定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

This specification deals with steel screw spikes used as fastenings between railroad rails, tie plates, and ties. The steel shall be made by electric-furnace or basic-oxygen, may be cast by continuous process or in ingots, and the heads and threads of the spikes may be formed by hot- or cold-forming methods. Tension and bend tests of the material shall be made. Inspection, certification, and product marking are also covered.1.1 This specification covers steel screw spikes used as fastenings between railroad rails, tie plates, and ties.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Purpose of Guide G88—The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety of oxygen systems. It emphasizes factors that cause ignition and enhance propagation throughout a system's service life so that the occurrence of these conditions may be avoided or minimized. It is not intended as a specification for the design of oxygen systems.4.2 Role of Guide G88—ASTM Committee G04’s abstract standard is Guide G128, and it introduces the overall subject of oxygen compatibility and the body of related work and related resources including standards, research reports and a DVD3 G04 has developed and adopted for use in coping with oxygen hazards. The interrelationships among the standards are shown in Table 1. Guide G88 deals with oxygen system and hardware design principles, and it is supported by a regulator ignition test (see G175). Other standards cover: (1) the selection of materials (both metals and nonmetals) which are supported by a series of standards for testing materials of interest and for preparing materials for test; (2) the cleaning of oxygen hardware which is supported by a series of standards on cleaning procedures, cleanliness testing methods, and cleaning agent selection and evaluation; (3) the study of fire incidents in oxygen systems; and (4) related terminology.(A) Test Method D2863 is under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, and Test Method D4809 is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants but both are used in the asessment of flammability and sensitivity of materials in oxygen-enriched atmospheres.(B) ASTM Manual 36 – Safe Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Systems can be used as a handbook to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety of oxygen systems. However, Manual 36 is not a balloted technical standard.(C) Peer-reviewed technical papers published in ASTM Special Technical Publications (STPs) and Journal of ASTM International are not balloted standards.4.3 Use of Guide G88—Guide G88 can be used as an initial design guideline for oxygen systems and components, but can also be used as a tool to perform safety audits of existing oxygen systems and components. When used as an auditing tool for existing systems, Guide G88 can be applied in two stages: first examining system schematics/drawings, then by visually inspecting the system (that is, “walking the pipeline”). Guide G88 can be used in conjunction with the materials selection/hazards analysis approach outlined in Guides G63 and G94 to provide a comprehensive review of the fire hazards in an oxygen or oxygen-enriched system (1).71.1 This guide applies to the design of systems for oxygen or oxygen-enriched service but is not a comprehensive document. Specifically, this guide addresses system factors that affect the avoidance of ignition and fire. It does not thoroughly address the selection of materials of construction for which Guides G63 and G94 are available, nor does it cover mechanical, economic or other design considerations for which well-known practices are available. This guide also does not address issues concerning the toxicity of nonmetals in breathing gas or medical gas systems.NOTE 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This standard guide is organized as follows:Section Title SectionReferenced Documents 2 ASTM Standards 2.1 ASTM Adjuncts 2.2 ASTM Manuals 2.3 NFPA Documents 2.4 CGA Documents 2.5 EIGA Documents 2.6Terminology 3 4 Purpose of G88 4.1 Role of G88 4.2 Use of G88 4.3Factors Affecting the Design for an Oxygen or Oxygen- Enriched System 5 General 5.1 Factors Recognized as Causing Fires 5.2  Temperature 5.2.1  Spontaneous Ignition 5.2.2  Pressure 5.2.3  Concentration 5.2.4  Contamination 5.2.5  Particle Impact 5.2.6  Heat of Compression 5.2.7  Friction and Galling 5.2.8  Resonance 5.2.9  Static Electric Discharge 5.2.10  Electrical Arc 5.2.11  Flow Friction 5.2.12  Mechanical Impact 5.2.13  Kindling Chain 5.2.14  Other Ignition Mechanisms 5.2.15Test Methods 6System Design Method 7 Overview 7.1 Final Design 7.2 Avoid Unnecessarily Elevated Temperatures 7.3 Avoid Unnecessarily Elevated Pressures 7.4 Design for System Cleanness 7.5 Avoid Particle Impacts 7.6 Minimize Heat of Compression 7.7 Avoid Friction and Galling 7.8 Avoid Corrosion 7.9 Avoid Resonance 7.10 Use Proven Hardware 7.11 Design to Manage Fires 7.12 Anticipate Indirect Oxygen Exposure 7.13 Minimize Available Fuel/Oxygen 7.14 Avoid Potentially Exothermic Material Combinations 7.15 Anticipate Common Failure Mechanism Consequences 7.16 Avoid High Surface-Area-to-Volume (S/V) Conditions  where Practical 7.17 Avoid Unnecessarily-Elevated Oxygen Concentrations 7.18 Anticipate Permutations from Intended System Design 7.19 Avoid Designs and Failure Scenarios that can Introduce  Potential Flow Friction Ignition Hazards 7.20 Use Only the Most Compatible of Practical Materials  and Designs 7.21 Provide Thorough Safety Training for All Personnel  Working with Oxygen or Oxygen-Enriched  Components or Systems, including Design,  Cleaning, Assembly, Operations, and  Maintenance as Applicable to Personnel 7.22 Miscellaneous 7.23Examples 8Key Words 9References  1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

This specification covers iron-nickel-chromium alloy (UNS K94760) used primarily for glass-sealing applications in electronic devices. The chemical composition of the material shall conform to the requirements prescribed. Chemical analysis shall be made, when desired, in accordance with the prescribed requirements. The average linear coefficient of thermal expansion shall be within limits of the requirements specified. The material shall be commercially smooth, uniform in cross section, in composition, and in temper; it shall be free of scale, corrosion, cracks, seams, scratches, slivers, and other defects.1.1 This specification covers two iron-nickel-chromium alloys (UNS K94760 and UNS K95150) used primarily for glass-sealing applications in electronic devices.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method covers procedures for conducting tension and vacuum tests on metal-ceramic seals.4.2 This test method is not to be considered as an absolute tension test for the ceramic.4.3 This test method is suitable for quality control and research and development use.AbstractThis test method establishes the standard procedures for conducting tension and vacuum tests on metal-ceramic seals to determine the bond strength of brazed, metalized ceramics. This test method is, however, not to be considered as an absolute tension test for the ceramic. This method requires the use of appropriate testing machines and various types of gripping devices.1.1 This test method covers procedures for conducting tension and vacuum tests on metal-ceramic seals to determine the bond strength of brazed, metallized ceramics.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The water-break test as described in this test method is rapid, nondestructive, and may be used for control and evaluation of processes for the removal of hydrophobic contaminants. A water-break “free” test is commonly used for in-process verification of the absence of surface contaminants on metal surfaces that may interfere with subsequent surface treatments such as priming, conversion coating, anodizing, plating, or adhesive bonding5.2 This test method is not quantitative and is typically restricted to applications where a go/no go evaluation of cleanliness will suffice.5.3 The test may also be used for the detection and control of hydrophobic contaminants in processing environments. For this application, a witness surface free of hydrophobic films is exposed to the environment and subsequently tested. The sensitivity of this test will vary with the level of airborne contaminant and the duration of exposure of the witness surface.5.4 For quantitative measurement of surface wetting, test methods that measure contact angle of a sessile drop of water or other test liquid may be used in some applications. Measurement methods based on contact angle are shown in Test Methods C813, D5946, and D7490; and Practice D7334.5.4.1 Devices for in situ measurement of contact angle are available. These devices are limited to a small measurement surface area and may not reflect the cleanliness condition of a larger surface. For larger surface areas, localized contact angle measurement, or other quantitative inspection, combined with water-break testing may be useful.5.5 For surfaces that cannot be immersed or doused with water, or where such immersion or dousing is impractical, such as previously coated large parts or assemblies, prior to the application of paints, primers or other organic coatings, Test Method F21 may be better suited for the evaluation of surface cleanliness than this test method.NOTE 2: This test method is not appropriate where line of sight evaluation is not feasible; or for assembled hardware where there is a risk for entrapment of water in faying surfaces or complex structures where it may not be effectively removed.1.1 This test method covers the detection of the presence of hydrophobic (nonwetting) films on surfaces and the presence of hydrophobic organic materials in processing environments. When properly conducted, the test will enable detection of molecular layers of hydrophobic organic contaminants. On very rough or porous surfaces, the sensitivity of the test may be significantly decreased.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are used in many industries, in many ways. They might be used in a research laboratory to measure material properties, or in a production line to qualify a product for shipment. No matter what the end use of the testing machine may be, it is necessary for users to know that the amount of force applied and indicated is traceable to the International System of Units (SI) through a National Metrology Institute (NMI). The procedures in Practices E4 may be used to calibrate these testing machines so that the measured forces are traceable to the SI. A key element of traceability to the SI is that the force measurement standards used in the calibration have known force characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with Practice E74.5.2 The procedures in Practices E4 may be used by those using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for testing machines and related instrumentation.1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force calibration and verification, by means of force measurement standards, of tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicators). These practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines.1.2 Testing machines may be verified by one of the three following methods or combination thereof. Each of the methods require a specific measurement uncertainty, displaying metrological traceability to The International System of Units (SI).1.2.1 Use of standard weights,1.2.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or1.2.3 Use of elastic force measurement standards.1.3 The procedures of 1.2.1–1.2.3 apply to the calibration and verification of the force-measuring systems associated with the testing machine, including the force indicators such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the force-measuring system(s) to be verified and included in the certificate and report of calibration and verification.1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4.1 Other non-SI force units may be used with this standard such as the kilogram-force (kgf) which is often used with hardness testing machines1.5 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.2.1, 1.2.2, or 1.2.3, and are within the specifications stated in Section 15, comply with Practices E4.1.6 The requirements of these practices limit the major components of measurement uncertainty when calibrating testing machines. These Standard Practices do not require the allowable force measurement error to be reduced by the amount of the measurement uncertainty encountered during a calibration. As a result, a testing machine verified using these practices may produce a deviation from the true force greater than ±1.0 % when the force measurement error is combined with the measurement uncertainty.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 Flexible barrier materials are universally used across industries and produced by a myriad of suppliers. They may be monolayer materials or complex composite structures. However, even with the diversity of material, there are still basic requirements that all flexible barrier materials should exhibit.5.2 Flexible barrier material requirements may be divided into two categories, initial material qualification, and routine production and receipt requirements to ensure the purchaser receives exactly what is ordered. While all requirements may be included in the written specification, initial qualification tests may only be needed prior to the first order. Routine production and receipt requirements should be adhered to on every order. Initial qualification requirements are indicated with each clause, where applicable.5.3 This guide provides an understanding of the requirements needed for the manufacture, purchase, and acceptance of flexible barrier materials. Appropriate test methods for compliance are also cited.NOTE 1: All test methods for a particular requirement may not be cited due to specific or unique circumstances. For additional guidance on applicable methods, refer to Guide F2097.5.4 The specification and its requirements should be mutually agreed to by the supplier and purchaser of the product. This helps ensure that the flexible barrier materials will comply with the specified requirements.1.1 This guide defines the requirements and considerations for flexible barrier materials.1.2 This guide addresses some critical printing requirements for flexible barrier materials.1.3 Guidance is provided on specification requirements and considerations for flexible barrier materials intended to be purchased as rollstock.1.4 If the flexible barrier material is intended to be purchased in the form of a pre-made sterile barrier system, Guide F2559 should be referenced.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 These practices for the sampling of ferroalloys and steel additives are intended for use with test methods used to demonstrate compliance with composition specifications. It is assumed that all who use these methods will be trained samplers capable of performing common sampling procedures skillfully and safely.1.1 These practices include procedures for the sampling of the various ferroalloys and steel additives, either before or after shipment from the plants of the manufacturers. They are designed to give results representative of each lot that will be comparable with the manufacturer's guaranteed analysis for the same lot. For check analysis, the purchaser may use any sampling procedure desired, but the analytical results obtained on such samples shall not be a basis for compliance or rejection, unless the procedure followed is of an accuracy equivalent to that prescribed in these methods.1.2 In sampling ferroalloys and steel additives, serious errors often occur from contamination of the samples by iron from the sampling appliances. Therefore, special precautions should be observed to avoid this source of error. Metallic iron may be removed with a magnet from nonmagnetic alloys; its estimation in other alloys requires special analytical procedures (Annex A1). To avoid this error, parts of crushers and pulverizing equipment contacting the samples shall be of steel or other material showing a high resistance to abrasion of the type involved.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers cast gray iron soil pipe and fittings for use in gravity flow plumbing, drain, waste and vent sanitary, and storm water applications. These pipe and fittings are not intended for pressure applications. The cast iron shall be produced by an established commercial method that provides control over chemical and physical properties. Castings shall be sound, true to pattern, and of compact close grain that permits drilling and cutting by ordinary methods and its interior surface shall be reasonably smooth and free from defects. Ferrous scrap, pig iron, and any recycled ferrous material to be used in the melting operation shall be screened for radioactivity. Tension test shall include breaking load, machined diameter, and tensile strength. Chemical test shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed for phosphorous, sulfur, chromium, titanium, aluminum, lead, and carbon equivalent. Dimension requirements for hub, spigot, barrel, grooves, water seal and trap, and threads of the pipe and fittings are detailed. The pipe and fittings shall be uniformly coated with a material suitable for the purpose.1.1 This specification covers cast iron soil pipe and fittings for use in gravity flow plumbing, drain, waste and vent sanitary, and storm water applications. It establishes standards covering material, manufacture, mechanical and chemical properties, coating, test methods, inspection, certification, product markings, dimensions, and dimensional tolerances for extra-heavy and service cast iron soil pipe and fittings. These pipe and fittings are not intended for pressure applications as the selection of the proper size for sanitary drain, waste, vent, and storm drain systems allows free air space for gravity drainage.1.2 This specification covers pipe and fittings of the following patterns and, when so designated, shall apply to any other patterns that conform with the dimensions found in Tables 1 and 2 and all other applicable requirements given in this specification.1.2.1 Pipe:  TablesExtra heavy, 21/2 ft (0.75 m), 31/2 ft (1.0 m), 5 ft (1.5 m), 10 ft (3.0 m) lengths 1, 2Service, 21/2 ft (0.75 m), 31/2 ft (1.0 m), 5 ft (1.5 m), 10 ft (3.0 m) 1, 2Outside dimensions (for detailing) X1.11.2.2 Fittings:  Tables1/4 bends; long 1/4 bends 3, 41/4 bends, long low-hub 51/4 bends, low heel; high heel 6, 71/4 bends, short sweep; long sweep 81/4 bends, reducing long sweep 91/5 bends 101/6 bends 101/8 bends; long 1/8 bends 111/16 bends 11Y branches 12, 13Y branches, combination 1/8 bends, single 14Y branches, combination 1/8 bends, double 14Sanitary T branches, single 15Sanitary T branches, double 15Sanitary T branches, cleanout 16Tapped sanitary T branches, single 17Tapped sanitary T branches, double 17T branches, single and double 18Tapped T branches, single 19Tapped T branches, double 19T branches, cleanout 20-45° offset fitting 21Double hubs 22Long double hubs 22Reducers 23Increasers 24, 25P traps 26, 27Deep seal P traps 28Running traps 29Screw plugs (brass) 30Blind plugs 31Iron-body ferrules 32Side inlets Fig. 3Closet bends 33Tapping bosses 34Reducing 1/4 bend SV 35Combination Y and 1/8 bend 36‘H’ branch fitting 371.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

This specification covers two types of commercial rolled zinc. Type I are coils or sheets cut from strip rolled zinc, and Type II are zinc plates such as boiler and hull plates produced by any rolling method. The products shall be produced by casting, rolling, and other processes found in mill product plant. The material shall be tested and conform to the required chemical composition. The testing of wrought zinc for determination of tensile properties shall be conducted. The testing of zinc for hardness shall be made on a Rockwell superficial hardness tester or on a microhardness tester. The determination of chemical composition shall be performed by either an appropriate chemical method or by optical emission spectrographic methods.1.1 This specification covers two types of commercial rolled zinc as described in 1.2. It should be understood that the specification is general. Any closer limitations on permissible variations shall be a matter of agreement between the supplier (manufacturer) and the purchaser.1.2 Rolled zinc is furnished in two types as follows:1.2.1 Type A—Coils or sheets cut from strip (ribbon) rolled zinc and1.2.2 Type B—Zinc plates such as boiler and hull plates produced by any rolling method.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers round drawn/extruded gold wires for internal semiconductor device electrical connections. The wires are available in four classifications, namely: copper-modified wire, beryllium-modified wire, high-strength wire, and special purpose wire. Aptly sampled wires shall be examined by test methods suggested herein, and each class shall conform correspondingly to specified requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties (breaking load and elongation), dimension (diameter and weight), and workmanship and finish. The wires shall also undergo wire curl, wire axial twist, and wire roundness tests.1.1 This specification covers round drawn/extruded gold wire for internal semiconductor device electrical connections. Four classifications of wire are distinguished, (1) copper-modified wire, (2) beryllium-modified wire, (3) high-strength wire, and (4) special purpose wire.NOTE 1: Trace metallic elements have a significant effect upon the mechanical properties and thermal stability of high-purity gold wire. It is customary in manufacturing to add controlled amounts of selected impurities to gold to modify or stabilize bonding wire properties, or both. This practice is known variously as “modifying,” “stabilizing,” or “doping.” The first two wire classifications denoted in this specification refer to wire made with either of two particular modifiers, copper or beryllium, in general use. In the third and fourth wire classifications, “high-strength” and “special purpose” wire, the identity of modifying additives is not restricted.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers requirements for powdered refractory metal coatings produced with or without additives. These coatings are applied to ceramic bodies in order to join ceramic bodies to metals or to other metallized ceramics by means of brazing or soldering. Included in this specification are requirements for a secondary metallic layer which is usually applied over the refractory metal layer. Two levels of quality for uniformity of metallizing are discussed, Level A and Level B. These levels discuss conditions and requirements needed in order to accept the uniformity of metallizing. Thickness of metallizing shall be measured using a metallurgical microscope. A polished cross-section that is perpendicular to the metallized surfaced is measured. The particles in the metallized layer must be sintered in order to form a dense matrix when viewed in cross section at 400 times. This cross section will indicate the extent of threedimensional sintering. A torque peel test and a tension test shall be performed in order to determine the bond strength of brazed metallized ceramics. Vacuum tightness of the brazed metallized ceramics shall also be determined.1.1 This specification covers requirements for powdered refractory metal coatings produced with or without additives. These coatings are applied to ceramic bodies to join ceramic bodies to metals or to other metallized ceramics by means of brazing or soldering. Included in this specification are requirements for a secondary metallic layer which is usually applied over the refractory metal layer.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 Since solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and the amount and kind of atmospheric contaminants vary continuously, results from exposures based on elapsed time will sometimes differ. The variations in the results will usually be reduced by timing the exposures in terms of:4.1.1 One or more environmental parameters such as solar radiant exposure, or4.1.2 A predefined property change of a weathering reference specimen with known performance.4.2 Variations in temperature, moisture, and atmospheric contaminants can have a significant effect on the degradation caused by solar radiation. In addition, exposures conducted at different times of the year can cause large differences in the rate of degradation. Different materials generally have different sensitivities to heat, moisture, and atmospheric contaminants, and this could explain differences in rankings of specimens exposed to equivalent solar radiant exposure when other environmental conditions vary.4.3 Since the method of mounting has an influence on the temperature and other parameters during exposure of the specimen, there shall be agreement between contractual parties as to the method of mounting the specimen for the particular exposure test under consideration.4.4 There are differences among various single strength window glasses in their transmittance in the 300 to 350 nm region. For example, at 320 nm, the percent transmittance for seven different lots of single strength window glass ranged from 8.4 to 26.8 %. At 380 nm, the percent transmittance ranged from 84.9 % to 88.1 %.54.5 Differences in UV transmittance between different lots of glass generally continue even after solarization. The largest differences among window glasses in UV transmittance are in the spectral range of 300 to 320 nm.4.6 This practice is best used to compare the relative performance of materials tested at the same time behind the same lot of glass. Because of variability between lots of glass and between exposures conducted at different times of the year, comparing the amount of degradation in materials exposed for the same duration or radiant exposure at separate times, or in separate fixtures using different lots of glass, is not recommended.4.7 It is recommended that at least one control material with known performance be exposed with each test. The control material should be of similar composition and construction as the test specimen, and be chosen so that its failure modes are the same as that of the material being tested. It is preferable to use two control materials, one with relatively good durability, and one with relatively poor durability. When control materials are included as part of the test, they shall be used for the purpose of comparing the performance of the test materials relative to the controls.4.8 Because of the possibility that certain materials will outgas during exposure and potentially contaminate other specimens, it is recommended that only similar materials be exposed in the same under glass cabinet at the same time.1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting exposures of various materials to daylight filtered through glass in passively ventilated and non-vented enclosures. For exposures in under glass enclosures with forced air circulation, refer to Practice G201.1.1.1 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.1.2 For direct exposures, refer to Practice G7.1.3 This practice is limited to the method of conducting the exposures. The preparation of test specimens and evaluation of results are covered in various standards for the specific materials.1.4 Exposure conducted according to this practice can use two types of exposure cabinets.1.4.1 Type A—A cabinet that allows passive ventilation of specimens being exposed behind glass.1.4.2 Type B—Enclosed cabinet with exterior painted black that does not provide for ventilation of specimens exposed behind glass. Exposures conducted using a Type B cabinet are typically referred to as “black box under glass exposures.”1.5 Type A exposures of this practice are technically similar to Method B of ISO 877-2.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Bodies of water, such as swimming pools, artificial ponds, and irrigation ditches often are lined with polymeric films. Cyanobacteria tend to grow in such bodies of water under the proper atmospheric conditions, and they can produce slimy and unsightly deposits on the film. The method described herein is useful in evaluating the degree and permanency of protection against surface growth of cyanobacteria afforded by various additives incorporated in the film.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the susceptibility of polymeric films to the attachment and proliferation of surface-growing cyanobacteria.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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