5.1 Limitations of Guide—This guide is for use by stakeholders involved with collecting, managing, reporting, and delivering data during oil and gas development operations using hydraulic fracturing. Some data collected for operational and business concerns regarding hydraulic fracturing is classified as proprietary and can be classified as such by individual operators based on state regulatory conditions. Accordingly, this guide will not address the collection, management, and reporting of proprietary operator data other than to note that significant benefits may be achieved by narrowing the classification of proprietary data, and standardizing the definition of “proprietary data” between regulators. Regulators’ interests in data vary widely based upon a specific agency’s charter, statutory/legislative mandates, legacy requirements, and considerations relating to operator compliance. Depending upon jurisdictional boundaries, multiple regulatory agencies generally have statutory responsibilities regarding oil and gas development operations. These agencies properly determine what information will be collected based on agency specific responsibilities. Accordingly, this guide will not address the selection of data elements to be collected by regulatory agencies other than to note that significant efficiencies may be achieved by using integrated or common, interagency, data management processes, protocols, systems, and best practices and by reviewing data collection activities against those of sister agencies to minimize gaps and overlaps.5.2 Oil and gas development operations include the entire well life cycle, as shown in Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Phases of Oil and Gas Development Operations Well Life Cycle5.3 This guide distinguishes the term hydraulic fracturing from oil and gas development operations. Many consider the terms interchangeable. The industry typically refers to hydraulic fracturing as the explicit act of pressurizing a well in a shale formation to fracture that formation and release oil and gas. However, the public commonly views hydraulic fracturing as the life cycle of activities used to extract oil and gas from shale formations, which include the process of hydraulic fracturing those formations. Hydraulic fracturing is a specific method for stimulating horizontal, vertical, or slanted oil and gas wells that typically only lasts a few days, whereas oil and gas development operations could continue for decades and may include multiple hydraulic fracturing events.5.4 Implementation of Guide—This guide does not prescribe policy actions, but provides technical suggestions data producers and managers should consider when developing or enhancing data management and reporting mechanisms to satisfy the needs of end users and the public. Stakeholders may implement suggestions presented in this guide as a means of aligning data objectives and supporting improved data analysis and processes. Data management and reporting processes should be periodically evaluated and improvements made to address ongoing stakeholder requirements and needs.5.5 Data reported to the public should be relevant, timely, accessible, accurate, and verifiable. Unfortunately, in some instances, relevant data are not being collected, received, or stored by the regulatory agencies in a form that allows effective and timely access by the public.5.6 Anticipated Benefits Expected from the Use of This Guide—Increase public information access by providing stakeholders a self-service area or portal to view accurate and consolidated information regarding oil and gas development operations;5.6.1 More certain and consistent IT planning and decision making for local, state, and federal agencies and other stakeholders;5.6.2 Publicly accessible, queryable, spatially distributed databases through an interface supplied by each respective agency;5.6.3 Improved database accuracy, completeness, and QA verifications are in place for publicly accessible data;5.6.4 Direct and immediate access to designated health-related data for environmental emergency responses and remediation during oil and gas development including construction, maintenance, decommissioning and monitoring data;5.6.5 Improved environmental and operational data management by regulators through collaborative inter and intra-state data sharing, reducing duplication of efforts through cross-jurisdictional data protocols, exchanges, integrations, and interoperability among stakeholders;5.6.6 Comprehensive data reporting, and information delivery regarding new, existing, or refractured oil and gas wells for community awareness of potential areas of concern regarding public health safety and welfare;5.6.7 Direct and timely access to easily queryable data and reporting for state, regional, and national analyses of potential environmental impacts from oil and gas development.5.6.8 Data sets linked to related research and development studies conducted by other stakeholders (for example, other agencies, related departments, research and academic sources, and industry sources).1.1 This guide presents a series of options regarding data collection, data management, and information delivery and reporting associated with oil and gas development involving hydraulic fracturing. Options presented for data management and reporting are intended to improve the transparent information exchange between three primary stakeholder groups: operators, regulators, and the public. Improved information exchange is expected to enhance public understanding of oil and gas development.1.2 Suggestions contained in this guide may not be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service should be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means that the document has been approved through the ASTM process.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This practice covers the use of terms and concepts relating to the development and evaluation of method performance in determining the chemical composition of metals and related materials. Analytical science deals with the development and use of methods for chemical composition determination of materials. Chemical analysis is the application of written analytical methods. Analytical method development consists of selecting chemical and physical systems that respond to a specific analyte in a defined suite of material types which shall have the following desirable properties: accuracy and precision. Statistics deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data sets. Statistical terms include: arithmetic average or mean; standard deviation; precision; B-value; total error which is the statistical sum of random and systematic errors; detection limit; interlaboratory study which is a statistically designed demonstration of the actual performance of an analytical method; analysis of variance; and repeatability and reproducibility indices.1.1 This document covers terms and concepts used in developing and evaluating the performance of methods for determining chemical composition. Although useful with many types of methods, they are dealt with in this document in the context of chemical analysis of metals and related materials.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The technique of laser diffraction for particle size distribution analysis is extensively used in industry and academia both for on-line control and laboratory needs. Guidance is obviously useful in this regard.5.2 This guide can be used to develop methods of particle size analysis where well-established analysis procedures do not already exist. See Guide B821 for similar guidance and useful procedures for wet dispersion of metal powders and related compounds.1.1 This guide sets out the general approach to the particle size distribution measurement of powders, suspensions, or slurries using an appropriate wet or dry methodology by the laser diffraction technique. It is recommended for use in measurements of broad particle size distributions.1.2 The guide provides guidelines to the parameters that should be specified and a generalized guideline to reasonable and acceptable tolerances for points in the volume-based distribution curve such as x10 (Dv10), x50 (Dv50), x90 (Dv90), and D[4, 3] (volume moment mean). It is noted that ISO prefers the term x for particle size as opposed to other usage of d or D (implying diameter).1.3 This guide provides guidance on the verification of instrument performance in conjunction with the internal quality control (QC) audit functions of the instrument owner. Results should be reported in the format indicated by Practice E1617 and ISO 13320.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice contains suggested provisions for reporting strength values. Any ASTM test method for determining strength properties of adhesive bonds may be used. This practice is not intended to determine the pot or working life of two-component epoxy of similar type adhesives. Refer to Practice D1338. It should be noted that there are adhesives whose testing requires special techniques and whose properties are difficult to reproduce from tester to tester. These variables should be kept in mind when analyzing the data obtained using this practice.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the strength development of adhesive bonds when tested on a standard specimen under specified conditions of preparation and testing. It is applicable to adhesives in liquid or paste form that require curing at specified conditions of time and temperature or specific substrate preparation. It is intended primarily to be used with metal-to-metal adherends; however, plastics, woods, glass, or combinations of these may be substituted.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 There are many reasons to implement a CWM plan. The focus of this guide is development of CWM plans that describe intended waste management methods and preconstruction and construction procedures to facilitate the optimal management of discarded materials.4.2 A CWM plan includes, but is not limited to, requirements for documentation of the types and amounts of material generated, final disposition of the materials, and supporting evidence or statements as to the disposition (see 3.2.2).4.3 The users of this guide can include contractors, architects, engineers, building owners or their representatives, consultants, and government agencies, all of whom may have an interest in reducing construction site waste.4.4 Project teams should ensure they use recycling facilities (see 3.2.3) to recycle materials generated in their construction, deconstruction, or demolition projects.1.1 The purpose of this guide is to facilitate development of a waste management plan for construction, deconstruction, or demolition projects (hereafter, construction waste management (CWM) plan).1.2 This guide applies to CWM plans developed for construction, renovation, deconstruction, and demolition of buildings, factories, parking structures, and any other structure, as well as above- and below-ground infrastructure.1.3 This guide includes CWM plan guidance for the wastes generated on-site during construction, deconstruction, and demolition projects.NOTE 1: For example, included is any waste generated during these activities such as structural and finish materials and construction chemicals; construction product and materials packaging; construction office waste, including paper documents; wastes from site development work, such as excavated soils, rocks, vegetation, and stumps; and other ancillary items, such as broken tools, safety materials/personal protective equipment, and food and beverages and their packaging. The list of items above is offered for illustration purposes only; it is not intended to be fully inclusive of all materials from a construction, deconstruction, or demolition project that are suitable for reuse, repurposing, manufacturer reclamation, composting, or recycling.1.4 Waste generated in the manufacture, preparation, or fabrication of materials before delivery to the job site are not in the scope of this guide.1.5 This guide does not change or substitute for any federal, state, or local statutory or regulatory provisions or requirements including, but not limited to, those related to the handling, control, containment, transport, or disposition of any particular material.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for categorizing pediatric trauma centers to ensure consistency of pediatric trauma care throughout the nation. The guidelines will form the quantitative basis for audit and ongoing quality assurance.This guide can be used in conjunction with objective quality assurance outcome measures as outlined in Guide F 1224.This guide can be used by local, regional, and national authorities to establish pediatric trauma centers.1.1 This guide establishes minimum guidelines for the development and operation of a pediatric trauma facility in a children's or general hospital. A pediatric trauma facility is an institution whose medical and administrative leadership has expressed the personal, institutional, and financial commitment to optimal care of the injured child 24 h a day, 365 days a year.1.2 This guide defines the system, organizational structure, clinical personnel, and physical equipment necessary for a pediatric trauma facility, whether freestanding or a joint adult/pediatric facility in either a children's hospital or general hospital committed to the care of injured children.1.3 The criteria outline in this guide incorporates levels of categorization and their essential or desired characteristics.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This practice addresses criteria pertinent to the selection of resilient residential flooring including properties of materials, end use, environment, and maintenance. It applies to all non-textile resilient floor coverings. Documents developed according to this practice shall address all characteristics and materials within the scope of this practice.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide guidance to owners, mechanics, airports, regulatory officials, and aircraft and component manufacturers who may accomplish maintenance, repairs, and alterations on a light sport aircraft. In addition, this practice covers the format and content of maintenance manuals and instructions for the maintenance, repair, and alteration of an LSA.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for the qualifications to accomplish the various levels of maintenance on U.S.-certificated experimental and special light sport aircraft. In addition, it provides the content and structure of maintenance manuals for aircraft and their components that are operated as light sport aircraft.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 These procedures can be used to generate microplastic particles as a simulation of microplastic particles found in the natural environment. Suitable uses may include evaluation of microplastic detection and imaging methods. Use of reference samples will support estimation of ambient and flux concentrations in drinking water, wastewater and natural environments, investigations of microplastic particle degradation, and ingestion of microplastics by animals in the contexts of food safety and human health risk assessment.1.1 This practice describes manufacturing methods to create microplastic particles from pellets of common polymers and the preparation of microplastic reference samples for calibration and proficiency evaluation of microplastic collection practices, preparation practices, and identification methods.1.2 This practice does not describe methods for controlling or characterizing the shapes of particles. The procedures have been observed to yield irregularly shaped particles, the use of which in many cases will serve to remove the analytical bias inherent with using distinctive manufactured spherical beads. Other procedures should be used if spheres or elongated fibers are desired.1.3 This practice does not describe handling procedures for waste generated when executing the procedures described herein. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to follow applicable laws and regulations when manufacturing and disposing of microplastic particles, and to establish appropriate procedures to minimize the amount of waste generated.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 There are two primary types of vapor mitigation systems: Active and Passive (Table 1). Active vapor mitigation systems include: Sub-Slab Depressurization (SSD), Sub-Membrane Depressurization (SMD), Sub-Membrane Pressurization, Block-Wall Depressurization, Drain-tile Depressurization, Building Pressurization, Heat-Exchange Systems, and Indoor Air Treatment. Passive vapor mitigation systems include: Passive Venting, Floor Sealants, Vapor Barriers, and Increased Ventilation. Vapor mitigation systems may also consist of a combination of active and passive technologies.5.2 Development and implementation of a LTM Plan is important for ensuring the long-term protectiveness of the mitigation systems.5.3 The approach presented in this guide is a practical and streamlined process for establishing long-term monitoring requirements, monitoring time frames, and factors needed to determine when the use of a vapor mitigation system is no longer needed.5.4 This guide is intended to be used by environmental professionals including: consultants, building managers, local or regional governing or regulatory agencies, that are installing vapor mitigation systems, conducting monitoring of the vapor barriers, or developing LTM Plans for vapor mitigation systems. Vapor mitigation system installation and LTM activities should only be carried out by environmental professionals who are trained in the proper application of vapor mitigation systems and experienced in the monitoring described in this guide, as applicable.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.(A) Initial Verification (System Startup)—Period of time immediately following system startup.(B) Operational Monitoring—Period of time needed to verify that the system is operating within requirements through typically expected annual conditions.(C) Long-Term Monitoring—Period of time following operational monitoring through system decommissioning.(D) Additional testing—These are actions that may need to be taken if there is a problem with the system or there is a change to the building/system.1.1 This guide presents factors to consider when developing Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) Plans for monitoring the performance of both active and passive vapor mitigation systems in buildings. This guide will also assist in developing appropriate performance standards to make sure that vapor mitigation systems remain protective of human health. Active and passive vapor mitigation systems have been used for a number of years on contaminated properties where residual volatile contaminants remain in the ground. This guide discusses a variety of vapor mitigations systems; however, its focus is on the development of long-term monitoring plans for vapor mitigation systems that are designed to remain in place for multiple years.1.2 A LTM Plan provides clear performance goals for a vapor mitigation system which help to reduce potential confusion and ineffective project management. The LTM Plan also defines performance monitoring time frames to efficiently test the vapor mitigation systems’ effectiveness without unnecessary and costly over-testing. This will also promote consistent monitoring. Vapor mitigation systems are often installed without adequate consideration of the long-term monitoring requirements necessary to make sure that they remain protective of human health for as long as the system remains in place. This guidance addresses the requirements of the LTM Plan to monitor a vapor mitigation system’s continued effectiveness. Installation verification that the vapor mitigation system was installed correctly is typically addressed in the Remedial Design stage of a contaminated Property Management and is not covered in this document.1.3 LTM Plan limitations, constraints and potential sources of error are discussed in this standard. This guide does not endorse a mitigation system vendor or testing of vapor mitigation systems. However, this guide does provide a reference for the common procedures for testing vapor mitigation systems and related terms, as appropriate.1.4 Units—The values stated in either International System (SI) units or English units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for informational purposes only and are not considered standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal of significant digits in the specified limit.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied with consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide will help users answer simple and fundamental questions about the LNAPL occurrence and behavior in the subsurface. It will help users to identify specific risk-based drivers and non-risk factors for action at a site and prioritize resources consistent with these drivers and factors.5.2 The site management decision process described in this guide includes several features that are only examples of standardized approaches to addressing the objectives of the particular activity. For example, Table 1 provides example indicators of the presence of LNAPL. Table 1 should be customized by the user with a modified list of LNAPL indicators as technically appropriate for the site or group of sites being addressed.5.3 This guide advocates use of simple analyses and available data for the LCSM in Tier 1 to make use of existing data and to interpret existing data potentially in new ways. The Tier 1 LCSM is designed to identify where additional data may be needed and where decisions can be made using existing data and bounding estimates.5.4 This guide expands the LCSM in Tier 2 and Tier 3 to a detailed, dynamic description that considers three-dimensional plume geometry, chemistry, and fluxes associated with the LNAPL that are both chemical- and location-specific.5.5 This guide fosters effective use of existing site data, while recognizing that information may be only indirectly related to the LNAPL body conditions. This guide also provides a framework for collecting additional data and defining the value of improving the LCSM for remedial decisions.5.6 By defining the key components of the LCSM, this guide helps identify the framework for understanding LNAPL occurrence and behavior at a site. This guide recommends that specific LNAPL site objectives be identified by the user and stakeholders and remediation metrics be based on the LNAPL site objectives. The LNAPL site objectives should be based on a variety of issues, including:5.6.1 Potential human health risks and risks to relevant ecological receptors and habitats;5.6.2 Specific regulatory requirements; and5.6.3 Aesthetic or other management objectives.5.7 This guide provides a framework by which users specify benefit remediation metrics that are consistent and achievable given the conditions of the LCSM.5.8 Guidance is focused on the information needed to make sound decisions rather than specific methods or evaluations that might be used in deriving that information. This guide is weighted toward field data rather than modeling, though modeling is clearly recognized as a useful tool in generating scenarios and bracketing conditions of the LNAPL body conditions. Limited examples of site specific data used to develop the LCSM are provided in Appendix X6.5.9 By defining specific, measurable attributes of remedial actions acting upon an LCSM, users can determine which actions may be feasible and which likely are not, using an evaluation of a consistent set of factors and expectations.5.10 A sound LCSM will lead to better decisions about remedial actions. The site management decision process premised on the LCSM is intended to result in more efficient and consistent decision-making about LNAPL risk evaluations and remedial actions.5.11 The complexity of multiphase LNAPL issues and the wide variety of analysis and interpretation methods that are available has lead to uncertainty in decision-making regarding sites with LNAPL and has sometimes resulted in misleading expectations about remedial outcomes.5.12 Current risk assessment methods often assume the LNAPL is an infinite source of chemicals of concern. The remediation decision-making may be better defined by considering the LNAPL as the source material for chemicals of concern by explicitly characterizing the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the LNAPL body.5.13 When LNAPL presents the main source of risk, the LNAPL should be the primary target of remedial actions and those remedial actions should be determined by following the decision evaluations described in this guide.5.14 LNAPL regulatory policies that define remediation metrics by small LNAPL thicknesses in wells are, on a site-specific basis, often inconsistent with risk-based screening levels (RBSLs) and with current technical knowledge regarding LNAPL mobility and recoverability. LNAPL remediation metrics should be connected to the current or potential future exposures and risks, as well as to other non-risk drivers present for a particular site.5.15 The user of this guide is encouraged to identify the appropriate process for public involvement and stakeholder participation in the development of the LCSM and the site management decision process.5.16 By providing a flexible framework, this guidance will continue to be applicable in principle while the many unknowns and uncertainties in LNAPL movement and the associated risks in all plume phases (for example, sorbed, dissolved, vapor) are studied through future research efforts. Like the LCSM itself, this is a “living” document that must embrace advances in knowledge and in technology.1.1 This guide applies to sites with LNAPL present as residual, free, or mobile phases, and anywhere that LNAPL is a source for impacts in soil, ground water, and soil vapor. Use of this guide may show LNAPL to be present where it was previously unrecognized. Information about LNAPL phases and methods for evaluating its potential presence are included in 4.3, guide terminology is in Section 3, and technical glossaries are in Appendix X7 and Appendix X8. Fig. 1 is a flowchart that summarizes the procedures of this guide.1.2 This guide is intended to supplement the conceptual site model developed in the RBCA process (Guides E1739 and E2081) and in the conceptual site model standard (Guide E1689) by considering LNAPL conditions in sufficient detail to evaluate risks and remedial action options.1.3 Federal, state, and local regulatory policies and statutes should be followed and form the basis of determining the remedial objectives, whether risk-based or otherwise. Fig. 1 illustrates the interaction between this guide and other related guidance and references.1.4 Petroleum and other chemical LNAPLs are the primary focus of this guide. Certain technical aspects apply to dense NAPL (DNAPL), but this guide does not address the additional complexities of DNAPLs.1.5 The composite chemical and physical properties of an LNAPL are a function of the individual chemicals that make-up an LNAPL. The properties of the LNAPL and the subsurface conditions in which it may be present vary widely from site to site. The complexity and level of detail needed in the LCSM varies depending on the exposure pathways and risks and the scope and extent of the remedial actions that are needed. The LCSM follows a tiered development of sufficient detail for risk assessment and remedial action decisions to be made. Additional data collection or technical analysis is typically needed when fundamental questions about the LNAPL cannot be answered with existing information.1.6 This guide does not develop new risk assessment protocols. It is intended to be used in conjunction with existing risk-based corrective action guidance (for example, Guides E1739 and E2081) and regulatory agency requirements (for example, USEPA 1989, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997).1.7 This guide assists the user in developing an LCSM upon which a decision framework is applied to assist the user in selecting remedial action options.1.8 The goal of this guide is to provide sound technical underpinning to LNAPL corrective action using appropriately scaled, site-specific knowledge of the physical and chemical processes controlling LNAPL and the associated plumes in ground water and soil vapor.1.9 This guide provides flexibility and assists the user in developing general LNAPL site objectives based on the LCSM. This guide recognizes LNAPL site objectives are determined by regulatory, business, regional, social, and other site-specific factors. Within the context of the Guide E2081 RBCA process, these factors are called the technical policy decisions.1.10 Remediation metrics are defined based on the site objectives and are measurable attributes of a remedial action. Remediation metrics may include environmental benefits, such as flux control, risk reduction, or chemical longevity reduction. Remediation metrics may also include costs, such as installation costs, energy use, business impairments, waste generation, water disposal, and others. Remediation metrics are used in the decision analysis for remedial options and in tracking the performance of implemented remedial action alternatives.1.11 This guide does not provide procedures for selecting one type of remedial technology over another. Rather, it recommends that technology selection decisions be based on the LCSM, sound professional judgment, and the LNAPL site objectives. These facets are complex and interdisciplinary. Appropriate user knowledge, skills, and judgment are required.1.12 This guide is not a detailed procedure for engineering analysis and design of remedial action systems. It is intended to be used by qualified professionals to develop a remediation strategy that is based on the scientific and technical information contained in the LCSM. The remediation strategy should be consistent with the site objectives. Supporting engineering analysis and design should be conducted in accordance with relevant professional engineering standards, codes, and requirements.1.13 ASTM standards are not federal or state regulations; they are voluntary consensus standards.1.14 The following principles should be followed when using this guide:1.14.1 Data and information collected should be relevant to and of sufficient quantity and quality to develop a technically-sound LCSM.1.14.2 Remedial actions taken should be protective of human health and the environment now and in the future.1.14.3 Remedial actions should have a reasonable probability of meeting the LNAPL site objectives.1.14.4 Remedial actions implemented should not result in greater site risk than existed before taking actions.1.14.5 Applicable federal, state, and local regulations should be followed (for example, waste management requirements, ground water designations, worker protection).1.15 This guide is organized as follows:1.15.1 Section 2 lists associated and pertinent ASTM documents.1.15.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.1.15.3 Section 4 includes a summary of this guide.1.15.4 Section 5 provides the significance and use of this guide.1.15.5 Section 6 presents the components of the LCSM.1.15.6 Section 7 offers step-by-step procedures.1.15.7 Nonmandatory appendices are supplied for the following additional information:1.15.7.1 Appendix X1 provides additional LNAPL reading.1.15.7.2 Appendix X2 provides an overview of multiphase modeling.1.15.7.3 Appendix X3 provides example screening level calculations pertaining to the LCSM.1.15.7.4 Appendix X4 provides information about data collection techniques.1.15.7.5 Appendix X5 provides example remediation metrics.1.15.7.6 Appendix X6 provides two simplified examples of the use of the LNAPL guide.1.15.7.7 Appendix X7 and Appendix X8 are glossaries of technical terminology relevant for LNAPL decision-making.1.15.8 A reference list is included at the end of the document.1.16 The appendices are provided for additional information and are not included as mandatory sections of this guide.1.17 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.18 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.19 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 983元 / 折扣价： 836 元 加购物车