4.1 The major objective of the visual Pt-Co method of color measurement is to rate specific materials for yellowness. The yellowness is frequently the result of the undesirable tendency of liquid hydrocarbons to absorb blue light due to contamination in processing, storage, or shipping.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the visual measurement of the color of near clear liquids. It is applicable only to materials in which the color-producing bodies present have light absorption characteristics nearly identical with those of the Platinum-Cobalt (Pt-Co) color standards used.1.2 This test method has been found applicable to the color measurement of clear, liquid samples, free of haze, with nominal Pt-Co color values between 0 and 100. It is applicable to nonfluorescent liquids with light absorption characteristics similar to those of the Pt-Co color standard solutions. Test Methods D1209, D1686, and D5386 deal with the visual and instrumental measurement of near-clear liquids.1.3 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded in accordance with the rounding off methods of Practice E29.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method establishes the standard procedure for measuring the skid resistance of paved surfaces by the use of a specified full-scale automotive tire. This test method utilizes a measurement representing the steady-state friction force on a locked test wheel as it is dragged over a wetted pavement surface under constant load and at a constant speed while its major plane is parallel to its direction of motion and perpendicular to the pavement. The values measured represent the frictional properties obtained with the equipment and procedures stated herein. These values are intended for use in evaluating the skid resistance of a pavement relative to that of other pavements or for evaluating changes in the skid resistance of a pavement with the passage of time. They are, however, insufficient to determine the distance required to stop a vehicle on either a wet or a dry pavement. They are also insufficient for determining the speed at which control of a vehicle would be lost, because peak and side force friction are also required for these determinations. The apparatuses required for this method are a vehicle with suitable test wheels (including tire and rim) and braking system, wheel load, force-measuring transducer, torque-measuring transducer, vehicle speed-measuring transducer, signal conditioning and recorder system, and pavement wetting system.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of skid resistance of paved surfaces with a specified full-scale automotive tire.1.2 This test method utilizes a measurement representing the steady-state friction force on a locked test wheel as it is dragged over a wetted pavement surface under constant load and at a constant speed while its major plane is parallel to its direction of motion and perpendicular to the pavement.1.3 The values measured represent the frictional properties obtained with the equipment and procedures stated herein and do not necessarily agree or correlate directly with those obtained by other pavement friction measuring methods. The values are intended for use in evaluating the skid resistance of a pavement relative to that of other pavements or for evaluating changes in the skid resistance of a pavement with the passage of time. The values are insufficient to determine the distance required to stop a vehicle on either a wet or a dry pavement. They are also insufficient for determining the speed at which control of a vehicle would be lost, because peak and side force friction are also required for these determinations.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautions, see Section 5.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended to provide the user with acceptable apparatus requirements and a prescribed procedure to determine the bending moment capacity of spun pre-stressed concrete bases for use with tapered steel poles.5.2 The results of this test method are used as a basis for verification of calculated bending moment capacity, quality control tool for manufacturing process and as a basis for determining statistical bending moment capacity.5.3 This test method shall not be used for full length prestressed concrete, steel, or composite poles.1.1 This test method covers determination of ultimate bending moment capacity and cracking moment capacity of concrete bases used as foundations for tapered steel lighting poles in accordance to Specification C1804.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a means to determine various fire-test-response characteristics, including the time to sustained flaming and the heat release rate, of composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus, after they have been vandalized in a prescribed manner, to expose the filling material.5.2 It is clearly impossible to predict the manner in which a mattress or furniture will be vandalized. The objective of this test method is to develop data indicating the effect of violating the integrity of the fabric (or the fabric plus interliner composite) protection and exposing the padding to the source of heat (see Appendix X3).5.3 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information which is useful for product design and product development, for mattresses or furniture destined for correctional occupancies.5.4 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by giving a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product will not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.5.5 The use of test specimens simulating vandalism allows the investigation of the variation in response between the system as designed by the manufacturer and the way the system is occasionally present in actual use, with the filling material exposed to the incident energy.5.6 This test method allows alternative strategies to be employed for producing a product (mattress or upholstered furniture) with the required fire-test-response characteristics for the scenario under consideration.5.7 Limitations: 5.7.1 The test data are invalid if any of the events in 5.7.1.1 or 5.7.1.2 occur.5.7.1.1 Explosive spalling.5.7.1.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.5.7.2 This test method is not applicable to ignition by cigarettes, or by any other smoldering source.5.7.3 The ignition source in this test method is a radiant energy source of relatively high intensity (35 kW/m2 initial test heat flux). It has been shown that this source models well, for furniture composites, a full scale source equivalent to five sheets of newspaper (2). It has also been shown that upholstered furniture and mattresses, particularly in public occupancies, are, on occasion, involved in fires after exposure to flaming ignition sources, However, it is not known what fraction of actual flaming mattress or furniture fires occur with ignitions more or less intense than the one modeled here.5.7.4 It is not known whether the results of this test method will be equally valid when it is carried out under conditions different from the specified ones. In particular, it is unclear whether the use of a different ignition source, or the same ignition source but at a different initial test heat flux, will change relative results.5.7.5 The value of heat release rate corresponding to the critical limit between propagating mattress fires and non-propagating mattress fires is not known.5.7.6 It is not known what fraction of the vandalism that occurs is represented by the prescribed model used in this standard. However, the method described here is adequate to address one of the major objectives of the standard, namely investigate the effect of the exposed filling material on the fire-test-response characteristics of the composite.1.1 This fire-test-response test method is designed for use to determine various fire-test-response characteristics, including ignitability and heat release rate, from composites of mattresses or furniture, or correctional facilities, which have been vandalized in a prescribed manner to expose the filling material, by using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.1.2 This test method provides for measurements of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant radiant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. See 5.7 for limitations.1.3 The apparatus used in this test method is also capable of determining heat release data at different initial test heat fluxes.1.4 The specimen is oriented horizontally and a spark ignition source is used.1.5 All fire-test-response characteristics are determined using the apparatus and the procedures described in Test Method E1354.1.6 The tests are done on bench-scale specimens combining the mattress or furniture outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.1.7 The vandalism is simulated by causing a prescribed cut on the outer layer of the composite, deep enough to expose the filling material to the incident radiation.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautions, see Section 7.1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat release rate of materials, products, and assemblies. Other parameters are the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to ignition, smoke and gas production, emissivity, and surface temperature. Examples of test specimens are assemblies of materials or products that are tested in their end-use thickness. Therefore, the test method is suitable for assessing the heat release rate of a wall assembly.5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.5 Test Limitations: 5.5.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.5.5.2 Exercise caution in interpreting results of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate during a test. Report observations of such behavior.1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure with or without an external ignitor.1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, visible smoke development, and gas release of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.1.3 This test method is also suitable for determining many of the parameters or values needed as input for computer fire models. Examples of these values include effective heat of combustion, surface temperature, ignition temperature, and emissivity.1.4 This test method is also intended to provide information about other fire parameters such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, radiative and convective heat transfer coefficients, flame radiation factor, air entrainment rates, flame temperatures, minimum surface temperatures for upward and downward flame spread, heat of gasification, nondimensional heat of gasification (1)2 and the Φ flame spread parameter (see Test Method E1321). While some studies have indicated that this test method is suitable for determining these fire parameters, insufficient testing and research have been done to justify inclusion of the corresponding testing and calculating procedures.1.5 The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). The procedure is specified in 11.1. Smoke development is quantified by measuring the obscuration of light by the combustion product stream (exhaust duct).1.6 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux in the range of 0 to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen during the ignition and heat release tests. The assessment of the parameters associated with flame spread requires the use of line burners instead of hot wire ignitors.1.6.1 Heat release measurements at low heat flux levels (< 10 kW/m2) require special considerations as described in Section A1.1.6.1.7 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or assemblies, for mathematical fire modeling, or for research and development. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses.1.8 Limitations of the test method are listed in Section 5.5.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This index test method indicates an unvegetated RECP’s ability to reduce soil erosion caused by shear stress induced by moving water under bench-scale conditions. Only tangential shear is measured in this method. Radial and uplift forces generated by the circular motion of the water are not measured.This test method is bench-scale and therefore, appropriate as an index test for general soil/product composite behavior under hydraulic shear conditions, and for product quality assurance/conformance testing. The results of this test shall not be interpreted as indicative of field performance.1.1 This index test method establishes the guidelines, requirements and procedures for evaluating the ability of unvegetated Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) to protect soil (sand) from hydraulically induced shear stress in a bench-scale apparatus.1.2 This index test method utilizes bench-scale testing procedures and shall not be interpreted as indicative of field performance.1.3 This index test is not intended to replace full-scale simulation or field testing in acquisition of performance values that are required in the design of erosion control measures utilizing unvegetated RECPs.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 VOCs emitted from materials/products affect indoor air quality (IAQ) in buildings. To determine the impact of these emissions on IAQ, it is necessary to know their emission rates over time. This practice provides guidelines for using a full-scale environmental chamber for testing large materials and full-scale material systems/assemblies.5.2 While this practice is developed for measuring VOC emissions, the chamber facilities and methods of evaluation presented in this practice are also useful for a variety of purposes including: (1) testing the emissions during the application process (for example, painting), or other related sources; (2) developing scaleup methods (for example, from small chamber results to a full-scale scenario); (3) studying the interaction between sources and sinks, and validating source/sink models which are the basis for IAQ prediction; (4) testing interactions between source emissions and other compounds in the air (for example, NOx, ozone, SOx); and (5) evaluating the performance of air cleaning devices intended to remove contaminants from indoor air.1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products (building materials, material systems, furniture, consumer products, etc.) and equipment (printers, photocopiers, air cleaners, etc.) under environmental and product usage conditions that are typical of those found in office and residential buildings.1.2 This practice is for identifying VOCs emitted and determining their emission rates over a period of time.1.3 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation, and use of full-scale chambers for VOC emission testing.1.4 While this practice is limited to the measurement of VOC emissions, many of the general principles and procedures (such as methods for evaluating the general performance of the chamber system) may also be useful for the determination of other chemical emissions (for example, ozone, nitrogen dioxide). Determination of aerosol and particle emissions is beyond the scope of this document.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The simplicity and practicality of Rasch's probabilistic scale-free measurement models have brought within reach universal metrics for educational and psychological tests, and for rating scale-based instruments in general. There are at least 3 implications to the application of Rasch's models to the health-related calibration of universal metrics for each of the variables relevant to the Electronic Health Record (EHR) that are typically measured using rating scale instruments.4.1.1 First, establishing a single metric standard with a defined range and unit will arrest the burgeoning proliferation of new scale-dependent metrics.4.1.2 Second, the communication of the information pertaining to patient status represented by these measures (physical, cognitive, and psychosocial health status, quality of life, satisfaction with services, etc.) will be simplified.4.1.3 Third, common standards of data quality will be used to evaluate and improve instrument performance. The vast majority of test and survey data quality is currently almost completely unknown, and when quality is evaluated, it is via many different methods that are often insufficient to the task, misapplied, misinterpreted, or even contradictory in their aims.4.1.4 Fourth, currently unavailable economic benefits will accrue from the implementation of measurement methods based on quality-assessed data and widely accepted reference standard metrics. The potential magnitude of these benefits can be seen in an assessment of 12 different metrological improvement studies conducted by the National Science and Technology Council (Subcommittee on Research, 1996). The average return on investment associated with these twelve studies was 147 %. Is there any reason to suppose that similar instrument improvement efforts in the psychosocial sciences will result in markedly lower returns?4.2 Until now, it has been assumed that the Practice E1384 would necessarily have to stipulate fields for the EHR that would contain summary scores from commonly used functional assessment, health status, quality of life, and satisfaction instruments. This is because standards for rating scale instruments to date have been entirely content-based. Those who have sought “gold” or criterion standards that would command universal respect and relevance have been stymied by the impossibility of identifying content (survey questions and rating categories) capable of satisfying all users' needs. Communication of patient statistics between managers and clinicians, or payors and providers, may require one kind of information; between providers and referral sources, other kinds; between providers and accreditors, yet another; among clinicians themselves, still another; and even more kinds of information may be required for research applications.4.2.1 For instance, payors may want to know outcome information that tells them what percentage of patients discharged can function independently at home. A hospital manager, referral source, or accreditor might want to know more detail, such as percentages of patients discharged who can dress, bathe, walk, and eat independently. Clinicians will want to know still more detail about amounts of independence, such as whether there are safety issues, needs for assistive devices, or specific areas in which functionality could be improved. Researchers may seek even more detail yet, as they evaluate differences in outcomes across treatment programs, diagnostic groups, facilities, levels of care, etc.4.2.1.1 Members of each of these groups have, at some time, felt that their particular information needs have not been met by the tools designed and developed by members of another group. Despite the fact that the information provided by these different tools appears in many different forms and at different levels of detail, to the extent that they can be shown to measure the same thing, they can do so in the same metric. This is the primary result of the introduction of Rasch's probabilistic scale-free measurement models. The different purposes guiding the design of the instruments will still continue to impact the two fundamental statistics associated with every measure: the error and model fit. More general, and also less well-designed instruments, will measure with more error than those that make more detailed and consistent distinctions. Data consistency is the key to scale-free measurement.4.3 The remainder of this document (1) identifies, in Section 5, the fields in the current Practice E1384 targeted for change from a scale-dependent to a scale-free measurement orientation; (2) lists referenced ASTM documents; (3) defines scale-free measurement terms, often contrasting them with their scale-dependent counterparts; (4) addresses the significance and use of scale-free measures in the context of the EHR; (5) lists, in Annex A2, scientific publications documenting relevant instrument calibrations; (6) briefly presents some basic operational considerations; (7) lists minimum and comprehensive arrays of EHR database fields; and (8) lists, in Annex A3, the references made in presentation of the measurement theory, estimation methods, etc.4.4 Publications of calibration studies referencing this practice and the associated standard practice should require:4.4.1 The use of measures, not scores, in all capture of data from the EHR for statistical comparisons;4.4.2 The reporting of both the traditional reliability statistics (Cronbach's alpha or the KR20) and the additive, linear separation statistics (Wright & Masters, 1982), along with their error and variation components, for both the measures and the calibrations;4.4.3 A qualitative elaboration of the variable defined by the order of the survey questions or test items on the measurement continuum, preferably in association with a figure displaying the variable;4.4.4 Reporting of means and standard deviations for each of the three essential measurement statistics, the measure, the error, and the model fit;4.4.5 Statement of the full text of at least a significant sample of the questions included on the instrument;4.4.6 Specification of the mathematical model employed, with a justification for its use;4.4.7 Specification of the error estimation and model fit estimation algorithms employed, with mathematical details and justification provided when they differ from those routinely used;4.4.8 Evaluation of overall model fit, elaborated in a report on the details of one or more of the least and most consistent response patterns observed;4.4.9 Graphical comparison of at least two calibrations of new instruments from different samples of the same population to establish the invariance of the item calibration order across samples;4.4.10 Graphical comparison of measures produced by at least two subsets of items on new instruments to establish the invariance of the person measure order across scales (collections of items);4.4.11 Graphical comparison of new instrument calibrations with the calibrations produced by other instruments intended to measure the same variable in the same population, to establish the potential for sample-free equating of the instruments and establishment of reference standards;4.4.12 At least a useable prototype of the instrument employed, with the worksheet laid out to produce informative quantitative measures (not summed scores) as soon as it is filled out; and4.4.13 Graphical presentation of the treatment and control groups' measurement distributions, for the purpose of facilitating a substantive interpretations of differences' significance.1.1 This standard addresses the identification of data elements from the EHR definitions in Practice E1384 that have ordinal scale value sets and which can be further defined to have scale-free measurement properties. It is applicable to data recorded for the Electronic Health Record and its paper counterparts. It is also applicable to abstracted data from the patient record that originates from these same data elements. It is applicable to identifying the location within the EHR where the observed measurements shall be stored and what is the meaning of the stored data. It does not address either the uses or the interpretations of the stored measurements.

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3.1 This test method applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards.1.2 Users of this method should have normal color vision.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Objectives—The use of small chambers to evaluate VOC emissions from indoor materials has several objectives: 4.1.1 Develop techniques for screening of products for VOC emissions; 4.1.2 Determine the effect of environmental variables (that is, temperature, humidity, air speed, and air change rate) on emission rates; 4.1.3 Rank various products and product types with respect to their emissions profiles (for example, emission factors, specific organic compounds emitted); 4.1.4 Provide compound-specific data on various organic sources to guide field studies and assist in evaluating indoor air quality in buildings; 4.1.5 Provide emissions data for the development and verification of models used to predict indoor concentrations of organic compounds; and 4.1.6 Develop data useful to stakeholders and other interested parties for assessing product emissions and developing control options or improved products. 4.2 Mass Transfer Considerations—Small chamber evaluation of emissions from indoor materials requires consideration of the relevant mass transfer processes. Three fundamental processes control the rate of emissions of organic vapors from indoor materials; evaporative mass transfer from the surface of the material to the overlying air, desorption of adsorbed compounds, and diffusion within the material. 4.2.1 The evaporative mass transfer of a given VOC from the surface of the material to the overlying air can be expressed as: where: ER   =   emission rate, mg/h, A   =   source area, m2, km   =   mass transfer coefficient, m/h, VPs   =   vapor pressure at the surface of the material, Pa, VPa   =   vapor pressure in the air above the surface, Pa, MW   =   molecular weight, mg/mol, R   =   gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K or Pa m3/mol-K, and T   =   temperature, K. Thus, the emission rate is proportional to the difference in vapor pressure between the surface and the overlying air. Since the vapor pressure is directly related to the concentration, the emission rate is proportional to the difference in concentration between the surface and the overlying air. The mass transfer coefficient is a function of the diffusion coefficient (in air) for the specific compound of interest and the level of turbulence in the bulk flow. 4.2.2 The desorption rate of compounds adsorbed on materials can be determined by the retention time (or average residence time) of an adsorbed molecule: where: τ   =   retention time, s, τo   =   constant with a typical value from 10−12 to 10−15 s, and Q   =   molar enthalpy change for adsorption (or adsorption energy), J/mol. The larger the retention time, the slower the rate of desorption. 4.2.3 The diffusion mass transfer within the material is a function of the diffusion coefficient (or diffusivity) of the specific compound. The diffusion coefficient of a given compound within a given material is a function of the compound's physical and chemical properties (for example, molecular weight, size, and polarity), temperature, and the structure of the material within which the diffusion is occurring. The diffusivity of an individual compound in a mixture is also affected by the composition of the mixture. 4.2.4 Variables Affecting Mass Transfer—While a detailed discussion of mass transfer theory is beyond the scope of this guide, it is necessary to examine the critical variables affecting mass transfer within the context of small chamber testing: 4.2.4.1 Temperature affects the vapor pressure, desorption rate, and the diffusion coefficients of the organic compounds. Thus, temperature impacts both the mass transfer from the surface (whether by evaporation or desorption) and the diffusion mass transfer within the material. Increases in temperature cause increases in the emissions due to all three mass transfer processes. 4.2.4.2 The air change rate indicates the amount of dilution and flushing that occurs in indoor environments. The higher the air change rate the greater the dilution, and assuming the outdoor air is cleaner, the lower the indoor concentration. If the concentration at the surface is unchanged, a lower concentration in the air increases the evaporative mass transfer by increasing the difference in concentration between the surface and the overlying air. 4.2.4.3 Air Speed—Surface air speed is a critical parameter for evaporative-controlled sources as the mass transfer coefficient (km) is affected by the air speed and turbulence at the air-side of the boundary layer. Generally, the higher the air speed and turbulence, the greater the mass transfer coefficient. In a practical sense for most VOCs, above a certain air speed and turbulence, the resistance to mass transfer through the boundary layer is minimized (that is, the mass transfer coefficient reaches its maximum value). In chamber testing, some investigators prefer to use air speeds high enough to minimize the mass transfer resistance at the surface. For example, air speeds of 0.3 to 0.5 m/s have been used in evaluating formaldehyde emissions from wood products. Such air speeds are higher than those observed in normal residential environments by Matthews et al.,3 where in six houses they measured air speeds using an omni-directional heated sphere anemometer with a mean of 0.07 m/s and a median of 0.05 m/s. Thus, other investigators prefer to keep the air speeds in the range normally found indoors. In either case, an understanding of the effect of air speed on the emission rate is needed in interpreting small chamber emissions data. 4.3 Other Factors Affecting Emissions—Most organic compounds emitted from indoor materials and products are non-reactive, and chambers are designed to reduce or eliminate reactions and adsorption on the chamber surfaces (see 5.3.1). In some cases, however, surface adsorption can occur. Some relatively high molecular weight, high boiling compounds can react (that is, with ozone) after being deposited on the surface. In such cases, the simultaneous degradation and buildup on and the ultimate re-emission from the chamber walls can affect the final chamber concentration and the time history of the emission profile. Unless such factors are properly accounted for, incorrect values for the emission rates will be calculated (see 9.4). The magnitude of chamber adsorption and reaction effects can be evaluated by way of mass balance calculations (see 9.5). 4.4 Use of the Results—It is emphasized that small chamber evaluations are used to determine source emission rates. These rates are then used in IAQ models to predict indoor concentration of the compounds emitted from the tested material. Consultation with IAQ modelers may be required to ensure that the small chamber test regime is consistent with the IAQ model assumptions. The concentrations observed in the chambers themselves should not be used as a substitute for concentrations expected in full-scale indoor environments. 1.1 This guide provides direction on the measurement of the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor materials and products using small-scale environmental test chambers. 1.2 This guide pertains to chambers that fully enclose a material specimen to be tested and does not address other emission chamber designs such as emission cells (see instead Practice D7143). 1.3 As an ASTM standard, this guide describes options, but does not recommend specific courses of action. This guide is not a standard test method and must not be construed as such. 1.4 The use of small environmental test chambers to characterize the emissions of VOCs from indoor materials and products is still evolving. Modifications and variations in equipment, testing procedures, and data analysis are made as the work in the area progresses. For several indoor materials, more detailed ASTM standards for emissions testing have now been developed. Where more detailed ASTM standard practices or methods exist, they supersede this guide and should be used in its place. Until the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide will continue to provide assistance by describing equipment and techniques suitable for determining organic emissions from indoor materials. Specific examples are provided to illustrate existing approaches; these examples are not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results. 1.5 Small chambers have obvious limitations. Normally, only samples of larger materials (for example, carpet) are tested. Small chambers are not applicable for testing complete assemblages (for example, furniture). Small chambers are also inappropriate for testing combustion devices (for example, kerosene heaters) or activities (for example, use of aerosol spray products). For some products, small chamber testing may provide only a portion of the emission profile of interest. For example, the rate of emissions from the application of high solvent materials (for example, paints and waxes) by means of brushing, spraying, rolling, etc. are generally higher than the rate during the drying process. Small chamber testing cannot be used to evaluate the application phase of the coating process. Large (or full-scale) chambers may be more appropriate for many of these applications. For guidance on full-scale chamber testing of emissions from indoor materials refer to Practice D6670. 1.6 This guide does not provide specific directions for the selection of sampling media or for the analysis of VOCs. This information is provided in Practice D6196. 1.7 This guide does not provide specific directions for determining emissions of formaldehyde from composite wood products, since chamber testing methods for such emissions are well developed and widely used. For more information refer to Test Methods E1333 and D6007. It is possible, however, that the guide can be used to support alternative testing methods. 1.8 This guide is not applicable to the determination of emissions of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from materials/products largely due to adsorption of these compounds on materials commonly used for construction of chambers suitable for VOC emissions testing. Alternate procedures are required for SVOCs. For example, it may be possible to screen materials for emissions of SVOCs using micro-scale chambers operated at temperatures above normal indoor conditions (see Practice D7706). 1.9 This guide is applicable to the determination of emissions from products and materials that may be used indoors. The effects of the emissions (for example, toxicity) are not addressed and are beyond the scope of the guide. Guide D6485 provides an example of the assessment of acute and irritant effects of VOC emissions for a given material. Specification of “target” organic species of concern is similarly beyond the scope of this guide. As guideline levels for specific indoor contaminants develop, so too will emission test protocols to provide relevant information. Emissions databases and material labeling schemes will also be expected to adjust to reflect the current state of knowledge. 1.10 Specifics related to the acquisition, handling, conditioning, preparation, and testing of individual test specimens may vary depending on particular study objectives. Guidelines for these aspects of emissions testing are provided here, specific direction is not mandated. The purpose of this guide is to increase the awareness of the user to available techniques for evaluating organic emissions from indoor materials/products by means of small chamber testing, to identify the essential aspects of emissions testing that must be controlled and documented, and therefore to provide information, which may lead to further evaluation and standardization. 1.11 Within the context of the limitations discussed in this section, the purpose of this guide is to describe the methods and procedures for determining organic emission rates from indoor materials/products using small environmental test chambers. The techniques described are useful for both routine product testing by manufacturers and testing laboratories and for more rigorous evaluation by indoor air quality (IAQ) researchers. Appendix X1 provides references to standards that are widely employed to measure emissions of VOCs from materials and products used in the interiors of buildings. Some of these standards directly reference this guide. 1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The gray scale grade GSC is useful to evaluate the color difference of any pair of colors that have been subjected to a test whose severity of result is nominated by color difference of the treated member to the untreated member. This includes, but is not limited to, scrub tests, exterior exposures, crocking tests, blocking tests, certain abrasion tests, and color transfer tests.5.2 A major advantage of the instrumental method of obtaining gray scale grades is that under the visual method substantial screening and training of the operators in visual color assessment is required. No such burden is placed on the operators in this instrumental method.5.3 The method is usually not used for staining tests which have their own gray scale for staining.1.1 Test Method D2616 describes a painted gray scale and the procedure to be used in the visual evaluation of color differences on non-self-luminous materials by comparison to this scale. This practice provides an alternative method of obtaining a similarly valued result by an instrumental method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard, except that the test results of this test method are converted by the calculations to an arbitrary visual scale defined by Test Method D2616, whose units are called GSC (Gray Scale for Change in Color).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the time to burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products, and assemblies.5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.5.6 This method can also be used for research and development of various material types to be included in larger-scale fire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).5.7 Test Limitations: 5.7.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate.1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of heat flux with an external igniter.1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability and time to burn-through of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.1.3 Heat, smoke, and mass loss rate are not within the scope of this test method, but are addressed by Test Method E1623.1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that described in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described (Burner A and Burner B).1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux up to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen.1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or assemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses.1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 As this is a time-intensive test, it should not be considered as an acceptance test for commercial shipments of prefabricated vertical strip drains.5.2 Prior to the development of vertical strip drains, when it was desired to increase the rate of consolidation of a compressible soil on a construction project, large-diameter sand drains were installed. Vertical strip drains can be installed in areas where it is desired to increase the rate of soils consolidation in place of these large-diameter sand drains.5.3 This test method can be used to compare the performance of vertical strip drains to that of sand drains.1.1 This test method is a performance test which measures the effectiveness of vertical strip drains on the time rates of consolidation of compressible soils from construction project sites.1.1.1 It is expected that the design agency will be responsible for performing this test. It is not intended to be a manufacturer-performed test.1.2 This test method is applicable to all vertical strip drains.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials and classify them. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.5.3 This test method can be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment, that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of aviation turbine fuel, diesel fuel, kerosine and related products in the temperature range of 40 °C to 135 °C by a small scale closed cup apparatus.1.2 This test method is only applicable to homogeneous materials that are liquid at or near ambient temperature and at temperatures required to perform the test.1.3 This test method is not applicable to liquids contaminated by traces of highly volatile materials.1.4 This test method is a dynamic method and depends on a definite rate of temperature increase. It is one of many flash point methods available, and every flash point test method, including this one, is an empirical one.1.5 If the user's specification requires a defined flash point method, neither this test nor any other method should be substituted for the prescribed method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7 and the Material Safety Data Sheet for the product being tested.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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