5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.1.1 This test method covers a steady-state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity of carbon materials in thicknesses of less than 25 mm. The test method is useful for homogeneous materials having a thermal conductivity in the approximate range 1< λ < 30 W/(m·K), (thermal resistance in the range from 10 to 400 × 10−4 m2 ·K/W) over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W/(m·K).NOTE 1: It is not recommended to test graphite cathode materials using this test method. Graphites usually have a very low thermal resistance, and the interfaces between the specimen to be tested and the instrument become more significant than the specimen itself.1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Methods E1530 and C518. Significant attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The k-values determined at one or more temperatures can be used for ranking products in relative order of their thermal conductivities.5.2 Estimates of heat flow, interface temperatures, and cold face temperatures of single and multi-component linings can be calculated using k-values obtained over a wide temperature range.5.3 The k-values determined are “at temperature” measurements rather than “mean temperature” measurements. Thus, a wide range of temperatures can be measured, and the results are not averaged over the large thermal gradient inherent in water-cooled calorimeters.5.4 The k-values measured are the combination of the k-values for the width and thickness of the sample, as the heat flow from the hot wire is in both of those directions. The water-cooled calorimeter measures k-value in one direction, through the sample thickness.5.5 The test method used should be specified when reporting k-values, as the results obtained may vary with the type of test method that is used. Data obtained by the hot wire method are typically 10 to 30 % higher than data obtained by the water calorimeter method given in Test Method C201.1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of non-carbonacious, dielectric refractories.1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500 °C [2732 °F], or the maximum service limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/m·K [100 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F].1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements of anisotropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method describes a procedure to measure and compare the thermal resistance properties of specimens (less than 25 mm in thickness) under controlled conditions.1.1 This test method describes a steady-state technique for the determination of the resistance to thermal transmission (thermal resistance) of materials having a thickness of less than 25 mm. Thermal conductivity may be determined for homogeneous opaque solid specimens (see Note 1). This test method is particularly useful for homogeneous, multilayer, and composite specimens having a thermal resistance in the range from 10 (cm)2·K·W-1 to 400 (cm)2·K·W-1, which may be obtained from materials with an approximate thermal conductivity range 0.1 W·m-1·K-1 to 30 W·m-1·K-1 over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W·m-1·K-1.NOTE 1: A body is considered homogeneous when the property to be measured is found to be independent of specimen dimensions.1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Method C518, but is modified to accommodate smaller test specimens, having a higher thermal conductance. In addition, significant attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method is useful to both sellers and purchasers of alumina and quartz powders for determining particle size distributions for materials specifications, manufacturing control, and development and research.1.1 This test method, one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size, covers the determination of the particle size distribution of alumina or quartz powders (0.6 to 56.0 μm) using electrical sensing zone particle size analyzers. These instruments use an electric current path of small dimensions which is modulated by individual particle passage through an aperture, and produces individual pulses of amplitude proportional to the particle volume.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide establishes a recommended procedure for utilizing an ice staff as a self-rescue technique on ice.3.2 All persons who are identified as ice rescuers shall meet the requirements of this guide.3.3 This guide will assist government agencies; state, local, or regional organizations; fire departments; rescue teams; and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to ice emergencies.3.4 This guide is not intended to be used in isolation, but as a component guide acknowledging many skills and techniques needed to respond at a cold water and ice emergency.3.5 An ice rescuer shall be wearing an immersion suit, drysuit with PFD, or equivalent cold water protection and buoyancy to perform these rescues.3.6 An ice rescuer shall carry a set of ice awls along with the ice staff as a backup technique.1.1 This guide describes the self-rescue technique on ice utilizing an ice staff.1.2 This guide is one in a series of self-rescue techniques for the ice rescuer.1.3 Individuals who will operate in the cold water or ice rescue setting need to be aware of the equipment and physical requirements necessary to be able to perform all identified objectives and necessary skills in the setting.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide establishes a recommended procedure for utilizing ice awls as a self rescue technique on ice.3.2 All persons who are identified as ice rescuers shall meet the requirements of this guide.3.3 This guide will assist government agencies; state, local or regional organizations; fire departments; rescue teams; and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to ice emergencies.3.4 This guide is not intended to be used in isolation, but as a component guide acknowledging many skills and techniques needed to respond at a cold water and ice emergency.3.5 An ice rescuer shall be wearing an immersion suit, drysuit with PFD, or equivalent cold-water protection and buoyancy to perform these rescues.1.1 This guide covers the self-rescue technique on ice utilizing the ice awl.1.2 This guide is one of a series of self-rescue techniques for the ice rescuer.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is capable of yielding duplicate test data, in 20 min or less, for a simple carbon black content determination.5.2 This test method is suitable for manufacturing quality control, technical service, and research work.5.3 For referee requirements, the number of replicate measurements is increased. Alternatively, a control sample of known carbon black content is tested with the unknown sample.5.4 Test Method D1603 is available for referee testing.1.1 This test method covers the determination of black polyethylene compounds containing channel or furnace black. It is not applicable to thermal black.1.2 This test method is not suitable for plastics that char on pyrolysis.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method can be used to determine small amounts of residual vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins. It may be possible to use it for other resins or compounds containing vinyl chloride provided there are no other volatile components present with the same retention time as vinyl chloride monomer. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 9.

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This test method is primarily intended as a test for compliance with compositional specifications. It is assumed that all who use this method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that the work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.1.1 This test method covers the determination of oxygen in tantalum powder in concentrations from 0.05 % to 0.50 %.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Precision equipment and high pressure hydraulic machinery require filtered lubricants and fluids to prevent damage from the circulation of hard particulate contaminants. Three types of particulate contaminants are present in lubricants and hydraulic fluids: built in contaminants from the machinery assembly process, generated contaminants from equipment wear, and contaminants that enter from external sources. Water can also enter machinery lubrication and hydraulic systems through fill ports, defective seals, corroded heat exchangers, and reservoir breathers in the form of rain water, cleaning solutions, process water, metalworking fluids, coolants, and humid air.5.2 The ability of lubricants and hydraulic fluids to retain their filterability in the presence of moisture is critical for efficient and reliable machine performance. Normally, the pressure differential across a filter will increase gradually as it accumulates dirt, sludge, and wear debris. In order to prevent the filter from collapsing, bypass valves in the filter assembly open when the differential pressure gets too high. If a filter becomes blocked by additives that precipitate due to the presence of contaminating water, the bypass valve will open. This can lead to a machine shutdown or circulation of damaging particles throughout the machine.1.1 This test method covers determination of the wet filterability of lubricants and hydraulic fluids based upon mass flow rate measurements through a 0.8 µm membrane after ageing of the fluid in the presence of water. The procedure applies to lubricants and hydraulic fluids that are formulated with American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, III, IV and certain V base stocks. Products formulated with water or base stocks that are heavier than water are out of scope.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method covers the measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient with a measurement device that imposes braking-slip between a tire and a surface for the full range of braking-slip speed values. The test apparatus consists of an automotive vehicle with one or two independently functioning test wheel systems incorporated into it. Each test wheel system contains a continuously variable brake system and a pavement wetting system. The overall system is controlled by a programmable control unit. The test apparatus is brought to the desired test speed. A controlled amount of water is optionally delivered ahead of the test tire and the braking system is actuated to control the slip ratio of the test wheel. The resulting resistive force from friction acting between the test tire and pavement surface is sampled, filtered, calculated, and recorded by suitable data acquisition routines. For tire comparison testing two identical test wheels, both are subjected to the same test run control logic for equal spin velocities and loads in parallel wheel paths on the same test track. The braking slip friction coefficient of the paved road surface is calculated and reported as slip friction numbers. The slip friction numbers are typically presented in a graphical form. Cartesian plots of slip friction numbers versus slip speed or slip ratio are presented with identification of: peak friction value, critical slip ratio, slip-to-skid friction number, slope of the tangent at zero slip speed of the curve, and slope of the logarithm curve at high slip ratio.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient with a measurement device that imposes braking slip between a tire and a surface for the full range of braking slip speed values.1.2 This test method utilizes a series of incremental single measurements of friction force on a braked test wheel as it is pulled over a wetted or contaminated pavement surface. The rotational velocity of the braked wheel is feedback controlled in order to give a predetermined variable slip ratio gradient in accordance with set program parameters. The test wheel is kept under a constant static normal load and at a constant longitudinal speed of travel. Its major plane is perpendicular to the road plane and parallel to its direction of motion.1.3 The values measured represent the friction properties obtained with the equipment and procedures stated in this test method and do not necessarily agree or correlate directly with those obtained by other pavement friction measuring methods.1.4 The values are intended for use in:1.4.1 Evaluating the braking friction forces on a pavement relative to that of other pavements.1.4.2 Evaluating changes in the braking friction forces of a particular pavement with the passage of time.1.4.3 Evaluating the changes in the braking friction force of a pavement when subjected to polishing wear and loss of macrotexture caused by traffic with passage of time.1.4.4 Evaluating changes in the braking friction forces of a pavement contaminated with ice, moderate amounts2 of slush and snow, pollen, vehicle oil spills and condensates from vehicle engine exhaust, and deposits from other pollution sources.1.4.5 Evaluating the braking friction forces of a specimen tire on a clean or contaminated pavement.1.5 The friction values reported by this test method are insufficient to determine the distance required to stop a vehicle on either a dry, wet, or contaminated pavement. They are also insufficient for determining the speed at which control of a vehicle would be lost.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and Note 4.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The procedure can be incorporated into protocols used to evaluate test materials containing antibacterial ingredients that are intended to reduce significantly the number of organisms on intact skin. It also may be used to provide an indication of residual antibacterial activity (as in Guide E2752). Examples of test materials, for which this practice is applicable, include pre-operative skin preparations, hand-washes, surgical scrubs, acne reduction products, and others. For each type of test material, types of resident flora or surrogate organisms, or a combination thereof, may differ and should be considered (this is, aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, yeast, or mold).5.2 The procedure may be used in protocols intended to evaluate and identify resident flora from the skin.5.3 Performance of this technique may require the knowledge of regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects if the protocol involves application of the technique to the skin of human subjects.1.1 This practice is designed to recover microorganisms from the skin of human subjects or human subject surrogates (animal skin, isolated porcine skin, human skin equivalents, and other such surfaces).1.2 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for these procedures.1.3 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine if Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is required.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This procedure can be used to evaluate formulations containing ingredients intended to inhibit growth of bacteria on intact skin and measures the difference, post-product-exposure, between numbers of bacterial colonies on active test formulation plates and numbers on control plates, expressed as percent inhibition. This procedure may also be used to test for persistence of activity, as a function of time elapsed between application of active test formulation and application of active test plates. Because no procedure for neutralization of the antimicrobial action of active ingredients can be included in the test, the agar patch method is limited to the extent that results expressed as percent inhibition do not differentiate between bacteristatic and bactericidal effects and, hence, must not be portrayed as “reductions.”1.1 This test method determines the antibacterial activity and persistence of test formulations, as measured by the inhibition of a test organism on an agar surface exposed to test sites on human skin treated with the formulations. 1.2 A knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for these procedures. 1.3 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine if Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) are required and to adhere to these practices, as appropriate. 1.4 In this test method, SI units are used for all applications except linear measure. In that case, inches are used and SI units follow in parentheses. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects (see 21 CFR, Ch. I, Parts 50 and 56 ).

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5.1 This procedure should be used for in vivo evaluation of the performance of antibacterial handwash products that are intended to reduce the skin micro flora following repeated use. Activity against the combined transient and resident micro flora may be assessed. Historically counts from the first basin are considered to be transients.4 ,6 The latter measurement is probably more meaningful as the resident population is more stable.5.1.1 This test method is applicable for testing all forms of topical antimicrobial handwash formulations.1.1 This test method covers determining the effectiveness of an antibacterial handwash for reducing the level of aerobic bacterial flora on the hands, following an extended period of use.1.2 A knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for these procedures.1.3 In this test method metric units are used for all applications, except for distance. In this case, inches are used and metric units follow in parentheses.1.4 Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects. (Title 21 CFR, Part 50).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method was modeled after a procedure commonly known as the Elbow Lean Test.8 The Elbow Lean Test involves the application of synthetic blood to an ink pad, placement of sample fabric over the blood-soaked pad, placement of a blotter over the sample fabric, and applying elbow or fingertip pressure on top of the blotter. The blotter is then examined for staining as evidence of blood penetration. This test method provides similar procedures which standardize the test equipment and application of pressure through an adopted methodology.5.2 This test method is intended to simulate actual use conditions wherein areas of the healthcare worker's protective clothing are soaked with blood and compressed between the patient's body and that of the healthcare worker, or similarly between the healthcare worker and instruments. In both cases, unconfined blood can move away from the pressure point taking the path of least resistance rather than being contained as in Test Methods F1670/F1670M and F1671/F1671M.5.3 This test method uses predominately mechanical pressure as opposed to contained, hydrostatic pressure to demonstrate liquid penetration resistance (1, 2) . It simulates a single insult in which the outer surfaces of a protective clothing item are compressed at a steady rate by the wearer's body against a wet surface. This steady rate of compression represents one potential use scenario. Other scenarios may result in a wide variety of pressure ramp rates and profiles that are not simulated by the test apparatus.5.4 Because this test method provides quantitative results, it is useful for discriminating differences in the liquid barrier performance of protective clothing materials. This test method can be used for measuring differences in the penetration pressure for protective clothing materials which do not pass Test Method F1670/F1670M.5.5 This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.5.5.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm shields, aprons, gowns, hoods, and boots.5.5.2 The phrase ‘specimens from finished items’ encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions, as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.5.6 Medical protective clothing materials are intended to be a barrier to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Many factors can affect the wetting and penetration characteristics of body fluids, such as surface tension, viscosity, and polarity of the fluid, as well as the structure and relative hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the materials. The synthetic blood solution may exhibit different wetting behavior on fabrics or films with identical structures but different chemical compositions. The surface tension range for blood and body fluids (excluding saliva) is approximately 0.042 to 0.060 N/m (3). To help simulate the wetting characteristics of blood and body fluids, the surface tension of the synthetic blood is adjusted to approximate the lower end of this surface tension range. The resulting surface tension of the synthetic blood is 0.042 ± 0.002 N/m.5.7 The synthetic blood mixture is prepared with a red dye to aid in visual detection and a thickening agent to simulate the flow characteristics of blood. The synthetic blood may not duplicate the polarity, and thus wetting behavior and subsequent penetration, of real blood and other body fluids through protective clothing materials.5.8 It is known that body fluids penetrating protective clothing materials are likely to carry microbiological contaminants; however, visual detection methods are not sensitive enough to detect minute amounts of liquid containing microorganisms (4-6). No viral resistance claims can be made based on this test method, as materials can pass this test method and fail Test Method F1671/F1671M.5.9 Part of the protocol for exposing the protective clothing material specimens to synthetic blood involves applying mechanical pressure up to 345 kPa (50 psig). This mechanical pressure has been documented to discriminate protective clothing material performance and correlate with visual penetration results that are obtained with one type of human factors validation, the Elbow Lean Test.1 The Elbow Lean Test does not simulate all of the possible types of clinical exposure, as there is one contact with liquid under high mechanical pressure for a short duration. Some studies suggest that mechanical pressures exceeding 345 kPa (50 psig) can occur during clinical use (7, 8) .NOTE 1: The mechanical pressure tester can be adjusted to evaluate materials at higher pressures.5.10 Testing prior to degradation by physical, chemical, and thermal stresses which could negatively impact the performance of the protective barrier could lead to a false sense of security. Consider tests which assess the impact of storage conditions and shelf life for disposable products, and the effects of laundering and sterilization for reusable products. The integrity of the protective clothing can also be compromised during use by such effects as flexing and abrasion (9) . It is also possible that pre-wetting by contaminants such as alcohol and perspiration can compromise the integrity of the protective clothing. Furthermore, high relative humidity may also affect the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood and other body fluids. If these conditions are of concern, evaluate the performance of protective clothing for synthetic blood penetration following an appropriate pretreatment technique representative of the expected conditions of use.5.11 This test method involves a quantitative determination of a protective clothing penetration resistance to synthetic blood under specific test conditions. It can also be used as a qualitative method for comparing the penetration resistance characteristics of similar materials and as a material quality control or assurance procedure.5.12 If this test method is used for quality control, perform proper statistical design and analysis of larger data sets where more than three specimens are tested. This type of analysis includes, but is not limited to, reporting the number of individual specimens tested and the average penetration pressure of specimens with a standard deviation. Data reported in this way helps establish confidence limits concerning product performance. Examples of acceptable sampling plans are found in references such as MIL-STD-105, ANSI/ASQC Z1.4, and ISO 2859-1.5.13 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of the product of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using a non-parametric test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to synthetic blood under the conditions of liquid contact and increasing direct mechanical pressure. The penetration resistance of protective clothing is based on visual detection of synthetic blood penetration at a specific applied mechanical pressure.1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method must review modes for work/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific application.1.3 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing. This test method does not address the design, overall construction, components, or interfaces of garments, or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.1.4 The values in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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