Acceptability   6.7Dilution Water   8 Requirements   8.1 Source   8.2 Treatment   8.3 Characterization   8.4Effluent   9 Sampling Point   9.1 Collection   9.2 Preservation   9.3 Treatment   9.4 Test Concentration(s)   9.5Test Organisms   10 Species   10.1 Age   10.2 Source   10.3 Care and Handling   10.4 Feeding   10.5 Disease Treatment   10.6 Holding   10.7 Acclimation   10.8 Quality   10.9Procedure   11 Experimental Design   11.1 Dissolved Oxygen   11.2 Temperature   11.3 Loading   11.4 Beginning the Test   11.5 Feeding   11.6 Duration of Test   11.7 Biological Data   11.8 Other Measurements   11.9Analytical Methodology   12Acceptability of Test   13Calculation or Results   14Report   151.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Cyanide is routinely analyzed in water samples, often to demonstrate regulatory compliance; however, improper sample collection or pretreatment can result in significant positive or negative bias potentially resulting in unnecessary permit violations or undetected cyanide releases into the environment.1.1 This practice is applicable for the collection and preservation of water samples for the analysis of cyanide. This practice addresses the mitigation of known interferences prior to the analysis of cyanide. Responsibilities of field sampling personnel and the laboratory are indicated.1.2 The sampling, preservation and mitigation of interference procedures described in this practice are recommended for the analysis of total cyanide, available cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide, and free cyanide by Test Methods D2036, D4282, D4374, D6888, D6994, D7237, D7284, and D7511. The information supplied in this practice can also be applied to other analytical methods for cyanide, for example, EPA Method 335.4.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is for use in the preparation of no more than four wipe samples combined to form a composited sample for subsequent determination of lead content.5.2 This practice assumes use of wipes that meet Specification E1792 and should not be used unless the wipes meet Specification E1792.5.3 This practice is capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within paint dust.5.4 This practice may not be capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within silica or silicate matrices, or within matrices not soluble in nitric acid.5.5 Adjustment of the nitric acid concentration or acid strength, or both, of the final extract solution may be necessary for compatibility with the instrumental analysis method to be used for lead quantification.5.6 This sample preparation practice has not been validated for use and must be validated by the user prior to using the practice for client samples.NOTE 1: Each combination of wipes (two wipes, three wipes, and four wipes) constitutes a different matrix and must be separately validated.1.1 This practice is similar to Practice E1644 and covers the hot, nitric acid digestion of lead (Pb) from a composited sample of up to four individual wipe samples of settled dust collected from equally-sized areas in the same space.1.2 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the practice.1.3 This practice should be used by analysts experienced in digestion techniques such as hot blocks. Like all procedures used in an analytical laboratory, this practice needs to be validated for use and shown to produce acceptable results before being applied to client samples.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is for use in the preparation of no more than four wipe samples collected from equally-sized areas in the same space combined to form a composited sample for subsequent determination of lead content.5.2 This practice assumes use of wipes that meet Specification E1792 and should not be used unless the wipes meet Specification E1792.5.3 This practice is capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within paint dust.5.4 This practice may not be capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within silica or silicate matrices, or within matrices not soluble in nitric acid.5.5 Adjustment of the nitric acid concentration or acid strength, or both, of the final extract solution may be necessary for compatibility with the instrumental analysis method to be used for lead quantification.5.6 This sample preparation practice has not been validated for use and must be validated by the user prior to using the practice for client samples.NOTE 1: Each combination of wipes (two wipes, three wipes, and four wipes) constitutes a different matrix and must be separately validated.1.1 This practice covers the extraction of lead (Pb) using ultrasonication, heat and nitric acid from a composited sample of up to four individual wipe samples of settled dust collected from equally-sized areas in the same space.1.2 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the practice.1.3 This practice should be used by analysts experienced in digestion techniques such as hot blocks. Like all procedures used in an analytical laboratory, this practice needs to be validated for use and shown to produce acceptable results before being applied to client samples.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Matrix spiking of samples is commonly used to determine the bias under specific analytical conditions, or the applicability of a test method to a particular sample matrix, by determining the extent to which the added spike is recovered from the sample matrix under these conditions. Reactions or interactions of the analyte or component of interest with the sample matrix may cause a significant positive or negative effect on recovery and may render the chosen analytical, or monitoring, process ineffectual for that sample matrix.5.2 Matrix spiking of samples can also be used to monitor the performance of a laboratory, individual instrument, or analyst as part of a regular quality assurance program. Changes in spike recoveries from the same or similar matrices over time may indicate variations in the quality of analyses and analytical results.5.3 Spiking of samples may be performed in the field or in the laboratory, depending on what part of the analytical process is to be tested. Field spiking tests the recovery of the overall process, including preservation and shipping of the sample and may be considered a measure of the stability of the analytes in the matrix. Laboratory spiking tests the laboratory process only. Spiking of sample extracts, concentrates, or dilutions will be reflective of only that portion of the process subsequent to the addition of the spike.5.4 Special precautions shall be observed when nonlaboratory personnel perform spiking in the field. It is recommended that all spike preparation work be performed in a laboratory by experienced analysts so that the field operation consists solely of adding a prepared spiking solution to the sample matrix. Training of field personnel and validation of their spiking techniques are necessary to ensure that spikes are added accurately and reproducibly. Consistent and acceptable recoveries from duplicate field spikes can be used to document the reproducibility of sampling and the spiking technique. When environmentally labile compounds are used as spikes, the spiking solution shall be protected up to the time of use by appropriate means such as chilling, protection from sunlight and oxygen, or chemical preservation.NOTE 1: Any field spiked sample, if known to the laboratory, should be labeled as a field spike in the final results report. Also, whenever possible, field spiking of volatile compounds should be avoided.5.5 It is often tacitly assumed that the analyte component is recovered from the sample to approximately the same extent that a spike of the same analyte is recovered from a spiked sample. One reason that this assumption may be incorrect is that the spike may not be bound up in the sample (for example, with suspended matter) in the same way that the naturally occurring analyte is bound in the sample. The spike may therefore be recovered from the sample differently than the background level of the analyte. For this reason, as well as the fact that bias corrections can add variability, it is not good practice to correct analytical data using spike recoveries. Spike recovery information should, however, be reported along with the related sample analysis results.5.6 This guide is also applicable to the preparation and use of spikes for quantification by the method of standard additions and to the addition of surrogates and internal standards.1.1 This guide covers the general technique of “spiking” aqueous samples with organic analytes or components. It is intended to be applicable to a broad range of organic materials in aqueous media. Although the specific details and handling procedures required for all types of compounds are not described, this general approach is given to serve as a guideline to the analyst in accurately preparing spiked samples for subsequent analysis or comparison. Guidance is also provided to aid the analyst in calculating recoveries and interpreting results. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine whether the methods and materials cited here are compatible with the analytes of interest.1.2 The procedures in this guide are focused on “matrix spike” preparation, analysis, results, and interpretation. The applicability of these procedures to the preparation of calibration standards, calibration check standards, laboratory control standards, reference materials, and other quality control materials by spiking is incidental. A sample (the matrix) is fortified (spiked) with the analyte of interest for a variety of analytical and quality control purposes. While the spiking of multiple sample test portions is discussed, the method of standard additions is not covered.1.3 This guide is intended for use in conjunction with the individual analytical test method that provides procedures for analysis of the analyte or component of interest. The test method is used to determine an analyte or component's background level and, again after spiking, its now elevated level. Each test method typically provides procedures not only for samples, but also for calibration standards or analytical control solutions, or both. These procedures include preparation, handling, storage, preservation, and analysis techniques. These procedures are applicable by extension, using the analyst's judgement on a case-by-case basis, to spiking solutions, and are not reiterated in this guide. See also Practice E200 for preparation and storage information.1.4 These procedures apply only to analytes that are soluble in water at the concentration of the spike plus any background material, or to analytes soluble in a solvent that is itself water-soluble. The system used in the later case must result in a homogeneous solution of analyte and sample. Meaningful recovery data cannot be obtained if an aqueous solution or homogeneous suspension of the analyte of interest in the sample cannot be attained.1.5 Matrix spiking may be performed in the field or in the laboratory, depending on which part of the analytical process is to be tested. Field spiking tests the recovery of the overall process, including preservation and shipping of the sample. Laboratory spiking tests the laboratory process only. Spiking of sample extracts, concentrates, or dilutions will test only that portion of the process subsequent to the addition of the spike.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A correctly designed, installed and developed groundwater monitoring well, constructed in accordance with Practice D5092/D5092M, should facilitate collection of samples of groundwater that can be analyzed to determine both the physical and chemical properties of that sample. Samples collected from these wells that require analysis for dissolved constituents should be filtered in the field prior to chemical preservation and shipment to the laboratory for analysis.1.1 This guide covers methods for field filtration of groundwater samples collected from groundwater monitoring wells, excluding samples that contain non-aqueous phase liquids (either Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) or Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs)). Methods of field filtration described herein could also be applied to samples collected from wells used for other purposes. Laboratory filtration methods are not described in this guide.1.2 This guide provides procedures available for field filtration of groundwater samples. The need for sample filtration for specific analytes should be defined prior to the sampling event and documented in the site-specific sampling and analysis plan in accordance with Guide D5903. The decision should be made on a parameter-specific basis with consideration of the data quality objectives of the sampling program, any applicable regulatory agency guidelines, and analytical method requirements.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service to be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of the many unique aspects of a project. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.NOTE 1: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908 as prepared for analysis using EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for analysis of dried paint, soil, and dust wipe samples collected in and around buildings and related structures for lead content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).1.2 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-OES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by ICP-OES, see Test Method D7035.1.3 This test method cites specific methods for preparing test solutions of dried paint, soil, and wipe samples for analysis.1.4 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-OES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.1.6 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This technique is destructive, in that the glass fragments may need to be crushed, and digested in acid.4.2 Although the concentration ranges of the calibration curves shown in Appendix X1 are applicable to soda lime and borosilicate glass, this method is useful for the accurate measurement of element concentrations from a wide variety of glass samples.4.3 The determination of the element concentrations in glass yields data that can be used to compare fragments.4.4 It should be recognized that the method measures the bulk concentration of the target elements. Any extraneous material present on the glass that is not removed before digestion can result in inaccurate concentrations of the measured elements.4.5 The precision and accuracy of the method should be established in each laboratory that employs the method.1.1 One objective of a forensic glass examination is to compare glass samples to determine if they can be discriminated using their physical, optical or chemical properties (for example, color, refractive index (RI), density, elemental composition). If the samples are distinguishable in any of these observed and measured properties, it may be concluded that they did not originate from the same source of broken glass. If the samples are indistinguishable in all of these observed and measured properties, the possibility that they originated from the same source of glass cannot be eliminated. The use of an elemental analysis method such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yields high discrimination among sources of glass. (1-16)21.2 This test method covers a procedure for quantitative determination of the concentrations of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), and lead (Pb) in glass samples.1.3 This procedure is applicable to irregularly shaped samples as small as 200 micrograms, for the comparison of fragments of a known source to the recovered fragments from a questioned source. These elements are present in soda lime and borosilicate glass in μg/L to % levels.1.4 This procedure is applicable to other elements, other types of glass, and other concentration ranges with appropriate modifications of the digestion procedure (if needed for full recovery of the additional elements), calibration standards and the mass spectrometer conditions. Calcium and potassium, for example, could be added to the list of analytes in a modified analysis scheme. Alternative methods for the determination of concentrations of elements in glass are listed in the references.1.5 For any given glass, approximately 40 elements are likely to be present at detectable concentrations using this procedure with minor modifications. The element set stated here is an example of some of these elements that can be detected in glass and used for forensic comparisons.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) buffered formalin (3 to 5 %) can be used as a permanent preservative for zooplankton. Lugol’s iodine solution can be used to preserve zooplankton for up to one year. Thirty percent ethanol, 30 % glutaraldehyde, or 25 % vinegar (can use 3 % acetic acid solution) can be used for more temporary storage and preservation of zooplankton samples. A 25 % vinegar solution is preferred to preserve soft-bodied planktonic coelenterates.1.1 This practice describes the proper procedures for preserving zooplankton samples with either formaldehyde, ethanol, glutaraldehyde, Lugol’s iodine solution, or vinegar (acetic acid).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Understanding the mechanical properties of frozen soils is of primary importance to permafrost engineering. Data from creep tests are necessary for the design of most foundation elements embedded in, or bearing on frozen ground. They make it possible to predict the time-dependent settlements of piles and shallow foundations under service loads, and to estimate their short- and long-term bearing capacity. Creep tests also provide quantitative parameters for the stability analysis of underground structures that are created for permanent use.5.2 It must be recognized that the structure of frozen soil in situ and its behavior under load may differ significantly from that of an artificially prepared specimen in the laboratory. This is mainly due to the fact that natural permafrost ground may contain ice in many different forms and sizes, in addition to the pore ice contained in a small laboratory specimen. These large ground-ice inclusions (such as ice lenses, a dominant horizontal, lens-shaped body of ice of any dimension) will considerably affect the time-dependent behavior of full-scale engineering structures.5.3 In order to obtain reliable results, high-quality intact representative permafrost samples are required for creep tests. The quality of the sample depends on the type of frozen soil sampled, the in situ thermal condition at the time of sampling, the sampling method, and the transportation and storage procedures prior to testing. The best testing program can be ruined by poor-quality samples. In addition, one must always keep in mind that the application of laboratory results to practical problems requires much caution and engineering judgment.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to uniaxial compression. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress-strain-time, or strength versus strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions.1.2 Although this test method is one that is most commonly used, it is recognized that creep properties of frozen soil related to certain specific applications, can also be obtained by some alternative procedures, such as stress-relaxation tests, simple shear tests, and beam flexure tests. Creep testing under triaxial test conditions will be covered in another standard.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 For the purposes of comparing, a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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