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4.1 Calibration is a fundamental part of making measurements and its effect on the quality of measurement data is significant. Thus, sufficient attention must be given to calibration when it is established for a measurement method so that the data produced will be acceptable. The use of an inappropriate calibration standard, inadequate instructions for calibration, and poor documentation of the calibration process are examples of circumstances that can adversely affect the validity of a calibration. Thus, the calibration process must conform to criteria established to ensure the validity of calibration results and any associated measurement data. Such criteria are given in Guide C1009, in which calibration is identified as a component of laboratory quality assurance (see Fig. 1). This guide expands upon those criteria to provide more comprehensive guidance for establishing calibration.FIG. 1 Quality Assurance of Analytical Laboratory Data4.2 The manner of calibration and other technical requirements for calibrating a measurement method are usually established when a method is first introduced into a laboratory, which may be through validation and qualification as defined by Guide C1068 (see Fig. 1). However, calibration involves more than the technical aspects of the calibration process. The other dimension of the process is the operational requirements that are necessary to ensure that calibration results are valid and that they are documented and verifiable should their integrity be questioned. The provisions of this guide provide those operational requirements and should be considered whenever calibration is planned and established.1.1 This guide provides the basis for establishing calibration for a measurement method typically used in an analytical chemistry laboratory analyzing nuclear materials. Guidance is included for such activities as preparing a calibration procedure, selecting a calibration standard, controlling calibrated equipment, and documenting calibration. The guide is generic and any required technical information specific for a given method must be obtained from other sources.1.2 The guidance information is provided in the following sections:  SectionGeneral Considerations 5Calibration Procedure 6Calibration Standard 7Control of Calibrated Equipment 8Documentation 9Keywords 101.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Fixed-cell differential scanning calorimeters are used to determine the transition temperatures and energetics of materials in solution. For this information to be accepted with confidence in an absolute sense, temperature and heat calibration of the apparatus or comparison of the resulting data to that of known standard materials is required.5.2 This practice is useful in calibrating the temperature and heat flow axes of fixed-cell differential scanning calorimeters.1.1 This practice covers the calibration of fixed-cell differential scanning calorimeters over the temperature range from –10 °C to +120 °C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Hand-held meters provide a rapid means of sampling MC of wood-based materials during and after processing to maintain quality assurance and compliance with standards. These measurements are influenced by actual MC, a number of other wood variables, environmental conditions, geometry of the measuring probe circuitry, and design of the meter. The maximum accuracy can only be obtained by an awareness of the effect of each parameter on the meter output and correction of readings as specified by this test method.4.1.1 This test method employs controlled conditions and straight-grain, clear wood specimens to provide measurements that are reproducible in a laboratory. The controlled conditions prevent moisture and temperature gradients in the test specimen.4.1.2 In laboratory calibration, the reference direct moisture measurements (for example, Test Methods D4442) shall be made only in the area of direct measurement of the meter. This minimizes error associated with sampling of differing areas of measurement between this test method and that of the reference (Test Methods D4442).4.2 Most uses of hand-held moisture meters employ correlative (predictive) relationships between the meter reading and wood areas or volumes that exceed that of the direct meter measurement (for example, larger specimens, pieces of lumber, or lots). These correlative relationships are beyond the scope of this test method. (See Practice D7438.)1.1 This test method applies to the measurement of moisture content (MC) of solid wood products, including those containing additives (that is, chemicals or adhesives) for laboratory standardization and calibration of hand-held moisture meters1.2 This test method makes no distinction between meter measurement technologies for standardization and calibration requirements. Provision is made for test specimen size to accommodate specific meters. Appendix X1 provides an explanatory discussion and history corresponding to the mandatory sections. Fundamental measurement technologies are described in Appendix X2 when available.1.2.1 Meters employing differing technologies may not provide equivalent readings under the same conditions. When this test method has been applied, it is assumed that the referenced meter is acceptable unless otherwise specified. Meters shall be calibrated with respect to MC by direct measurement as determined by Test Methods D4442.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Accurate elemental analyses of samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical properties, which are in turn used to establish compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.1.1 This practice covers information relating to sampling, calibration and validation of X-ray fluorescence instruments for elemental analysis, including all kinds of wavelength dispersive (WDXRF) and energy dispersive (EDXRF) techniques. This practice includes sampling issues such as the selection of storage vessels, transportation, and sub-sampling. Treatment, assembly, and handling of technique-specific sample holders and cups are also included. Technique-specific requirements during analytical measurement and validation of measurement for the determination of trace elements in samples of petroleum and petroleum products are described. For sample mixing, refer to Practice D5854. Petroleum products covered in this practice are considered to be a single phase and exhibit Newtonian characteristics at the point of sampling.1.2 Applicable Test Methods—This practice is applicable to the XRF methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, and those under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute’s Test Method Standardization Committee (Table 1). Some of these methods are technically equivalent though they may differ in details (Table 2).1.3 Applicable Fluids—This practice is applicable to petroleum and petroleum products with vapor pressures at sampling and storage temperatures less than or equal to 101 kPa (14.7 psi). Use Practice D4057 or IP 475 to sample these materials. Refer to Practice D5842 when sampling materials that also require Reid vapor pressure (RVP) determination.1.4 Non-applicable Fluids—Petroleum products whose vapor pressure at sampling and sample storage conditions are above 101 kPa (14.7 psi) and liquefied gases (that is, LNG, LPG, etc.) are not covered by this practice.1.5 Sampling Methods—The physical sampling and methods of sampling from a primary source are not covered by this guide. It is assumed that samples covered by this practice are a representative sample of the primary source liquid. Refer to Practice D4057 or IP 475 for detailed sampling procedures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method permits interlaboratory comparison and intralaboratory correlation of instrumental temperature scale data.Dielectric analyzers are used to characterize a broad range of materials that possess dielectric moments. One of the desired values to be assigned by the measurement is the temperature at which significant changes occur in the properties of the test specimen. In order to obtain consistent results from one period of time to another and from one laboratory to another, the temperature signal from the apparatus must be calibrated accurately over the temperature range of interest.1.1 This test method covers the temperature calibration of dielectric analyzers over the temperature range from -100 to 300°C and is applicable to commercial and custom-built apparatus. The calibration is performed by observing the melting transition of standard reference materials having known transition temperatures within the temperature range of use.1.2 Electronic instrumentation or automated data analysis and data reductions systems or treatment equivalent to this test method may be used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be reported as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method calibrates or demonstrates conformity of thermogravimetric apparatus at ambient conditions. Most thermogravimetry analysis experiments are carried out under temperature ramp conditions or at isothermal temperatures distant from ambient conditions. This test method does not address the temperature effects on mass calibration.5.2 In most thermogravimetry experiments, the mass change is reported as weight percent in which the observed mass at any time during the course of the experiment is divided by the original mass of the test specimen. This method of reporting results assumes that the mass scale of the apparatus is linear with increasing mass. In such cases, it may be necessary only to confirm the performance of the instrument by comparison to a suitable reference.5.3 When the actual mass of the test specimen is recorded, the use of a calibration factor to correct the calibration of the apparatus may be required, on rare occasions.1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance confirmation of the mass (or weight) scale of thermogravimetric analyzers and is applicable to commercial and custom-built apparatus.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers procedures for adjusting the size ranges of an airborne discrete particle counter (DPC) to match size/concentration data from a reference DPC that has been calibrated for counting and sizing accuracy in accordance with Practice F 328 and is kept in good working order. The practice is applied in situations where time, capabilities, or both, required for carrying out procedures in Practice F 328 are not available. It is particularly useful where more than one DPC may be required to observe an environment where the particulate material being counted and sized is different in composition from the precision spherical particulate materials used for calibration in Practice F 328 and/or all of the DPCs in use are not similar in optical or electronic design.1.2 Procedures covered here include those to measure sampled and observed air volume or flow rate, zero count level, particle sizing and counting accuracy, particle sizing resolution, particle counting efficiency, and particle concentration limit.

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5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The mathematical and statistical techniques described in this guide support implementation of the calibration requirements of Practice D7282 and the guidance for uncertainty analysis given in Guide D8293. The guidance is intended for use either by qualified specialists at a radioanalytical laboratory or by developers of software for calibration of nuclear instruments.5.2 Applications for single-point calibrations might include:5.2.1 Alpha-particle spectrometry,5.2.2 Gas proportional counters used for thin sources with negligible attenuation, and5.2.3 Gamma-ray spectrometers used for single nuclides.5.3 Applications for calibration curves determined by LLS might include:5.3.1 Mass attenuation curves for gas proportional counters (polynomial), and5.3.2 Quench calibration curves for liquid scintillation counters (polynomial).5.4 Applications for calibration curves determined by NLLS might include:5.4.1 Gamma-ray spectrometry across a range of gamma-ray energies,5.4.2 Mass attenuation curves for gas proportional counters, and5.4.3 Quench calibration curves for liquid scintillation counters.5.5 Although this guide focuses on efficiency calibrations for nuclear instruments, the same general principles and paradigms should apply to other types of calibrations and to other instruments, as long as there are valid uncertainty models for the calibration data.1.1 This guide describes data analysis for efficiency calibrations of nuclear instruments using radioactive sources. It includes the calculation of the calibration parameters, evaluation and use of their uncertainties and covariances, and testing of the calibration data for outliers and overall lack of fit. It also provides guidelines for summarizing and reporting the results of a calibration.1.2 The instrument counting efficiency is assumed to be independent of the radiation emission rate.1.3 Guidance is provided for both single-point calibrations and calibration curves.1.4 The guidance presumes the existence of measurement uncertainty models to provide statistical weighting factors for the calibration data.1.5 This guide does not cover calibrations involving physically-based computer simulations.1.6 The system of units for this guide is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the guide are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) and kinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kinematic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm 2/s, respectively.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers procedures for calibrating and determining performance of an optical liquid-borne particle counter (LPC) which uses an optical system based upon light extinction measurement. This practice is directed towards determination of accuracy and resolution of the LPC for characterizing the size and number of particles, which have been passed into the sample inlet of the LPC. Consideration of inlet sampling efficiency is not part of this practice.1.2 The procedures covered in this practice include those to measure sample volume and flow rate, zero count level, particle sizing and counting accuracy, particle sizing resolution, particle counting efficiency, and particle concentration limit.1.3 The particle size parameter reported in this practice is the equivalent optical diameter based on projected area of calibration particles with known physical properties dispersed in liquid. The manufacturer normally specifies the minimum diameter that can be reported by an LPC; the dynamic range of the LPC being used determines the maximum diameter that can be reported for a single sample. Typical minimum reported diameters are approximately 2 m, and a typical dynamic range specification will be approximately from 50 to 1.1.4 The counting rate capability of the LPC is limited by temporal coincidence of particles in the sensing volume of the LPC and by the saturation level or maximum counting rate capability of the electronic sizing and counting circuitry. Coincidence is defined as the simultaneous presence of more than one particle within the LPC optically defined sensing zone at any time. The coincidence limit is a statistical function of particle concentration in the sample and the sensing zone volume when particle size is insignificant in comparison to the sensing volume dimensions. This limitation may be modified by the presence of particles with dimension so large as to be a significant fraction of the sensing zone dimension. The saturation level rate of the electronic counting circuitry shall be specified by the manufacturer and is normally greater than the LPC recommended maximum counting rate for the particle concentrations used for any portion of this practice.1.5 Calibration in accordance with all parts of this practice may not be required for routine field calibration of an LPC unless significant changes have occurred in operation of the LPC or major component repairs or replacements have been made. The LPC shall then be taken to a suitable metrology facility for complete calibration. Normal routine field calibration may determine sample flow rate, zero count level, and particle sizing accuracy. The specific LPC functions to be calibrated shall be determined on the basis of agreement between the purchaser and the user. The maximum time interval between calibrations shall be determined by agreement between the purchaser and the user, but shall not exceed twelve months, unless LPC stability for longer periods is verified by measurements in accordance with this practice.This standard may involve hazardous materials, operation, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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