The thickness of a coating is often critical to its performance.For some coating-substrate combinations, the interference microscope method is a reliable method for measuring coating thickness.This test method is suitable for specification acceptance.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of transparent metal oxide and metallic coatings by utilizing a double-beam interference microscope.1.2 The test method requires that the specimen surface or surfaces be sufficiently mirrorlike to form recognizable fringes.1.3 This test method can be used nondestructively to measure 1 to 10μ m thick transparent coatings, such as anodic coatings on aluminum. The test method is used destructively for 0.1 to 10 μm thick opaque coatings by stripping a portion of the coating and measuring the step height between the coating and the exposed substrate. The stripping method can also be used to measure 0.2 to 10 μm thick anodic coatings on aluminum.1.4 The test method is usable as a reference method for the measurement of the thickness of the anodic film on aluminum or of metallic coatings when the technique includes complete stripping of a portion of the coating without attack of the substrate. For anodic films on aluminum, the thickness must be greater than 0.4 μm; the uncertainty can be as great as 0.2 μm. For metallic coatings, the thickness must be greater than 0.25 μm; the uncertainty can be as great as 0.1 μm.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method covers the semiquantitative spectrographic analysis of high-purity U3O8 for the 32 elements in the ranges indicated in Table 1. (Quantitative analyses of boron, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and other impurities can be performed using densitometric methods.)1.2 The test method can be applied to those samples of uranium and uranium compounds, or both, which can be converted to the black oxide (U3O8) and which are of approximately 99.5 % purity or better.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method covers the spectrographic determination of boron in carbon and low-alloy steel for boron in the concentration range from 0.001 to 0.01%.Note 1--The concentration range of the element listed has been established through cooperative testing of reference materials. The scope is underwritten by available spectrochemical reference materials.1.2 This test method is applicable for the analysis of carbon and low-alloy steel samples, chill-cast, rolled, or forged, of miscellaneous sizes and shapes on which a flat surface at least 12.7 mm in diameter can be prepared, and which are sufficiently massive to prevent overheating during the discharge. Thin samples less than 3.2 mm but greater than 0.79 mm thick, may be analyzed if these samples are soldered to steel plate having a thickness of at least 3.2 mm.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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2.1 This practice is applicable to distinguish between properly and improperly extruded PVC plastic pipe. It can be used to:2.1.1 Reveal incomplete exsiccation of compound before or during extrusion (Note 1),2.1.2 Determine the presence of stress in the pipe wall produced by the extrusion process (Note 2),2.1.3 Determine whether unfused areas are present, and2.1.4 Reveal contamination.NOTE 1: Residual moisture in the compound vaporizes at extrusion temperatures and is normally evacuated as it forms vapor. Pockets of moisture trapped in the pipe wall result from incomplete exsiccation of the compound, and may reduce the physical properties of the pipe.NOTE 2: Minor residual stress in the pipe will not impair field performance and handleability. High-residual stress has no proven effect on performance, but may impair handleability during installation.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating the quality of extruded poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipes by observing the reaction of pipe specimens after exposure to hot air in the oven at 180 °C ± 5 °C (356 °F  ± 9 °F) for 30 minutes minimum time duration.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the spectrometric analysis of aluminum and aluminum alloys for the following elements in the concentration ranges indicated: Concentration Element Range, % Copper 0.001 to 30.0 Silicon 0.001 to 14.0 Magnesium 0.001 to 11.0 Zinc 0.001 to 10.0 Nickel 0.001 to 10.0 Manganese 0.001 to 8.0 Tin 0.001 to 7.5 Silver 0.001 to 5.0 Iron 0.001 to 4.0 Chromium 0.001 to 4.0 Cadmium 0.001 to 2.0 Cobalt 0.001 to 2.0 Beryllium 0.001 to 1.2 Zirconium 0.001 to 1.0 Lead 0.002 to 0.7 Bismuth 0.001 to 0.7 Titanium 0.001 to 0.5 Calcium 0.001 to 0.2 Barium 0.001 to 0.05 Boron 0.001 to 0.05 Gallium 0.001 to 0.05 Sodium 0.001 to 0.05 Vanadium 0.001 to 0.05 1.2 The test method is applicable primarily to the control analysis of chill-cast samples. Other forms may be analyzed, provided that ( ) they are sufficiently massive to prevent undue heating, ( ) they permit machining flat surfaces having a minimum dimension of approximately 16 mm (1.6 in.), and ( ) reference materials of similar metallurgical condition and chemical composition are available. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.1.1 This test method covers a steady-state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity of carbon materials in thicknesses of less than 25 mm. The test method is useful for homogeneous materials having a thermal conductivity in the approximate range 1< λ < 30 W/(m·K), (thermal resistance in the range from 10 to 400 × 10−4 m2 ·K/W) over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W/(m·K).NOTE 1: It is not recommended to test graphite cathode materials using this test method. Graphites usually have a very low thermal resistance, and the interfaces between the specimen to be tested and the instrument become more significant than the specimen itself.1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Methods E1530 and C518. Significant attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The k-values determined at one or more temperatures can be used for ranking products in relative order of their thermal conductivities.5.2 Estimates of heat flow, interface temperatures, and cold face temperatures of single and multi-component linings can be calculated using k-values obtained over a wide temperature range.5.3 The k-values determined are “at temperature” measurements rather than “mean temperature” measurements. Thus, a wide range of temperatures can be measured, and the results are not averaged over the large thermal gradient inherent in water-cooled calorimeters.5.4 The k-values measured are the combination of the k-values for the width and thickness of the sample, as the heat flow from the hot wire is in both of those directions. The water-cooled calorimeter measures k-value in one direction, through the sample thickness.5.5 The test method used should be specified when reporting k-values, as the results obtained may vary with the type of test method that is used. Data obtained by the hot wire method are typically 10 to 30 % higher than data obtained by the water calorimeter method given in Test Method C201.1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of non-carbonacious, dielectric refractories.1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500 °C [2732 °F], or the maximum service limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/m·K [100 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F].1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements of anisotropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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While this test method can be applied to pure liquids, it is especially designed for use with mixtures in which one or more components migrate to the surface.Data of this type are needed for the design of equipment for processing mixed liquids, such as in distillation towers.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific free energy of a liquid-gas surface a short time after formation of the surface.1.2 It is applicable to liquids with vapor pressures up to 30.0 kPa (225 torr) and kinematic viscosities up to 4.0 mm/s (4.0 cSt) at the test temperature. Higher viscosities have not yet been investigated.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5.

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5.1 The conventional determination of oxygen content in liquid or solid samples is a relatively difficult chemical procedure. It is slow and usually of limited sensitivity. The 14-MeV neutron activation and direct counting technique provides a rapid, highly sensitive, nondestructive procedure for oxygen determination in a wide range of matrices. This test method is independent of the chemical form of the oxygen.5.2 This test method can be used for quality and process control in the metals, coal, and petroleum industries, and for research purposes in a broad spectrum of applications.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of oxygen concentration in almost any matrix by using a 14-MeV neutron activation and direct-counting technique. Essentially, the same system may be used to determine oxygen concentrations ranging from under 10 μg/g to over 500 mg/g, depending on the sample size and available 14-MeV neutron fluence rates.NOTE 1: The range of analysis may be extended by using higher neutron fluence rates, larger samples, and higher counting efficiency detectors.1.2 This test method may be used on either solid or liquid samples, provided that they can be made to conform in size, shape, and macroscopic density during irradiation and counting to a standard sample of known oxygen content. Several variants of this method have been described in the technical literature. A monograph is available which provides a comprehensive description of the principles of activation analysis using a neutron generator (1).21.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautions are given in Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The purpose of the alternating current field measurement method is to evaluate welds for surface breaking discontinuities such as fabrication and fatigue cracks. The examination results may then be used by qualified organizations to assess weld service life or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of welds for non-surface breaking discontinuities.1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during alternating current field measurement examination of welds for baseline and service-induced surface breaking discontinuities.1.2 This practice is intended for use on welds in any metallic material.1.3 This practice does not establish weld acceptance criteria.1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system might not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This practice is applicable to distinguish between properly and improperly molded PVC plastic pipe fittings. It can be used to:3.1.1 Determine whether cold slugs or unfused areas are present (Note 2),3.1.2 Determine the amount of molded-in stress produced by the molding process (Note 3),3.1.3 Reveal contamination, and3.1.4 Show the quality of the weld line.NOTE 2: A cold slug is a piece of material that enters the mold at a significantly lower temperature than the rest of the mass.NOTE 3: A stress-free part will generally have better properties and higher strength than those with a high degree of stress. Stress-free parts will generally react better when exposed to chemicals.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the quality of molded poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe fittings after exposure to heat.1.2 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.NOTE 1: The values in square brackets are SI units requirements.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The delta octane number (ΔO.N.) measure can quantify the difference of in-line blended spark-ignition engine fuel or process stream material octane number to a desired octane number to aid in optimizing control of blender facilities or refinery process units.5.2 The ΔO.N. measure, summed with a comparison reference fuels O.N. provides either research or motor octane number value of the current in-line blended spark-ignition engine fuel or process stream material.5.3 Through the use of cumulative flow-proportioned averaging of the repetitive ΔO.N. results, in accordance with Practice D6624, an average octane number can be assigned to a tender or batch of in-line blended spark-ignition engine fuel.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative online determination by direct comparison of the difference in knock rating or delta octane number of a stream sample of spark-ignition engine fuel from that of a comparison reference fuel.1.2 This test method covers the methodology for obtaining an octane number using the measured delta octane number and the octane number of the comparison reference fuel.1.3 The comparison reference fuel is required to be of essentially the same composition as the stream sample to be analyzed and can be a secondary fuel termed standard fuel or a tertiary fuel termed prototype fuel.1.4 The test method utilizes a knock testing unit/automated analyzer system that incorporates computer control of a standardized single-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine with appropriate auxiliary equipment using either Test Method D2699 Research method or Test Method D2700 Motor method operating conditions.1.4.1 Knock measurements are based on operation of both fuels at the fuel-air ratio that produces maximum knock intensity for that fuel.1.4.2 Measured differences in knock intensity are scaled to provide a positive or negative delta octane number of the stream sample from the comparison reference fuel when the fuels are compared at the same compression ratio.1.4.3 Measured differences in compression ratio are scaled from the appropriate guide table to provide a positive or negative delta octane number of the stream sample from the comparison reference fuel when the fuels are compared at the same knock intensity.1.5 This test method is limited to testing 78 to 102 octane number spark-ignition engine fuels using either research or motor method conditions.1.6 The octane number difference between the stream sample and the applicable comparison reference fuel is self-limiting by specifications imposed upon the standard and prototype fuels.1.7 Specifications for selection, preparation, storage, and dispensing of standard and prototype fuels are provided. Detailed procedures for determination of an appropriate assigned octane number for both standard and prototype fuels are also incorporated.1.8 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be expressed in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific warning statements, see Section 8 and Annex A1.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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PVC compounds are used in a wide variety of products and hence they are formulated to provide a wide range of physical properties. The physical properties required in a compound depend upon the product in which it is used. These properties are largely determined by the type, quantity, and quality of the compounding ingredients. The analytical test method described below makes use of infrared spectrophotometry for the qualitative or quantitative determination, or both, of many of these ingredients in PVC compounds. This test method may be used for a variety of applications including process control, raw material acceptance, product evaluation, and determination of changes in composition resulting from environmental testing.This test method is directly applicable only to those components listed in the appendix and to those components which are known to be similar in chemical composition and in solubility characteristics to the chemicals listed in the appendix.1.1 This test method provides for the identification of certain resins, plasticizers, stabilizers, and fillers in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds by an infrared spectrophotometric technique. In many cases, individual components may be measured quantitatively. Complementary procedures, such as chromatographic and other separations, will be necessary to separate specific components and extend the applications of this test method. Other instrumental test methods, such as optical emission or X-ray spectroscopic methods, may yield complementary information which may allow more complete or, in some cases, easier measurement of the components. The resin components covered in this test method are listed in the appendix.1.2 PVC formulations are too varied to be covered adequately by a single test method. Using the following test method, many compounds may be separated into resins, plasticizers, stabilizers, and fillers. A number of components can be quantitatively measured. Many more can be identified and their concentrations estimated. By the use of prepared standards, one may determine the usefulness and accuracy of the test method for specific PVC formulations. This test method is applicable for the resin components listed in the appendix and for other components having similar chemical compositions and solubility characteristics. This test method can lead to error in cases where the nature of the components is not known.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in brackets are given for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

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5.1 This practice is used when activated carbon is considered as an adsorbent in treating water. Since both granular and powdered activated carbons are commercially available, a standard practice is needed to ensure that the activated carbons are evaluated under the same test conditions. Specified particle size carbon is to be used to ensure that the same test conditions are used. The practice is generally performed at 20 °C; however, other temperatures may be used and noted.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon to remove undesirable constituents from water and waste water. It can be used to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of activated or reactivated carbon.1.2 This practice is not recommended unless special precautions are taken to reduce loss during sample preparation and analysis.1.3 This practice is recommended to determine the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for the following applications, but is not limited to these applications:1.3.1 Removal of color from dye mill waste water,1.3.2 Removal of taste or odor constituents, or both, from potable waters,1.3.3 Removal of toxicants from water,1.3.4 Removal of surface-active agents from water,1.3.5 Removal of BOD5 from sanitary waste waters, and1.3.6 Removal of TOC from industrial waste waters.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The use of GaAs for semiconductor devices requires a consistent atomic lattice structure. However, lattice or crystal line defects of various types and quantities are always present, and rarely homogeneously distributed. It is important to determine the mean value and the spatial distribution of the etch pit density.1.1 This test method is used to determine whether an ingot or wafer of gallium arsenide is monocrystalline and, if so, to measure the etch pit density and to judge the nature of crystal imperfections. To the extent possible, it follows the corresponding test method for silicon, Test Method F 47. Test Method F 47 also presents the definition of many crystallographic terms, applicable to this test method. 1.2 This procedure is suitable for gallium arsenide crystals with etch pit densities between 0 and 200 000/cm2. 1.3 Gallium arsenide, either doped or undoped, and with various electrical properties, may be evaluated by this test method. The front surface normal direction of the sample must be parallel to the <001> within ± 5° and must be suitably prepared by polishing or etching, or both. Unremoved processing damage may lead to etch pits, obscuring the quality of the bulk crystal. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.

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