1.1 This test method is intended to be used for calibration and characterization of primary terrestrial, silicon photovoltaic reference cells to the global reference spectral irradiance distribution defined by Tables E892. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in Specification E1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic device. 1.2 Primary global reference cells are calibrated outdoors in natural sunlight by reference to a pyranometer that is used to measure the global irradiance. 1.3 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell which demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E1143. 1.4 This test method applies only to the calibration of single- or poly-crystalline silicon reference cells that have been fabricated with a single photovoltaic junction. 1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 This guide is intended for non-law enforcement first responders facing increased exposure to scenes of violence where firearms or stabbing weapons may be used.4.2 The use and wear conditions are different than for law enforcement, requiring specialized guidance on types of body armor and their limitations, levels of protection, threat assessment, use and care, compatibility with other required protective gear, and training.1.1 This guide provides information to non-law enforcement first responders for the selection and use of body armor.1.2 Non-law enforcement first responders, including but not limited to fire fighters, emergency medical service providers, fire investigators, and civilian/community response teams, require specialized guidance on types of body armor and their limitations, levels of protection, threat assessment, use and care, compatibility with other required protective gear, and training.1.3 This guide is directed to authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) and all non-law enforcement first responders and their agency or department leadership.1.4 This guide is not intended for law enforcement and corrections personnel.NOTE 1: See NIJ SAG 0101.06.1.5 This guide is divided into the following sections:      Section Title1 2 Referenced Documents3 Terminology4 5 Managing a Body Armor Program6 Understanding Protection Levels7 Selecting the Appropriate Body Armor8 Sizing Body Armor to the End User(s)9 Guidance on Purchasing10 Verifying that Your Body Armor is NIJ Certified11 Fit, Coverage, and Wear Guidance12 Fire Fighter Guidance for Body Armor Use with Turnout Gear13 Inspection, Care, and Maintenance14 KeywordsAnnex A1 Risk Assessment GuidanceAppendix X1 Body Armor Program Management GuidanceAppendix X2 Comparison of NIJ Ballistic Protection LevelsAppendix X3 General Federal Government Grant Programs   1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6.1 The user of this standard will identify the system of units to be used, and it is critical to ensure that any cross-referenced standards maintain consistency of units between standards.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 The values recorded are applicable only to the sewer joint being tested and at the time of testing.1.1 This practice covers procedures for testing single joints of thermoplastic pipe for gravity flow (non-pressure) sewer lines, when using either air or water under low pressure to demonstrate the integrity of the joint. This practice is used for testing 27 in. (675 mm) and larger inside diameter PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) and PP (Polypropylene) sewer lines utilizing flexible gasketed joints with elastomeric seals, Specification F477.1.2 This practice is used for assessing the watertight integrity of a joint at the time of the test. It is not a pipeline acceptance test as it does not evaluate the integrity of the pipe barrel or any long-term pipeline deformation effects from backfill settlementNOTE 1: The user of this practice is advised that methods described herein is typically used as a preliminary test to enable the installer to demonstrate the integrity of a sewer pipe joint prior to placement of final backfill. Such testing after initial backfill can detect if a gasket has rolled or dirt was pushed into the joint during the mating of the pipe. Repair of these types of installation problems can be done very quickly and effectively prior to final backfill, but once final backfill is placed, repairs are very difficult and costly.NOTE 2: This practice may be used at any time to check the integrity of a joint prior to acceptance testing or to locate a leaking joint when a pipeline fails a hydrostatic infiltration/exfiltration test, vacuum test or air pressure test during any time of the installation and acceptance process.NOTE 3: The user of this practice is advised that no correlation has been found between air loss and water leakage.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.5.2 The criteria will address only the collection of data on noncohesive sediment. A noncohesive sediment is one that consists of discrete particles and whose movement depends on the particular properties of the particles themselves (1). These properties can include particle size, shape, density, and position on the streambed with respect to other particles. Generally, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders are considered to be noncohesive sediments.1.1 This guide covers criteria for a complete sediment data set.1.2 This guide provides guidelines for the collection of non-cohesive sediment alluvial data.1.3 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 Non-isothermal stress relaxation, also known as temperature scanning stress relaxation, performed at a specific heating rate, delivers a set of parameters useful to specify the properties of thermo-plastic elastomers. It can also characterize the deterioration of the cross-linked rubber network in a reasonable testing time of a few hours.5.2 Stress relaxation tests are typically performed as time-dependent experiments at constant strain and temperature. It is known that temperature has a strong influence on the relaxation time of rubber. When evaluating ageing behavior such as deterioration of the network, a reliable test using isothermal stress relaxation requires extremely long testing times, for example, days or weeks depending on the application.1.1 This test method is used to determine the non-isothermal stress relaxation, also known as temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR). Stress relaxation is a characteristic behavior of rubber materials.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Principal Advantage of Compton Scatter Tomography—The principal advantage of CST is the ability to perform three-dimensional X-ray examination without the requirement for access to the back side of the examination object. CST offers the possibility to perform X-ray examination that is not possible by any other method. The CST sub-surface slice image is minimally affected by examination object features outside the plane of examination. The result is a radioscopic image that contains information primarily from the slice plane. Scattered radiation limits image quality in normal radiographic and radioscopic imaging. Scatter radiation does not have the same detrimental effect upon CST because scatter radiation is used to form the image. In fact, the more radiation the examination object scatters, the better the CST result. Low subject contrast materials that cannot be imaged well by conventional radiographic and radioscopic means are often excellent candidates for CST. Very high contrast sensitivities and excellent spatial resolution are possible with CST tomography.5.2 Limitations—As with any nondestructive testing method, CST has its limitations. The technique is useful on reasonably thick sections of low-density materials. While a 25 mm (1 in.) depth in aluminum or 50 mm (2 in.) in plastic is achievable, the examination depth is decreased dramatically as the material density increases. Proper image interpretation requires the use of standards and examination objects with known internal conditions or representative quality indicators (RQIs). The examination volume is typically small, on the order of a few cubic inches and may require a few minutes to image. Therefore, completely examining large structures with CST requires intensive re-positioning of the examination volume that can be time-consuming. As with other penetrating radiation methods, the radiation hazard must be properly addressed.1.1 Purpose—This guide covers a tutorial introduction to familiarize the reader with the operational capabilities and limitations inherent in a single non-computed X-ray Compton Scatter Tomography (CST). Also included is a brief description of the physics and typical hardware configuration for CST. This single technique is still used for a small number of inspections. This is not meant as comprehensive guide covering the variety of Compton scattering techniques that are now used for non-destructive testing and security screen screening.1.2 Advantages—X-ray Compton Scatter Tomography (CST) is a radiologic nondestructive examination method with several advantages that include:1.2.1 The ability to perform X-ray examination without access to the opposite side of the examination object;1.2.2 The X-ray beam need not completely penetrate the examination object allowing thick objects to be partially examined. Thick examination objects become part of the radiation shielding thereby reducing the radiation hazard;1.2.3 The ability to examine and image object subsurface features with minimal influence from surface features;1.2.4 The ability to obtain high-contrast images from low subject contrast materials that normally produce low-contrast images when using traditional transmitted beam X-ray imaging methods; and1.2.5 The ability to obtain depth information of object features thereby providing a three-dimensional examination. The ability to obtain depth information presupposes the use of a highly collimated detector system having a narrow angle of acceptance.1.3 Applications—This guide does not specify which examination objects are suitable, or unsuitable, for CST. As with most nondestructive examination techniques, CST is highly application specific thereby requiring the suitability of the method to be first demonstrated in the application laboratory. This guide does not provide guidance in the standardized practice or application of CST techniques. No guidance is provided concerning the acceptance or rejection of examination objects examined with CST.1.4 Limitations—As with all nondestructive examination methods, CST has limitations and is complementary to other NDE methods. Chief among the limitations is the difficulty in performing CST on thick sections of high-Z materials. CST is best applied to thinner sections of lower Z materials. The following provides a general idea of the range of CST applicability when using a 160 keV constant potential X-ray source:Material Practical Thickness Range Steel Up to about 3 mm (1/8 in.)Aluminum Up to about 25 mm (1 in.)Aerospace composites Up to about 50 mm (2 in.)Polyurethane Foam Up to about 300 mm (12 in.)The limitations of the technique must also consider the required X, Y, and Z axis resolutions, the speed of image formation, image quality and the difference in the X-ray scattering characteristics of the parent material and the internal features that are to be imaged.1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The term “surface texture” is used to describe the local deviations of a surface from an ideal shape. Surface texture usually consists of long wavelength repetitive features that occur as results of chatter, vibration, or heat treatments during the manufacture of implants. Short wavelength features superimposed on the long wavelength features of the surface, which arise from polishing or etching of the implant, are referred to as roughness.4.2 This guide provides an overview of techniques that are available for measuring the surface in terms of Cartesian coordinates and the parameters used to describe surface texture. It is important to appreciate that it is not possible to measure surface texture per se, but to derive values for parameters that can be used to describe it.1.1 This guide describes some of the more common methods that are available for measuring the topographical features of a surface and provides an overview of the parameters that are used to quantify them. Being able to reliably derive a set of parameters that describe the texture of biomaterial surfaces is a key aspect in the manufacture of safe and effective implantable medical devices that have the potential to trigger an adverse biological reaction in situ.1.2 This guide is not intended to apply to porous structures with average pore dimensions in excess of approximately 50 nm (0.05 μm).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Guidance on management of NAPL sites and a large body of research effort contributing to their development (for example, ITRC 2018 (1); CRC CARE 2018 (2); CL:AIRE 2019 (3) and CRC CARE 2020 (4)) point to the significance of natural attenuation and NSZD in the evolution of NAPL source and the resulting distributions of COCs in soil, groundwater and vapor.4.2 Examples of reported ranges in estimated natural attenuation rates are 300 – 7700 gallons of NAPL/acre/year (Garg et al. 2017 (5)); and 0.4 – 280 metric tons of NAPL/year (CRC CARE 2020 (4)).4.3 The intent of this guide is to provide a standardized approach for the estimation of natural attenuation rates for NAPL in the subsurface. The rates can be used for establishing a baseline metric for those involved in the remedial decision-making process. There is a need for a systematic approach and refinement in data collection and interpretation for quantifying the spatially and temporally variable rates. Providing quality assurance in estimation of this metric will enable the assessment of relatively more engineered remedies as compared to natural remedies or MNA (Fig. 1), as well as estimation of the remediation timeframe. This comparison, when performed through a standardized approach, can lead to actionable metrics for transition to sustainable remedies through well-defined and transparent criteria. In the context of a spectrum of remediation options in terms of engineered and natural remedies (Fig. 1), the transition is from a relatively more engineered (or active remediation) to a relatively more nature-based remedy. When considered in the remedial decision-making process, estimates of natural attenuation rates can be used:4.3.1 Before active remediation (as baseline to assess whether active remediation is needed);4.3.2 During active remediation (as performance/optimization metric); and4.3.3 At the end of active remediation (support transition to MNA or site closure).4.4 Since natural attenuation results in changes to the NAPL composition over time, methods to estimate the natural attenuation rate also inform NAPL forensics, and the risks associated with the NAPL such as in vapor intrusion, NAPL migration, and groundwater plume extent and stability.4.5 In addition, understanding of the magnitude of natural attenuation rates can contribute to addressing overarching questions in NAPL sites management, following initial characterization and risk assessment, such as:4.5.1 What is the remediation timeframe under natural attenuation and how does it compare with the remedial timeframe of engineered remedies?4.5.2 What are the current and future estimates of NAPL mass (or volume) remaining on site? The remaining mass can impact compositional concerns.4.5.3 Under what scenarios (for example, size of release and/or presence of NAPL); and site conditions are the rates of NAPL natural attenuation significant in terms of reaching remedial objectives in accordance with regulatory criteria and remedial timeframe?4.5.4 How do the rate estimates of natural attenuation change over time?4.6 Common challenges encountered in the management of NAPL sites are:4.6.1 Sites that remain under engineered (active) remediation over extended periods of time without reaching an acceptable endpoint.4.6.2 Understanding what the long-term fate of NAPL bodies would be with and without engineered remedies.4.6.3 Understanding the long-term fate of NAPL-related dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plumes.4.6.4 Understanding NAPL movement and demonstrating stability.4.7 A major obstacle in answering the questions in 4.5 and addressing the challenges in 4.6 is the availability of methods for estimation of reliable and quantifiable NAPL attenuation rates that can be implemented and reviewed by site managers, site owners and regulators. To address this challenge, the intent of this standard is to describe the available methods and their selection and application based on site conditions.4.8 It is important to understand the applicability and use of the NAPL natural attenuation rates in decision making with regards to the requirement for an endpoint of an engineered remediation system. A merited transition from engineered to natural remedy, including MNA would result in a more sustainable approach to site management. MNA in the context of this standard includes the monitoring of natural attenuation rates in both the saturated zone and the vadose zone and complements previous standards (Guide E1943) focused on MNA in the saturated zone by inclusion of methods related to the vadose zone (Section 6).4.9 The natural attenuation processes (Section 5) can impact remedial objectives in terms of addressing NAPL saturation (mobility or migration) or composition (COC concentrations in soil, groundwater or vapor), and therefore need to be included in the CSM. Natural attenuation, including NSZD, can reduce both NAPL saturation and constituent-specific mass.4.10 Integration of natural attenuation rate estimate at the early stages of site management (that is, in the CSM) can result in its proper application to the remedial decision-making process, since natural attenuation can result in exposure risk reduction, as well as overall source mass reduction.4.10.1 In most cases, identifying the occurrence of natural attenuation at a site or measuring the rate at a site is not sufficient in itself to accomplish remedial goals and regulatory requirements.4.10.2 This guide provides methods for identifying the occurrence of natural attenuation, measuring the rate of natural attenuation and demonstrating how this data can be used for achieving remedial goals and regulatory requirements.4.11 The advantages of estimating natural attenuation rates at sites impacted by hydrocarbon-based NAPL including petroleum, coal tars, or creosote is evidenced by examples where one or multiple methods for the rate estimates have been applied.4.12 US EPA and State regulations or guidance that highlight the significance of natural attenuation at NAPL sites include:4.12.1 Role of natural attenuation and specifically biodegradation in the vadose zone is demonstrated through analysis of data sets to substantiate the applicability of screening distances for petroleum vapor intrusion (US EPA, 2015, ITRC, 2014 (6)).4.12.2 Adoption of MNA as a means to ensure long-term containment and reduction of dissolved phase plumes (Guide E1943, WI-DNR 2014 (7), ITRC 2018 (1)).4.12.3 Additional technical aspects of NSZD pertaining to forensic evidence and weathering patterns have previously been employed by environmental professionals, regulatory agencies and legal courts on site specific projects.4.13 Comparison of the natural attenuation rates to the removal rates achieved through engineered remedies over time, if applicable, and defining a threshold for transition from more engineered to more natural remedies has the potential to improve remedial decisions as demonstrated through case studies presented in this standard guide. This includes termination of a relatively engineered remedy and reliance on MNA.1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriate method or combination of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation or depletion rates at sites with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in the subsurface. This guide builds on a number of existing guidance documents worldwide and incorporates the advances in methods for estimating the natural attenuation rates.1.2 The guide is focused on hydrocarbon chemicals of concern (COCs) that include petroleum hydrocarbons derived from crude oil (for example, motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils) and other hydrocarbon NAPLs (for example, creosote and coal tars). While much of what is discussed may be relevant to other organic chemicals, the applicability of the standard to other NAPLs, like chlorinated solvents or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is not included in this guide.1.3 This guide is intended to evaluate the role of NAPL natural attenuation towards reaching the remedial objectives and/or performance goals at a specific site; and the selection of an appropriate remedy, including remediation through monitoring of natural or enhanced attenuation, or the remedy transition to natural mechanisms. While the evaluation can support some aspects of site characterization, the development of the conceptual site model and risk assessment, it is not intended to replace risk assessment and mitigation, such as addressing potential impact to human health or environment, or need for source control.1.4 Estimation of NAPL natural attenuation rates in the subsurface relies on indirect measurements of environmental indicators and their variation in time and space. Available methods described in this standard are based on evaluation of biogeochemical reactions and physical transport processes combined with data analysis to infer and quantify the natural attenuation rates for NAPL present in the vadose and/or saturated zones.1.5 The rate estimates can be used for developing metrics in the corrective action decision framework, complementing the LNAPL Conceptual Site Model (LCSM) (Guide E2531).1.6 The emphasis in this guide is on the selection and application of methods for quantifying rates of NAPL depletion or attenuation. It is assumed that the remediation endpoint has been defined for the site based on the remedial objectives to address composition or saturation concerns as defined in ITRC (2018) (1).2 While the rates can be used to estimate the timeframe to reach the remediation endpoint under natural conditions, methods for estimating the total NAPL mass and timeframe are beyond the scope of this standard.1.7 The users of this guide should be aware of the appropriate regulatory requirements that apply to sites where NAPL is present or suspected to occur. The user should consult applicable regulatory agency requirements to identify appropriate technical decision criteria and seek regulatory approvals, as necessary.1.8 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for sites with NAPL in the subsurface. The guide supplements characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state, and local environmental programs, but it does not replace regulatory agency requirements.1.9 SI units are primarily used in the standard, however, units more commonly used in the industry are also represented.1.10 The guide is organized as follows:1.10.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.1.10.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.1.10.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide.1.10.4 Section 5 provides the conceptual model of natural attenuation processes and pathways.1.10.5 Section 6 provides an overview and description of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation rates, including:1.10.5.1 Description of methods and available technologies:(1) CO2 efflux method(2) Temperature gradient method(3) Soil gas gradient method(4) Groundwater monitoring method(5) NAPL composition method1.10.5.2 Screening or feasibility assessment of the method for the site conditions;1.10.5.3 Background sources and correction methods;1.10.5.4 Data interpretation, key considerations and challenges (for example, measurement frequency and locations and spatial/temporal averaging);1.10.5.5 Applicability of methods for evaluating the performance of enhanced natural attenuation (bioremediation) systems;1.10.5.6 Other method applications (for example, source delineation or estimating mass discharge rates).1.10.6 Section 7 provides guidance on selection of a method or combination of methods applicable to site-specific conditions.1.10.7 Section 8 provides example applications through case studies.1.10.8 Section 9 lists keywords relevant to this guide.1.10.9 Appendix X1 describes details of the CO2 Efflux Method.1.10.10 Appendix X2 describes details of the Temperature Gradient Method.1.10.11 Appendix X3 describes details of the Soil Gas Gradient Method.1.10.12 Appendix X4 describes details of the Groundwater Monitoring Method.1.10.13 Appendix X5 describes details of the NAPL Composition Method.1.10.14 Appendix X6 provides details of case studies discussed in Section 8.1.10.15 Appendix X7 provides example estimates of NAPL quantity.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

This specification provides general requirements for solvent cements used in joining acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic pipe or fittings to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe or fittings in non-pressure applications only. The solvent cement shall be a solution of Class 12454-B, unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) molding or extrusion compound. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of resin content, dissolution, viscosity, lap shear strength, hydrostatic burst strength, solids content, and bond strength.1.1 This specification provides general requirements for solvent cements used in joining acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic pipe or fittings to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe or fittings.1.2 These cements are intended for use in cementing transition joints between ABS and PVC materials in non-pressure applications only (25 psi (170 kPa) or less).NOTE 1: This specification was developed to provide a means for joining an ABS non-pressure piping system using a solvent-cemented transition joint, for example, joining ABS building drain to a PVC sewer system. The intention was not to create a specification for an all purpose ABS-PVC solvent cement that would be used for mixing of ABS and PVC piping materials nor to specify a cement that could generally be used for either material. Specific cements for ABS or PVC components should be used (see 1.3).1.3 Solvent cements used for joining PVC pipe and fittings are specified in Specification D2564. Solvent cements used for joining ABS pipe and fittings are specified in Specification D2235.1.4 A recommended procedure for joining ABS to PVC pipe and fittings for non-pressure applications is given in the appendix.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1. Scope This section of Part 2 of IEC Publication 598 specifies requirements for photo and film luminaires (non-professional) for use with tungsten filament lamps on supply voltages not exceeding 250 V, including low-pressure tungsten halogen lamps sp

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

Scope and object This clause of the General Standard applies except as follows: 1.1 Scope Addition: This Particular Standard specifies requirements for the safety, including essential performance, of AUTOMATIC CYCLING NON-INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSUR

定价： 683元 / 折扣价： 581 元

5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studied using rheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosity at differing rotational speeds (or shear rates) using rotational viscometers.5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estimation of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in quality assessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, and research.1.1 This test method describes the determination of the shear thinning index of a shear-rate dependent (non-Newtonian) fluid using a rotational viscometer. A value of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that the material is Newtonian in behavior. A value greater than unity indicates shear thinning behavior.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The quantitative determination of hindered phenol and aromatic amine antioxidants in a new turbine oil measures the amount of these compounds that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. Beside phenols, turbine oils can be formulated with other antioxidants such as amines which can extend the oil life. In in-service oil, the determination measures the amount of original (hindered phenol and aromatic amine) antioxidants remaining after oxidation has reduced its initial concentration. This test method is not designed or intended to detect all of the antioxidant intermediates formed during the thermal and oxidative stressing of the oils, which are recognized as having some contribution to the remaining useful life of the in-service oil. Nor does it measure the overall stability of an oil, which is determined by the total contribution of all species present. Before making final judgment on the remaining useful life of the in-service oil, which might result in the replacement of the oil reservoir, it is advised to perform additional analytical techniques (as in accordance with Test Methods D6224 and D4378; see also Test Method D2272), having the capability of measuring remaining oxidative life of the in-service oil.5.1.1 This test method is applicable to non-zinc type of turbine oils as defined by ISO 6743 Part 4, Table 1. These are refined mineral oils containing rust and oxidation inhibitors, but not antiwear additives.5.2 The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.5.3 When a voltammetric analysis is obtained for a turbine oil inhibited with a typical synergistic mixture of hindered phenol and aromatic amine antioxidants, there is an increase in the current of the produced voltammogram between 8 s to 12 s (or 0.8 V to 1.2 V applied voltage) (see Note 1) for the aromatic amines, and an increase in the current of the produced voltammogram between 13 s and 16 s (or 1.3 V to 1.6 V applied voltage) (see Note 1) for the hindered phenols in the neutral acetone test solution (Fig. 1: x-axis 1 s = 0.1 V). Hindered phenol antioxidants detected by voltammetric analysis include, but are not limited to, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol; and 4,4'-Methylenebis (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol). Aromatic amine antioxidants detected by voltammetric analysis include, but are not limited to, phenyl alpha naphthylamines, and alkylated diphenylamines.NOTE 1: Voltages listed with respect to reference electrode. The voltammograms shown in Figs. 1 and 2 were obtained with a platinum reference electrode and a voltage scan rate of 0.1 V/s.FIG. 2 Hindered Phenol Voltammetric Response in Basic Test Solution with Blank Response ZeroedNOTE 1: x-axis = time (seconds) and y-axis is current (arbitrary units) with top line in Fig. 2 showing the fresh oil.5.4 For turbine oil containing only aromatic amines as antioxidants, there will only be an increase in the current of the produced voltammogram between 8 s to 12 s (or 0.8 V to 1.2 V applied voltage) (see Note 1) for the aromatic amines, by using the neutral acetone test solution (first peak in Fig. 1).5.5 For turbine oils containing only hindered phenolic antioxidants, it is preferable to use a basic alcohol test solution rather than the neutral acetone test solutions, as there is an increase in the current of the produced voltammogram between 3 s to 6 s (or 0.3 V to 0.6 V applied voltage) (see Note 1) in basic alcohol test solution (Fig. 2: x-axis 1 second = 0.1 V) in accordance with Test Method D6810.1.1 This test method covers the voltammetric determination of hindered phenol and aromatic amine antioxidants in new or in-service type non-zinc turbine oils in concentrations from 0.0075 % by mass up to concentrations found in new oils by measuring the amount of current flow at a specified voltage in the produced voltammogram.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is the intent of these test methods to provide a recognized procedure for calibrating, characterizing, and reporting the calibration data for non-primary photovoltaic reference cells that are used during photovoltaic device performance measurements.5.2 The electrical output of photovoltaic devices is dependent on the spectral content of the source illumination and its intensity. To make accurate measurements of the performance of photovoltaic devices under a variety of light sources, it is necessary to account for the error in the short-circuit current that occurs if the relative spectral response of the reference cell is not identical to the spectral response of the device under test. A similar error occurs if the spectral irradiance distribution of the test light source is not identical to the desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. These errors are quantified with the spectral mismatch parameter M (Test Method E973).5.2.1 Test Method E973 requires four quantities for spectral mismatch calculations:5.2.1.1 The quantum efficiency of the reference cell to be calibrated (see 7.1.1),5.2.1.2 The quantum efficiency of the calibration source device (required as part of its calibration),NOTE 1: See 10.10 of Test Method E1021 for the identity that converts spectral responsivity to quantum efficiency.5.2.1.3 The spectral irradiance of the light source (measured with the spectral irradiance measurement equipment), and,5.2.1.4 The reference spectral irradiance distribution to which the calibration source device was calibrated (see G173).5.2.2 Temperature Corrections—Test Method E973 provides means for temperature corrections to short-circuit current using the partial derivative of quantum efficiency with respect to temperature.5.3 A non-primary reference cell is calibrated in accordance with these test methods is with respect to the same reference spectral irradiance distribution as that of the calibration source device. Primary reference cells may be calibrated by use of Test Method E1125.NOTE 2: No ASTM standards for calibration of primary reference cells to the extraterrestrial spectral irradiance distribution presently exist.5.4 A non-primary reference cell should be recalibrated yearly, or every six months if the cell is in continuous use outdoors.5.5 Recommended physical characteristics of reference cells are provided in Specification E1040.5.6 Because silicon solar cells made on p-type substrates are susceptible to a loss of Isc upon initial exposure to light, it is required that newly manufactured reference cells be light soaked, see 4.8.5.7 The choice of natural sunlight versus solar simulation for the test light source involves tradeoffs between the advantages and disadvantages of either source. Natural sunlight provides excellent spatial uniformity over the test plane but the total and spectral irradiances vary with the apparent motion of the sun and changes of atmospheric conditions such as clouds. Calibrations in a solar simulator can be done at any time and provide a stable spectral irradiance. Disadvantages of solar simulators include spatial non-uniformity and short-time variations in total irradiance. The procedures in these test methods have been designed to overcome these disadvantages.1.1 These test methods cover calibration and characterization of non-primary terrestrial photovoltaic reference cells to a desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in Specification E1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic device.1.2 Non-primary reference cells are calibrated indoors using simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference to a previously calibrated reference cell, which is referred to as the calibration source device.1.2.1 The non-primary calibration will be with respect to the same reference spectral irradiance distribution as that of the calibration source device.1.2.2 The calibration source device may be a primary reference cell calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1125, or a non-primary reference cell calibrated in accordance with these test methods.1.2.3 For the special case in which the calibration source device is a primary reference cell, the resulting non-primary reference cell is also referred to as a secondary reference cell.1.3 Non-primary reference cells calibrated according to these test methods will have the same radiometric traceability as that of the calibration source device. Therefore, if the calibration source device is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR, see Test Method E816), the resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to the WRR.1.4 These test methods apply only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E1143.1.5 These test methods apply only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single photovoltaic junction.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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