5.1 This guide supports the development of material behavior models that can be used to estimate performance of the EBS materials during the post-closure period of a high-level nuclear waste repository for times much longer than can be tested directly. This guide is intended for modeling the degradation behaviors of materials proposed for use in an EBS designed to contain radionuclides over tens of thousands of years and more. There is both national and international recognition of the importance of the use and long-term performance of engineered materials in geologic repository design. Use of the models developed following the approaches described in this guide is intended to address established regulations, such as:5.1.1 U.S. Public Law 97–425, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, provides for the deep geologic disposal of high-level radioactive waste through a system of multiple barriers. These barriers include engineered barriers designed to prevent the migration of radionuclides out of the engineered system, and the geologic host medium that provides an additional transport barrier between the engineered system and biosphere. The regulations of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for geologic disposal require a performance confirmation program to provide data through tests and analyses, where practicable, that demonstrate engineered systems and components that are designed or assumed to act as barriers after permanent closure are functioning as intended and anticipated.5.1.2 IAEA Safety Requirements specify that engineered barriers shall be designed and the host environment shall be selected to provide containment of the radionuclides associated with the wastes.5.1.3 The Swedish Regulatory Authority has provided general advice to the repository developer that the application of best available technique be followed in connection with disposal, which means that the siting, design, construction, and operation of the repository and appurtenant system components should be carried out so as to prevent, limit, and delay releases from both engineered and geological barriers as far as is reasonably possible.5.1.4 The Regulatory Authority in Finland identified the need to support the safety assessment stating that the input data and models utilized in the safety case shall be based on high-quality research data and expert judgement. Data and models shall be validated as far as possible and correspond to the conditions likely to prevail at the disposal site during the assessment period.5.1.5 The Office of Nuclear Regulation in the United Kingdom will regulate an operating geological repository under the Nuclear Installations Act through application of the Safety Assessment Principles developed for all nuclear facilities and the post-closure disposal period will be regulated under the Radioactive Substances Act by the Environmental Agency. A Memorandum of Understanding outlines how the two regulators work together10.5.2 This guide aids in defining acceptable methods for making useful estimations of long-term behavior of materials from such sources as test data, scientific theory, and analogs.5.3 This guide recognizes that technical information and test data regarding the actual behavior of EBS materials will by necessity be based on test durations that are short relative to the time periods required for geologic disposal (for example, thousands of years and longer). In addition to use in formulating acceptable long-term performance models, data from short-term tests are used to support EBS design and the selection of materials. For example, low confidence in the ability to model the degradation of one material may justify the selection of alternative EBS barrier materials that can be modelled with higher confidence. It is expected that the model will correctly represent material behavior in the intended applications of establishing design criteria, comparison of performance assessment results with safety limits, and so forth. See Section 21 for further discussion on model support and confidence.5.4 The EBS environment of interest is that defined by the natural conditions (for example, minerals, moisture, biota, and mechanical stresses); changes that occur over time, during repository construction and operation, and as a consequence of radionuclide decay, namely, radiation, radiation-induced damage, heating, and radiolytic effects on the solution chemistry; and changes that may occur over the post-closure period. Environmental conditions associated with disruptive events (for example, mechanical stress from seismic events) and processes (for example, changes in water chemistry) should also be considered.1.1 This guide addresses how various test methods and data analyses can be used to develop models for the evaluation of the long-term alteration behavior of materials used in an engineered barrier system (EBS) for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and other high-level nuclear waste in a geologic repository. The alteration behavior of waste forms and EBS materials is important because it affects the retention of radionuclides within the disposal system either directly, as in the case of waste forms in which the radionuclides are initially immobilized, or indirectly, as in the case of EBS containment materials that restrict the ingress of groundwater or the egress of radionuclides that are released as the waste forms degrade.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide a scientifically-based strategy for developing models that can be used to estimate material alteration behavior after a repository is permanently closed (that is, in the post-closure period). Because the timescale involved with geological disposal precludes direct validation of predictions, mechanistic understanding of the processes based on detailed data and models and consideration of the range of uncertainty are recommended.1.3 This guide addresses the scientific bases and uncertainties in material behavior models and the impact on the confidence in the EBS design criteria and repository performance assessments using those models. This includes the identification and use of conservative assumptions to address uncertainty in the long-term performance of materials.1.3.1 Steps involved in evaluating the performance of waste forms and EBS materials include problem definition, laboratory and field testing, modeling of individual and coupled processes, and model confirmation.1.3.2 The estimates of waste form and EBS material performance are based on models derived from theoretical considerations, expert judgments, and interpretations of data obtained from tests and analyses of appropriate analogs.1.3.3 For the purpose of this guide, tests are categorized according to the information they provide and how it is used for model development, support, and use. These tests may include but are not limited to: attribute tests, characterization tests, accelerated tests, service condition tests, and confirmation tests.1.4 This guide does not address testing required to define or characterize the repository environment (that is, the groundwater quantity or chemistry, host rock properties, etc.). The logical approach and testing concepts described herein can be applied to the disposal system.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Part A of the “Blue Book,” Form and Style for ASTM Standards, introduces the statement of measurement uncertainty as an optional part of the report given for the result of applying a particular test method to a particular material.4.2 Preparation of uncertainty estimates is a requirement for laboratory accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025. This guide describes some of the types of data that the laboratory can use as the basis for reporting uncertainty.AbstractThis guide provides concepts necessary for understanding the term “uncertainty” when applied to a quantitative test result. Several measures of uncertainty can be applied to a given measurement result; the interpretation of some of the common forms is described. This guide describes methods for expressing test result uncertainty and relates these to standard statistical methodology. Relationships between uncertainty and concepts of precision and bias are described. This guide also presents concepts needed for a laboratory to identify and characterize components of method performance. Elements that an ASTM method can include to provide guidance to the user on estimating uncertainty for the method are described. This guide describes some of the types of data that the laboratory can use as the basis for reporting uncertainty.1.1 This guide provides concepts necessary for understanding the term “uncertainty” when applied to a quantitative test result. Several measures of uncertainty can be applied to a given measurement result; the interpretation of some of the common forms is described.1.2 This guide describes methods for expressing test result uncertainty and relates these to standard statistical methodology. Relationships between uncertainty and concepts of precision and bias are described.1.3 This guide also presents concepts needed for a laboratory to identify and characterize components of method performance. Elements that an ASTM method can include to provide guidance to the user on estimating uncertainty for the method are described.1.4 The system of units for this guide is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the guide are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods and are not binding on products or test methods treated.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to predict removability of floor polish after a treatment period that simulates aging in the field. It allows for uniform mechanical and detergent action leaving the only variable the actual removability of the polish.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative ease of removal of dried films of water-emulsion floor polishes from common flooring substrates under accelerated conditions, which correspond to extended service aging.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Squeeze-off is widely used to temporarily control the flow of gas in PE pipe. Squeeze tools vary depending on the size of the pipe and the design of the tool. Squeeze-off procedures vary depending on the tool design, pipe material, and environmental conditions.5.2 Experience indicates that some combinations of polyethylene material, temperature, tool design, wall compression percentage and procedure can cause damage leading to failure.5.3 Studies of polyethylene pipe extruded in the late 1980s and thereafter show that damage typically does not develop when the wall compression percentage is 30 % or less, when temperatures are above 50 °F (10 °C), and when closure and release rates are typical of field conditions for screw-driven tools.4 With tools meeting Specification F1563, acceptable flow control at typical gas service pressures is achieved at wall compression percentages between 10 and 20 % for pipe diameters less than 6 in.4,5 Because damage does not develop in these materials at such squeeze levels, the references cited indicate that squeeze-off flow control practices using tools meeting Specification F1563 and qualified procedures meeting Practice F1041 are effective for smaller pipe sizes.4 ,5NOTE 3: Specification F1563 provides a procedure for evaluating tool flow control performance.5.4 This practice provides a method to qualify a combination of squeeze tool, pipe size and material, and squeeze-off procedure to ensure that long-term damage does not occur. This practice is useful for polyethylene gas pipe manufactured before 1975, for new or revised polyolefin gas pipe materials, for pipe diameters of 8 in. or above, for new or revised squeeze tool designs, and for new or revised squeeze-off procedures.1.1 This practice covers qualifying a combination of a squeeze tool, a polyethylene gas pipe, and a squeeze-off procedure to avoid long-term damage in polyethylene gas pipe. Qualifying is conducted by examining the inside and outside surfaces of pipe specimens at and near the squeeze to determine the existence of features indicative of long-term damage. If indicative features are absent, sustained pressure testing in accordance with Specification D2513 is conducted to confirm the viability of the squeeze-off process. For assistance with specimen examination, an Adjunct, ADJF17342, is available from ASTM.1.2 This practice is appropriate for any combination of squeeze tool, PE gas pipe and squeeze-off procedure, and is particularly appropriate for pre-1975 Polyethylene (PE) pipe, and for pipe sizes of 8 in. or above, because of a greater possibility of long-term damage.1.3 This practice is for use by squeeze-tool manufacturers, pipe manufacturers and gas utilities to qualify squeeze tools made in accordance with Specification F1563; and squeeze-off procedures in accordance with Guide F1041 with pipe manufactured in accordance with Specification D2513.1.4 Governing codes and project specifications should be consulted. Nothing in this practice should be construed as recommending practices or systems at variance with governing codes and project specifications.1.5 Where applicable in this guide, “pipe” shall mean “pipe and tubing.”1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations that are involved in the rehabilitation of main and lateral pipelines and manholes. As for any practice, modifications may be required for specific job conditions.1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the installation of seamless molded hydrophilic gaskets (SMHG) in cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) rehabilitation of main and lateral pipelines.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 There is no similar or equivalent ISO Standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain values for comparison with other test values to verify uniformity of materials or the effects of controllable variables, in grout-soil compositions.5.2 This test method is similar, in principle, to Test Method D2166/D2166M, but is not intended for determination of strength parameters to be used in design. Such values are more properly obtained from long-term triaxial tests.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the short-term unconfined compressive strength index of chemically grouted soils, using displacement-controlled application of test load.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.3.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal of significant digits in the specified limit.1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 An acute toxicity test is conducted to assess effects of a short-term exposure of organisms to a test material under specific experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test does not provide information concerning whether delayed effects will occur and typically evaluates effects on survival. A chronic test is typically longer in duration and includes a sublethal endpoint to assess effects on a population that might occur beyond the exposure period. Because the echinoderm embryo development test includes a sublethal endpoint, but is also short in duration, these tests are considered to be short-term chronic tests, consistent with EPA guidance.5.2 Because embryos and larvae are usually assumed to be the most sensitive life stages of these echinoid species, and because some of these species are commercially and recreationally important, the results of these tests are often considered to be a good indication of the acceptability of pollutant concentrations to saltwater species in general. The results of these toxicity tests are often assumed to be an important consideration when assessing the hazard of materials to other saltwater organisms (see Guides E724 and E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for saltwater organisms (7).5.3 The results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that toxicity to benthic species might depend on sorption or settling of the test material onto the substrate.5.4 The results of short-term chronic tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species and the acute toxicities of different test materials, and to determine the effects of various environmental factors on the results of such tests.5.5 The results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials.5.6 The results of any toxicity tests will depend on temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, and other factors.5.7 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms exposed to suspended particulates of dredged sediments disposed through the water column.5.8 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms exposed to bedded whole sediments.1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the short-term chronic effects of a test material on echinoderm embryos and the resulting larvae (sea urchins and sand dollars) during static 48- to 96-h exposures. These procedures have generally been used with U.S. East Coast (Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ) (1)3 and West Coast species (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. droebachiensis, and Dendraster excentricus) (2). The basic procedures described in this guide first originated in Japan and Scandanavia (3), and parallel procedures have been used with foreign species, especially in Japan and the Mediterranean (4). These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static toxicity tests with embryos of other echinoid species, although modifications might be necessary.1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using procedures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and circumstances is more important than following prescribed procedures, the results of tests conducted by using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable with those of many other tests. The comparison of results obtained by using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting tests starting with embryos of echinoids.1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, surface waters, effluents, and sediments (Annex A1). Renewal tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly transformed biologically or chemically in aqueous solution, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test.1.4 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests with echinoid embryos should usually be reported as the 50 % effect concentration (EC50) based on the total abnormally developed embryos and larvae. In some situations, it might only be necessary to determine whether a specific concentration is toxic to embryos or whether the EC50 is above or below a specific concentration.1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:  Section 1 Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Summary of Guide 4  5 Apparatus 6  Facilities 6.1  Construction Materials 6.2  Test Chambers 6.3  Cleaning 6.4  Acceptability 6.5 Safety Precautions 7 Dilution Water 8  Requirements 8.1  Source 8.2  Treatment 8.3  Characterization 8.4 Test Material 9  General 9.1  Stock Solution 9.2  Test Concentration(s) 9.3 Test Organisms 10  Species 10.1  Age 10.2  Source of Embryos 10.3  Handling 10.4  Test Animal Source and Condition 10.5  Spawning and Fertilization 10.6  Quality 10.7 Procedure 11  Experimental Design 11.1  Dissolved Oxygen 11.2  Temperature 11.3  Beginning the Test 11.4  Feeding 11.5  Duration of Test 11.6  Biological Data 11.7  Control Performance 11.8  Other Measurements 11.9 Analytical Methods 12 Acceptability of Test 13 Calculation of Results 14 Report 15 Keywords 16 Annex   Sediment Tests Annex A1 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The compression behavior test for geosynthetics is intended to be an index test. It is anticipated that the results of the compression behavior test will be used to evaluate product. The results of the analyses may also be used to compare the relative compressive yield points of materials that exhibit a detectable compressive yield point. It is anticipated that this test will be used for quality control testing to evaluate uniformity and consistency within a lot or between lots where sample geometry factors (for example, thickness) or materials may have changed.NOTE 1: This is a one-dimensional test for compressive loading of a geosynthetic(s) in one plane.5.1.1 The compressive yield point of geosynthetics may be evaluated from the stress/strain relationship. Many materials exhibit compressive deformation but may not show a distinct compressive yield point.5.2 This test method can be used to evaluate the short-term stress/strain behavior of geosynthetics under compressive stress while loaded at a constant rate of deformation.5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised because interlab testing is incomplete.5.3.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, two parties should take a group of test specimens from material shipped to the project. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluation of the deformations of a geosynthetic or combination of geosynthetics (that is, geocomposite (excluding geotextiles, geomembranes, and geosynthetic clay liners)) under short-term compressive loading. This test method is strictly an index test method to be used to verify the compressive strength consistency of a given manufactured geosynthetic(s). Results from this test method should not be considered as an indication of actual or long-term performance of the geosynthetic(s) in field applications.1.2 Since these geosynthetics may experience multidirectional compressive loadings in the field, this test method will not show actual field performance and should not be used for this specific objective. The evaluator of the results should also recognize that the determination of the short-term single-plane compressive behavior of geosynthetics does not reflect the installed performance of synthetic drainage systems and, therefore, should not be used as the only method of product specification or performance with respect to synthetic drainage systems.1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in inch-pound units are provided in parentheses for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The use of in vivo implantation techniques for characterizing the biocompatibility of implantable materials to be utilized in various medical applications enables the assessment of such materials not achieved by other procedures. Physical characteristics (that is, form, density, hardness, surface finish) can influence the type and severity of the tissue response to the test materials.4.2 This practice is intended as a short-term screening procedure for determining the acceptability of candidate materials. It may be utilized prior to using the long-term tests described in Practice F981. It is recommended that for some applications, additional tests, including long-term implantation studies, may be required to assess the final suitability of the candidate materials.4.3 This practice may not be appropriate for all types of implant applications. The user is cautioned to consider the appropriateness of the method in view of the materials being tested, their potential applications, and the recommendations contained in Practice F748.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for short-term testing or screening of candidate materials, both porous and dense, as to the local effects of the material that is implanted intramuscularly. This method may not be applicable for absorbable materials, depending on the absorption profile of the test material. The tissue reactions will be evaluated in comparison to those evoked by control materials that are accepted as clinical implant materials. This is a short-term (less than 30 days) screening procedure for determining acceptability of candidate materials.1.2 This practice, along with other appropriate biological tests (including other appropriate ASTM tests), may be used in the biocompatibility assessment of the candidate materials for use in the fabrication of devices for clinical application.1.3 This experimental protocol is not designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, or mutagenicity of the material since other standards address these issues.1.4 This practice is one of several developed for the assessment of the biocompatibility of materials. Practice F748 provides guidance for the selection of appropriate methods for testing materials for a specific application.1.5 The values stated in SI units, including units officially accepted for use with SI, are to be regarded as standard. No other systems of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended to be used by the DDA user to measure and record the baseline performance of an acquired DDA in order to monitor its performance throughout its service as an imaging system. This practice is not intended to be used as an “acceptance test” of a DDA.4.2 This practice defines the tests to be performed and their required intervals. Also defined are the methods of tabulating results that DDA users will complete following initial baselining of the DDA system. These tests will also be performed periodically at the stated required intervals to evaluate the DDA system to determine if the system remains within acceptable operational limits as established in this practice and defined between the user and CEO.4.3 There are several factors that affect the quality of a DDA image including the basic spatial resolution, geometric unsharpness, scatter, signal to noise ratio, contrast sensitivity, contrast/noise ratio, image lag, and for some types of DDAs, burn-in. There are several additional factors and settings which can affect these results (for example, integration time, detector parameters, imaging software, and even X-ray radiation quality). Additionally, detector correction techniques may have an impact on the quality of the image. This practice delineates tests for each of the properties listed herein and establishes standard techniques for assuring repeatability throughout the lifecycle testing of the DDA.1.1 This practice covers the baseline and periodic performance evaluation of Digital Detector Array (DDA) systems used for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the evaluation of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the DDA system, meets the needs of users, and their customers, and enables process control to monitor long-term stability of the DDA system.1.2 This practice specifies the fundamental parameters of DDA systems to be measured to determine baseline performance, and to track the long-term stability of the DDA system.1.3 The DDA system tests specified in this practice shall be completed upon acceptance of the system from the manufacturer to baseline the performance of the DDA. Periodic performance testing shall then be used to monitor long-term stability of the system in order to identify when an action needs to be taken due to system degradation beyond a certain defined level.1.4 Two types of phantoms, the duplex plate and the five-groove wedge, are used for testing as specified herein. The use of these two types of phantoms is not intended to exclude the use of other phantom configurations. In the event the tests or phantoms specified herein are not sufficient or appropriate, the user, in coordination with the cognizant engineering organization (CEO) may develop additional or modified tests, test objects, phantoms, or image quality indicators to evaluate the DDA system performance. Acceptance levels for these ALTERNATE test methods shall be determined by agreement between the user and CEO.1.5 The user of this practice shall consider that higher energies than 450 keV may require different test methods or modifications to the test methods described here. This practice is not intended for usage with isotopes.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended to be used by the NDT using organization to measure baseline performance of the CR system and to monitor its performance throughout its service as an NDT imaging system. For purposes of this document, the CR System is defined as:4.1.1 Storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) type and manufacturer,4.1.2 Read out unit (scanner or reader) manufacturer and model, including applicable scanner settings (for example, sampling resolution, PMT gain, pixel value (PV) look up table, etc.),4.1.3 Image acquisition and processing software, and4.1.4 Image display monitor.4.2 It is to be understood that the CR system has already been selected and purchased by the user from a manufacturer based on the inspection needs at hand. The user shall accept the CR scanner based on manufacturer’s results of Practice E2446 on the specific CR scanner as provided in a data sheet for that serialized CR scanner or other acceptance test agreed to between the user and manufacturer (not covered in this practice). This practice is not intended to be used as an “acceptance test” of the CR system, but rather to establish a performance baseline that will enable tracking while in-service.4.3 Although many of the properties listed in this standard have similar metrics to those found in Practice E2446, data collection methods are not identical, and comparisons among values acquired with each standard should not be made.4.4 This practice defines the tests to be performed and required intervals. Also defined are the methods of tabulating results that CR users will complete following the baseline of the CR system. These tests will also be performed periodically at the stated required intervals to evaluate the CR system to determine if the system remains within acceptable operational limits as established in this practice.4.5 There are several factors that affect the image quality of a CR image. Factors which are dependent on the CR system performance include basic spatial resolution, relative contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) which yield the contrast sensitivity (CS) and Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity (EPS). There are several additional factors that are dependent on how well the CR system is functioning (that is, resulting from normal wear and tear, inadequate maintenance, improper setup/calibration, etc.), such as slippage, laser jitter, geometric distortion, etc. Other factors which are related to the specific applications (for example, geometric unsharpness, scatter, etc.) are not evaluated in these tests.1.1 This practice describes the evaluation of Computed Radiography (CR) systems for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the evaluation of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the CR system, meets the needs of users of this standard, and their customers, and enables process control and long-term stability of the CR system.1.2 This practice specifies the fundamental parameters of CR systems to be measured to determine baseline performance, and to track the long term stability of the system. These tests are for applications up to 320 kV. When greater than 320 kV or when a gamma source is used, these tests may still be used to characterize a system, but may need to be modified as agreed between the user and cognizant engineering organization (CEO).1.3 The CR system performance tests specified in this practice shall be completed upon acceptance of the system from the manufacturer and at intervals specified in this practice to monitor long term stability of the system. The intent of these tests is to monitor the system performance degradation and to identify when an action needs to be taken when the system degrades by a certain level.1.4 The use of gauges provided in this standard is mandatory for each test. In the event these tests or gauges are not sufficient, the user, in coordination with the CEO shall develop additional or modified tests, test objects, gauges, or image quality indicators to evaluate the CR system. Acceptance levels for these ALTERNATE tests shall be determined by agreement between the user and CEO.1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method determines the long-term ring-bending strain of pipe when deflected under constant load and immersed in a chemical environment. It has been found that effects of chemical environments can be accelerated by strain induced by deflection. This information is useful and necessary for the design and application of buried fiberglass pipe.NOTE 3: Pipe of the same diameter but of different wall thicknesses will develop different strains with the same deflection. Also, pipes having the same wall thickness but different constructions making up the wall may develop different strains with the same deflection.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the long-term ring-bending strain (Sb) of “fiberglass” pipe. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are “fiberglass” pipes.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 9.5.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Rigid gas-filled closed-cell foam insulations include all cellular plastic insulations which rely on a blowing agent (or gas), other than air, for thermal resistance values. At the time of manufacture, the cells of the foam usually contain their highest percentage of blowing agent and the lowest percentage of atmospheric gases. As time passes, the relative concentrations of these gases change due primarily to diffusion. This results in a general reduction of the thermal resistance of the foam due to an increase in the thermal conductivity of the resultant cell gas mixture. These phenomena are typically referred to as foam aging.5.1.1 For some rigid gas-filled closed-cell foam insulation products produced using blowing agent gases that diffuse very rapidly out of the full-thickness foam product, such as expanded polystyrene, there is no need to accelerate the aging process.5.1.2 Physical gas diffusion phenomena occur in three dimensions. The one-dimensional form of the diffusion equations used in the development of this practice are valid only for planar geometries, that is, for specimens that have parallel faces and where the thickness is much smaller than the width and much smaller than the length.NOTE 3: Please see Appendix X3 for a discussion of the theory of accelerated aging via thin slicing.NOTE 4: Theoretical and experimental evaluations of the aging of insulation in radial forms, such as pipe insulation, have been made. (6) However, these practices have not evolved to the point of inclusion in the test standard.5.2 The change in thermal resistance due to the phenomena described in 5.1 usually occurs over an extended period of time. Information regarding changes in the thermal resistance of these materials as a function of time is required in a shorter period of time so that decisions regarding formulations, production, and comparisons with other materials can be made.5.3 Specifications C578, C591, C1029, C1126 and C1289 on rigid closed-cell foams measure thermal resistance after conditioning at 23 ± 1°C [73 ± 2°F] for 180 ± 5 days from the time of manufacture or at 60 ± 1°C [140 ± 2°F] for 90 days. This conditioning can be used for comparative purposes, but is not sufficient to describe long-term thermal resistance. This requirement demonstrates the importance of the aging phenomena within this class of products.5.4 The Prescriptive Method in Part A provides long-term thermal resistance values on a consistent basis for a variety of purposes, including product evaluation, specifications, or product comparisons. The consistent basis for these purposes is provided by a series of specific procedural constraints, which are not required in the Research Method described in Part B. The values produced by the Prescriptive Method correspond to the thermal resistance at an age of five years, which corresponds closely to the average thermal resistance over a 15-year service life (7, 8).5.4.1 It is recommended that any material standard that refers to C1303 to provide a product rating for long-term thermal resistance specify the Part A Test Method of C1303.5.5 The Research Method in Part B provides a relationship between thermal conductivity, age, and product thickness. The calculation methods given in Part B can be used to predict the resistance at any specific point in time as well as the average resistance over a specific time period.NOTE 5: The 5-year aged values produced in Part A can be derived from the Part B data only if all other Part A requirements are met.5.6 This test method addresses three separate elements relating to the aging of rigid closed-cell plastic foams.5.6.1 Specimen Preparation—Techniques for the preparation of thin flat specimens, including their extraction from the “as manufactured” product, and the measurement of specimen thickness are discussed.5.6.2 Measurement of the Thermal Resistance—Thermal resistance measurements, taken at scheduled times, are an integral part of the test method.5.6.3 Interpretation of Data—Procedures are included to properly apply the theory and techniques to achieve the desired goals.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for predicting the long-term thermal resistance (LTTR) of unfaced or permeably faced rigid gas-filled closed-cell foam insulations by reducing the specimen thickness to accelerate aging under controlled laboratory conditions (1-5) .2NOTE 1: See Terminology, 3.2.1, for the meaning of the word aging within this standard.1.2 Rigid gas-filled closed-cell foam insulation includes all cellular plastic insulations manufactured with the intent to retain a blowing agent other than air.1.3 This test method is limited to unfaced or permeably faced, homogeneous materials. This method is applied to a wide range of rigid closed-cell foam insulation types, including but not limited to: extruded polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate, and phenolic. This test method does not apply to impermeably faced rigid closed-cell foams or to rigid closed-cell bun stock foams.NOTE 2: See Note 8 for more details regarding the applicability of this test method to rigid closed-cell bun stock foams.1.4 This test method utilizes referenced standard test procedures for measuring thermal resistance. Periodic measurements are performed on specimens to observe the effects of aging. Specimens of reduced thickness (that is, thin slices) are used to shorten the time required for these observations. The results of these measurements are used to predict the long-term thermal resistance of the material.1.5 The test method is given in two parts. The Prescriptive Method in Part A provides long-term thermal resistance values on a consistent basis that can be used for a variety of purposes, including product evaluation, specifications, or product comparisons. The Research Method in part B provides a general relationship between thermal conductivity, age, and product thickness.1.5.1 To use the Prescriptive Method, the date of manufacture must be known, which usually involves the cooperation of the manufacturer.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 Table of Contents:   Section 1Reference Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4 5Part A: The Prescriptive Method 6  Applicability 6.1    Qualification Requirements 6.1.1    Facing Permeability 6.1.2  Apparatus 6.2  Sampling 6.3    Schedule 6.3.1  Specimen Preparation 6.4    Goal 6.4.1    Schedule 6.4.2    Replicate Test Specimen Sets 6.4.3    Specimen Extraction 6.4.4    Slice Flatness 6.4.5    Slice Thickness 6.4.6    Stack Composition 6.4.7  Storage Conditioning 6.5  Test Procedure 6.6    Thermal Resistance Measurement Schedule 6.6.1    Thermal Resistance Measurements 6.6.2    Product Density 6.6.3  Calculations 6.7Part B: The Research Method 7  Background 7.1  TDSL Apparatus 7.2  Sampling Schedule 7.3  Specimen Preparation 7.4  Storage Conditioning 7.5  Test Procedure 7.6  Calculations 7.7Reporting 8 Reporting for Part A, the Prescriptive Method 8.1 Reporting for Part B, the Research Method 8.2Precision and Bias 9Keywords 10Mandatory Information – Qualification Annex A1 Specimen Preparation A1.1 Homogeneity Qualification A1.2Thermal Conductivity Equivalence Test Procedure A1.3 Alternate Product Thickness Qualification A1.4Example Calculations A1.5Mandatory Information-Preparation of Test Specimens for Spray-Foam Products Annex A2Effect Of TDSL Appendix X1History of the Standard Appendix X2Theory of Foam Aging Appendix X3References  1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures for estimation of human inhalation exposure to VOCs emitted from bedding sets in homes. The estimated inhalation exposure can be used as an input for characterization of health risks from short-term VOC exposures.5.2 The results of exposure estimation for specific raw materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative impacts on exposures.1.1 This practice describes the procedures for estimation of short-term human inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a bedroom.1.2 The estimated exposure is based on an estimated emission profile of VOCs from bedding sets.1.3 The VOC emission from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. Procedures described in this practice are applicable to both new and used bedding sets.1.4 Exposure to airborne VOC emissions in a residence is estimated for a household member, based on location and activity patterns.1.5 The estimated exposure may be used for characterization of health risks that could result from short-term exposures to VOC emissions.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1.1 This test method covers the determination of distribution ratios of chemical species for site-specific geological media by a batch sorption technique. It is a short-term laboratory method primarily intended for ionic species subject to migration in granular porous material, and the application of the results to long-term field behavior is not known. Distribution ratios for radionuclides in selected geomedia are commonly determined for the purpose of assessing potential migratory behavior at waste repositories. This test method is also applicable to studies of intrusion waters and for parametric studies of the effects of variables and of mechanisms which determine the measured distribution ratios.1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元