4.1 This practice is a guideline for short-term and long-term assessment of skeletal muscle and bone tissue responses to long-term implant materials. For testing of final finished medical devices, the test article for implantation shall be as for intended use, including packaging and sterilization. The tissue responses to the test article are compared to the skeletal muscle and/or bone tissue response(s) elicited by control materials. The controls consistently demonstrate known cellular reaction and wound healing.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for biological assessment of tissue responses to nonabsorbable for medical device implants. It assesses the effects of the material that is implanted intramuscularly or intraosseously. The experimental protocol is not designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the systemic toxicity, immune response, carcinogenicity, or mutagenicity of the material since other standards address these issues. It applies only to materials with projected applications in humans where the materials will reside in bone or skeletal muscle tissue in excess of 30 days. Applications in other organ systems or tissues may be inappropriate and are therefore excluded. Control materials are well recognized with a well-characterized long-term response and can include metals and any one of the metal alloys in Specification F67, F75, F90, F136, F138, or F562, high purity dense aluminum oxide as described in Specification F603, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene as stated in Specification F648, or USP polyethylene negative control.1.2 The values stated in SI units, including units officially accepted for use with SI, are to be regarded as standard. No other systems of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide supports the development of material behavior models that can be used to estimate performance of the EBS materials during the post-closure period of a high-level nuclear waste repository for times much longer than can be tested directly. This guide is intended for modeling the degradation behaviors of materials proposed for use in an EBS designed to contain radionuclides over tens of thousands of years and more. There is both national and international recognition of the importance of the use and long-term performance of engineered materials in geologic repository design. Use of the models developed following the approaches described in this guide is intended to address established regulations, such as:5.1.1 U.S. Public Law 97–425, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, provides for the deep geologic disposal of high-level radioactive waste through a system of multiple barriers. These barriers include engineered barriers designed to prevent the migration of radionuclides out of the engineered system, and the geologic host medium that provides an additional transport barrier between the engineered system and biosphere. The regulations of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for geologic disposal require a performance confirmation program to provide data through tests and analyses, where practicable, that demonstrate engineered systems and components that are designed or assumed to act as barriers after permanent closure are functioning as intended and anticipated.5.1.2 IAEA Safety Requirements specify that engineered barriers shall be designed and the host environment shall be selected to provide containment of the radionuclides associated with the wastes.5.1.3 The Swedish Regulatory Authority has provided general advice to the repository developer that the application of best available technique be followed in connection with disposal, which means that the siting, design, construction, and operation of the repository and appurtenant system components should be carried out so as to prevent, limit, and delay releases from both engineered and geological barriers as far as is reasonably possible.5.1.4 The Regulatory Authority in Finland identified the need to support the safety assessment stating that the input data and models utilized in the safety case shall be based on high-quality research data and expert judgement. Data and models shall be validated as far as possible and correspond to the conditions likely to prevail at the disposal site during the assessment period.5.1.5 The Office of Nuclear Regulation in the United Kingdom will regulate an operating geological repository under the Nuclear Installations Act through application of the Safety Assessment Principles developed for all nuclear facilities and the post-closure disposal period will be regulated under the Radioactive Substances Act by the Environmental Agency. A Memorandum of Understanding outlines how the two regulators work together10.5.2 This guide aids in defining acceptable methods for making useful estimations of long-term behavior of materials from such sources as test data, scientific theory, and analogs.5.3 This guide recognizes that technical information and test data regarding the actual behavior of EBS materials will by necessity be based on test durations that are short relative to the time periods required for geologic disposal (for example, thousands of years and longer). In addition to use in formulating acceptable long-term performance models, data from short-term tests are used to support EBS design and the selection of materials. For example, low confidence in the ability to model the degradation of one material may justify the selection of alternative EBS barrier materials that can be modelled with higher confidence. It is expected that the model will correctly represent material behavior in the intended applications of establishing design criteria, comparison of performance assessment results with safety limits, and so forth. See Section 21 for further discussion on model support and confidence.5.4 The EBS environment of interest is that defined by the natural conditions (for example, minerals, moisture, biota, and mechanical stresses); changes that occur over time, during repository construction and operation, and as a consequence of radionuclide decay, namely, radiation, radiation-induced damage, heating, and radiolytic effects on the solution chemistry; and changes that may occur over the post-closure period. Environmental conditions associated with disruptive events (for example, mechanical stress from seismic events) and processes (for example, changes in water chemistry) should also be considered.1.1 This guide addresses how various test methods and data analyses can be used to develop models for the evaluation of the long-term alteration behavior of materials used in an engineered barrier system (EBS) for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and other high-level nuclear waste in a geologic repository. The alteration behavior of waste forms and EBS materials is important because it affects the retention of radionuclides within the disposal system either directly, as in the case of waste forms in which the radionuclides are initially immobilized, or indirectly, as in the case of EBS containment materials that restrict the ingress of groundwater or the egress of radionuclides that are released as the waste forms degrade.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide a scientifically-based strategy for developing models that can be used to estimate material alteration behavior after a repository is permanently closed (that is, in the post-closure period). Because the timescale involved with geological disposal precludes direct validation of predictions, mechanistic understanding of the processes based on detailed data and models and consideration of the range of uncertainty are recommended.1.3 This guide addresses the scientific bases and uncertainties in material behavior models and the impact on the confidence in the EBS design criteria and repository performance assessments using those models. This includes the identification and use of conservative assumptions to address uncertainty in the long-term performance of materials.1.3.1 Steps involved in evaluating the performance of waste forms and EBS materials include problem definition, laboratory and field testing, modeling of individual and coupled processes, and model confirmation.1.3.2 The estimates of waste form and EBS material performance are based on models derived from theoretical considerations, expert judgments, and interpretations of data obtained from tests and analyses of appropriate analogs.1.3.3 For the purpose of this guide, tests are categorized according to the information they provide and how it is used for model development, support, and use. These tests may include but are not limited to: attribute tests, characterization tests, accelerated tests, service condition tests, and confirmation tests.1.4 This guide does not address testing required to define or characterize the repository environment (that is, the groundwater quantity or chemistry, host rock properties, etc.). The logical approach and testing concepts described herein can be applied to the disposal system.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Squeeze-off is widely used to temporarily control the flow of gas in PE pipe. Squeeze tools vary depending on the size of the pipe and the design of the tool. Squeeze-off procedures vary depending on the tool design, pipe material, and environmental conditions.5.2 Experience indicates that some combinations of polyethylene material, temperature, tool design, wall compression percentage and procedure can cause damage leading to failure.5.3 Studies of polyethylene pipe extruded in the late 1980s and thereafter show that damage typically does not develop when the wall compression percentage is 30 % or less, when temperatures are above 50 °F (10 °C), and when closure and release rates are typical of field conditions for screw-driven tools.4 With tools meeting Specification F1563, acceptable flow control at typical gas service pressures is achieved at wall compression percentages between 10 and 20 % for pipe diameters less than 6 in.4,5 Because damage does not develop in these materials at such squeeze levels, the references cited indicate that squeeze-off flow control practices using tools meeting Specification F1563 and qualified procedures meeting Practice F1041 are effective for smaller pipe sizes.4 ,5NOTE 3: Specification F1563 provides a procedure for evaluating tool flow control performance.5.4 This practice provides a method to qualify a combination of squeeze tool, pipe size and material, and squeeze-off procedure to ensure that long-term damage does not occur. This practice is useful for polyethylene gas pipe manufactured before 1975, for new or revised polyolefin gas pipe materials, for pipe diameters of 8 in. or above, for new or revised squeeze tool designs, and for new or revised squeeze-off procedures.1.1 This practice covers qualifying a combination of a squeeze tool, a polyethylene gas pipe, and a squeeze-off procedure to avoid long-term damage in polyethylene gas pipe. Qualifying is conducted by examining the inside and outside surfaces of pipe specimens at and near the squeeze to determine the existence of features indicative of long-term damage. If indicative features are absent, sustained pressure testing in accordance with Specification D2513 is conducted to confirm the viability of the squeeze-off process. For assistance with specimen examination, an Adjunct, ADJF17342, is available from ASTM.1.2 This practice is appropriate for any combination of squeeze tool, PE gas pipe and squeeze-off procedure, and is particularly appropriate for pre-1975 Polyethylene (PE) pipe, and for pipe sizes of 8 in. or above, because of a greater possibility of long-term damage.1.3 This practice is for use by squeeze-tool manufacturers, pipe manufacturers and gas utilities to qualify squeeze tools made in accordance with Specification F1563; and squeeze-off procedures in accordance with Guide F1041 with pipe manufactured in accordance with Specification D2513.1.4 Governing codes and project specifications should be consulted. Nothing in this practice should be construed as recommending practices or systems at variance with governing codes and project specifications.1.5 Where applicable in this guide, “pipe” shall mean “pipe and tubing.”1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Part A of the “Blue Book,” Form and Style for ASTM Standards, introduces the statement of measurement uncertainty as an optional part of the report given for the result of applying a particular test method to a particular material.4.2 Preparation of uncertainty estimates is a requirement for laboratory accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025. This guide describes some of the types of data that the laboratory can use as the basis for reporting uncertainty.AbstractThis guide provides concepts necessary for understanding the term “uncertainty” when applied to a quantitative test result. Several measures of uncertainty can be applied to a given measurement result; the interpretation of some of the common forms is described. This guide describes methods for expressing test result uncertainty and relates these to standard statistical methodology. Relationships between uncertainty and concepts of precision and bias are described. This guide also presents concepts needed for a laboratory to identify and characterize components of method performance. Elements that an ASTM method can include to provide guidance to the user on estimating uncertainty for the method are described. This guide describes some of the types of data that the laboratory can use as the basis for reporting uncertainty.1.1 This guide provides concepts necessary for understanding the term “uncertainty” when applied to a quantitative test result. Several measures of uncertainty can be applied to a given measurement result; the interpretation of some of the common forms is described.1.2 This guide describes methods for expressing test result uncertainty and relates these to standard statistical methodology. Relationships between uncertainty and concepts of precision and bias are described.1.3 This guide also presents concepts needed for a laboratory to identify and characterize components of method performance. Elements that an ASTM method can include to provide guidance to the user on estimating uncertainty for the method are described.1.4 The system of units for this guide is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the guide are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods and are not binding on products or test methods treated.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to predict removability of floor polish after a treatment period that simulates aging in the field. It allows for uniform mechanical and detergent action leaving the only variable the actual removability of the polish.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative ease of removal of dried films of water-emulsion floor polishes from common flooring substrates under accelerated conditions, which correspond to extended service aging.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 There are two primary types of vapor mitigation systems: Active and Passive (Table 1). Active vapor mitigation systems include: Sub-Slab Depressurization (SSD), Sub-Membrane Depressurization (SMD), Sub-Membrane Pressurization, Block-Wall Depressurization, Drain-tile Depressurization, Building Pressurization, Heat-Exchange Systems, and Indoor Air Treatment. Passive vapor mitigation systems include: Passive Venting, Floor Sealants, Vapor Barriers, and Increased Ventilation. Vapor mitigation systems may also consist of a combination of active and passive technologies.5.2 Development and implementation of a LTM Plan is important for ensuring the long-term protectiveness of the mitigation systems.5.3 The approach presented in this guide is a practical and streamlined process for establishing long-term monitoring requirements, monitoring time frames, and factors needed to determine when the use of a vapor mitigation system is no longer needed.5.4 This guide is intended to be used by environmental professionals including: consultants, building managers, local or regional governing or regulatory agencies, that are installing vapor mitigation systems, conducting monitoring of the vapor barriers, or developing LTM Plans for vapor mitigation systems. Vapor mitigation system installation and LTM activities should only be carried out by environmental professionals who are trained in the proper application of vapor mitigation systems and experienced in the monitoring described in this guide, as applicable.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.(A) Initial Verification (System Startup)—Period of time immediately following system startup.(B) Operational Monitoring—Period of time needed to verify that the system is operating within requirements through typically expected annual conditions.(C) Long-Term Monitoring—Period of time following operational monitoring through system decommissioning.(D) Additional testing—These are actions that may need to be taken if there is a problem with the system or there is a change to the building/system.1.1 This guide presents factors to consider when developing Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) Plans for monitoring the performance of both active and passive vapor mitigation systems in buildings. This guide will also assist in developing appropriate performance standards to make sure that vapor mitigation systems remain protective of human health. Active and passive vapor mitigation systems have been used for a number of years on contaminated properties where residual volatile contaminants remain in the ground. This guide discusses a variety of vapor mitigations systems; however, its focus is on the development of long-term monitoring plans for vapor mitigation systems that are designed to remain in place for multiple years.1.2 A LTM Plan provides clear performance goals for a vapor mitigation system which help to reduce potential confusion and ineffective project management. The LTM Plan also defines performance monitoring time frames to efficiently test the vapor mitigation systems’ effectiveness without unnecessary and costly over-testing. This will also promote consistent monitoring. Vapor mitigation systems are often installed without adequate consideration of the long-term monitoring requirements necessary to make sure that they remain protective of human health for as long as the system remains in place. This guidance addresses the requirements of the LTM Plan to monitor a vapor mitigation system’s continued effectiveness. Installation verification that the vapor mitigation system was installed correctly is typically addressed in the Remedial Design stage of a contaminated Property Management and is not covered in this document.1.3 LTM Plan limitations, constraints and potential sources of error are discussed in this standard. This guide does not endorse a mitigation system vendor or testing of vapor mitigation systems. However, this guide does provide a reference for the common procedures for testing vapor mitigation systems and related terms, as appropriate.1.4 Units—The values stated in either International System (SI) units or English units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for informational purposes only and are not considered standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal of significant digits in the specified limit.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied with consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The compression behavior test for TRMs is intended to be an index test. It is anticipated that the results of the compression behavior test will be used to evaluate product. The results of the analyses also may be used to compare the relative compressive yield points of materials that exhibit a detectable compressive yield point. It is anticipated that this test will be used for quality control testing to evaluate uniformity and consistency within a lot or between lots where sample geometry factors, for example, thickness, or materials may have changed.NOTE 1: This is a one-dimensional test for compressive loading of a TRM in one plane.5.1.1 The compressive yield point of TRMs may be evaluated from the stress/strain relationship. Many materials exhibit compressive deformation but may not show a distinct compressive yield point.5.2 This test method can be used to evaluate the short-term stress/strain behavior of TRMs under compressive stress while loaded at a constant rate of deformation.5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of TRMs but caution is advised because interlaboratory testing is incomplete.5.3.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigations of bias. As a minimum, two parties should take a group of test specimens from material shipped to project. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.1.1 This test method establishes the procedures for evaluation of the deformations of a turf reinforcement mat (TRM) under short-term compressive loading. This test method is strictly an index test method to be used to verify the compressive strength consistency of a given manufactured geosynthetic. Results from this test method should not be considered as an indication of actual or long-term performance of the TRM in field applications.1.2 Since these TRMs experience multidirectional compressive loadings in the field, this test method will not show actual field performance and should not be used for this specific objective. The evaluation of the results also should recognize that the determination of the short-term single plane compressive behavior of geosynthetics does not reflect the installed performance of TRMs and, therefore, should not be used as the only method of product or performance specification.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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