5.1 Wheel force or torque transducers are used under dynamic test conditions, and the measurements are subject to many error sources. The static calibration recommended by the present standard cannot eliminate all error sources. Its significance is in providing an accurate calibration of the transducer and the associated electronics, readout, and recording equipment.5.2 Calibration result may be used to either make mechanical or electronic adjustments until the readout agrees with the calibration input. Alternatively, calibration curves or tables may be prepared to be used as corrections to measured results.1.1 This test method covers the calibration of the force (or torque) transducer and associated instrumentation of a mounted test wheel by using a calibration platform.1.2 This test method is a static calibration, simulating the traction force between a tire and the pavement.1.3 In the case of a force-measuring system, the instrumentation readout is directly proportional to the calibration force input.1.4 In the case of a torque-measuring system, the instrumentation readout is a measure of the calibration force input and the effective tire radius.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate torque are in general use in many industries. Practice E2624 has been written to provide a practice for the torque calibration and verification of these testing machines. A necessary element in Practice E2624 is the use of elastic torque measurement standards whose torque characteristics are known to be metrologically traceable to the International System of Units (SI). Practice E2428 describes how these elastic torque measurement standards are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines, manufacturers and providers of elastic torque measurement standards, calibration laboratories that provide calibration services and documents of metrological traceability, service organizations using elastic torque measurement standards to calibrate and verify testing machines, and testing laboratories performing general structural test measurements.1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify the procedure for the calibration and verification of elastic torque measurement standards.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static elastic torque measurement standards. The practice is not applicable for dynamic or high-speed torque calibrations or measurements, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high-speed torque measurements.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method can be used to predict the comparative lubricating properties of a metalworking fluid (MWF).5.1.1 Fluids that produce lower torques or higher efficiencies are predicted to have better machining characteristics.5.2 The method is applicable to all tap types, machining speeds, alloys and coatings that can be fabricated into a test piece.5.3 Comparison between different operating conditions or various types of fluids can be made.5.4 The reportable quantity is the efficiency or mean average torque of a reference fluid divided by the mean average torque of the fluid of interest.1.1 This test method describes a laboratory technique to evaluate the relative performance of metal removal fluids using an instrumented tapping machine that measures and records torque.1.1.1 The method is applicable to all tap types, machining speeds, and alloys that can be fabricated into a test piece. Comparison can be made between different operating conditions or various types of fluids including straight and emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetics and synthetic fluids (see Classification D2881).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.2.1 Exception—The units for the threads of the tap, M6, are in metric thread units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in the following documents:5.2.1 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.85.2.2 STP-512A.95.2.3 SAE J308.5.2.4 Military Specification MIL-PRF-2105E.5.2.5 SAE J2360.1.1 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-37 test.2 This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying, wear, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.1.2 This test method also provides for the running of the low axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test. The procedure for the low axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test is identical to the standard L-37 test with the exceptions of the items specifically listed in Annex A9. The procedure modifications listed in Annex A9 refer to the corresponding section of the standard L-37 test method.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3.1 Exceptions—In Table A12.1, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Also, no SI unit is provided where there is not a direct SI equivalent.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning information is given in Sections 4 and 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method was developed using greases having very low torque characteristics at −54 °C (−65 °F). Specifications for greases of this type commonly require testing at this temperature. Specifications for greases of other types can require testing at temperatures from −73 °C to −18 °C (−100 °F to 0 °F).5.2 This test method has proved helpful in the selection of greases for low-powered mechanisms, such as instrument bearings used in aerospace applications. The suitability of this test method for other applications requiring different greases, speeds, and temperatures should be determined on an individual basis.5.3 Test Method D4693 may be better suited for applications using larger bearings or greater loads. However, greases having such characteristics that permit torque evaluations by either this test method or Test Method D4693 will not give the same values in the two test methods (even when converted to the same torque units) because the apparatus and test bearings are different.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a grease retards the rotation of a slow-speed ball bearing by measuring starting and running torques at low temperatures (below −18 °C (0 °F)).1.1.1 Torque measurements are limited by the capacity of the torque-measuring equipment.1.1.2 This test method is not suitable for greases exhibiting torque values greater than 50 000 g·cm at the selected test temperature.NOTE 1: When initially developed, the original dynamometer scale limited the torque capacity to approximately 30 000 g·cm; the original dynamometer scale is obsolete, however. The suggested replacement scale has not been evaluated; it could extend the limit to approximately 50 000 g·cm.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.2.1 Exceptions—The values given in parentheses are for information only. The exception is torque values that are given in cgs-metric units, which are widely used in grease specifications.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard and warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.4, 8.7, and 8.11.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method is a screening test to differentiate among the expected life of greases in ball bearings running at high temperatures. If torque is a factor in selection of a grease, the test method provides for measurements at both low (1 r/min) and high (12 000 r/min) speeds.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the determination of grease life and torque in small bearings. Although this test method is not the equivalent of a long-time field-service test, it is intended to predict the relative grease life at high temperature in a reasonable period of testing time. In addition, this test method measures the running torque at both low (1 r/min) and high (12 000 r/min) speeds.1.2 Except for torque, which is measured in gcm, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard in this test method. The SI values given in parenthesis are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Reliable values of the plastic properties of coals are used to predict or explain the behavior of a coal or blends during carbonization or in other processes such as gasification, liquefaction, and combustion.1.1 This test method covers a relative measure of the plastic behavior of coal when heated under prescribed conditions. This test method may be used to obtain semiquantitative values of the plastic properties of coals and blends used in carbonization and in other situations where determination of plastic behavior of coals is of practical importance.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 In this test method, the term “mass” applies to measurements expressed with both SI units (for example, kg) and inch-pound units (for example, lb).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The procedures described in this test method can be used to predict more accurately the lubricating properties of a metal removal fluid than previously available laboratory scale tests.This test method is designed to allow flexibility in the selection of test specimen metal composition, tap alloy or coatings, and machining speeds.Comparison between various types of fluids can be made, including cutting oils, soluble oils, semi-synthetics, or water soluble synthetics.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory technique to evaluate the relative performance of metal removal fluids using a non-matrix test protocol using the tapping torque test machine.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Because the equipment used in this test method is available only in inch-pound units, SI units are omitted when referring to the equipment and the test pieces.1.3 This test method does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 On some applications of threaded fasteners, it is desirable to control either the amount of developed tension when a specified range of torque has been applied or the torque required to develop a specified range of tension. This test method is used to determine the effect of using adhesives on the torque-tension relationship of threaded fasteners.5.2 Accurate torque-tension relationships may be measured only by defining and controlling the many related test parameters.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the torque-tension relationship (lubricity) of adhesives used for locking and sealing threaded fasteners.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides reasonably accurate information with regard to the determination of the securing or locking effect of adhesives used in threaded fasteners. This test method may also be used to determine the degree of cure and the effect of environment on torque strength.5.2 The accuracy of the test results depends to a large degree on the thread clearance of the test fasteners and the inclusion of air bubbles in the bond line. Data generated by this test method should be safety-factored accordingly if used as quality assurance acceptance or rejection.1.1 This test method is used to make comparative assessments of the securing or locking effect of adhesives used in threaded assemblies.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice can be used to check devices used to measure the application and removal torques of continuous or intermittent thread and lug closures.5.2 This practice can be used to determine the amount of torque to either apply or remove a closure.1.1 This practice covers the calibration and use of torque meters of the type normally used in packaging applications.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The test method calibrates or demonstrates conformity of the torque signal of a rheometer at ambient temperature.5.2 A calibration factor thus determined may be used to obtain correct torque values.5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, specification acceptance, and quality control or assurance.1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance conformance for the torque signal generated by commercial or custom-built rheometers. The specific range of the test depends upon the torque range of the rheometer.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The ability of PVC granules to accept a plasticizer and become a dry free-flowing powder is related to the internal pore structure of the resin, resin temperature, plasticizer temperature, and the plasticizer used. By choosing an applicable plasticizer and maintaining a uniform temperature for the resin and plasticizer, it is possible to classify resins by how rapidly they absorb plasticizer. Resin suitability for a specific intensive mixing operation can be ascertained using these test methods.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the powder-mix time of a general-purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: ISO 4574-2019 is covering the primary subject of this ASTM method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The continuous recording of torque and temperature while going through these various stages can be used to predict the behavior of the material during processing.5.2 The torque rheometer test has two important functions. First, it is a means to predict flow/viscosity and cure characteristics of pourable thermosetting compounds. For example, the test provides useful data to predict the processibility of a material in a particular molding method. This information is also useful to optimize process conditions for a particular material such as the minimum pressure to fill a mold and the time to cure a part. A second capability of the test is to provide a graphic record of the batch-to-batch uniformity of the molding compound.1.1 This test method covers the apparatus, and a specific test method, including the evaluation of results required for the determination of the thermal flow and cure behavior properties of pourable thermosetting materials.1.2 This test method can be used:1.2.1 As a control for the development and production of pourable thermosetting materials and to measure the different properties (for example, melting behavior, cure behavior, etc.) as well as the influence of various additives and fillers in any given formulations, and1.2.2 Verify the uniformity of different production batches of the same formulation.1.3 The values are stated in SI units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 7.NOTE 1: This standard is equivalent to the inactive ISO 15062. This standard and ISO 15252-2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 702元 / 折扣价： 597 元 加购物车

4.1 Constant torque thermal cycling tests determine the effect of shear stress on the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation shear strain and residual shear strain of a shape memory alloy. This test is done to provide data for the characterization selection of shape memory alloy materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design (1-3).5 The tests should be used for one thermal cycle but may be used for repeated thermal cycles as agreed upon between supplier and customer.4.2 Measurement of the specimen's motion closely parallels many shape memory actuator applications and provides a result that is applicable to the function of the material.4.3 This test method may be used for cylindrical specimens such as wire, round tube or bar forms. Thus, it is able to provide an assessment of the product in its semi-finished form.4.4 This test method provides a simple method for determining transformation temperatures by heating and cooling specimens through their full thermal transformation under torque.4.5 This test method may also be used to evaluate partial transformation cycles as set by the LCT and UCT and agreed upon between the user and customer. Examples of partial and full transformation thermal cycles are provided in Fig. 2.FIG. 2 Effects of Shear Stress and Upper Cycle Temperature on Test ResultsNOTE 1: A) UCT sufficient for complete Austenitic transformation. B) UCT not sufficient for complete Austenitic transformation. “τ” is the applied shear stress.4.6 This test method can be used on trained and processed material in a semi-finished form to measure Two Way Shape Memory Effect (TWSME) by comparing the shear strain at the LCT and UCT with a torque set such that the corresponding shear stress shall not exceed 7 MPa. For determining TWSME in this manner it is suggested that a full transformation cycle be performed in accordance with 5.7.4.7 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.4.8 Transformation temperatures derived from this test method may not agree with those obtained by other test methods due to the effects of shear strain and shear stress on the transformation.4.9 Components such as springs, specimens with non-circular cross-sections or other semi-finished parts can be tested using this method as agreed upon by the customer and supplier. Test parameters and results shall be determined with respect to torque and rotation measured at the ends of the active region of the specimen.1.1 This test method will define procedures for thermomechanical cycling of shape memory alloys (SMA) material and components with circular cross-sections under constant torque. This test method will measure the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation shear strain and residual shear strain, when a shape memory alloy is thermally cycled through the phase transformation under a constant applied torque. This test is done to provide data for the characterization selection of shape memory alloy materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车