定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard assessment standard; fixed procedures are not established. Any limitations in the availability of data, of appropriate test procedures, of adequate fire models, or in the advancement of scientific knowledge will place significant constraints upon the procedure for the assessment of fire hazard.4.3 The focus of this guide is on fire assessment standards for electrotechnical products. However, insofar as the concepts in this guide are consistent with those of Guide E1546, the general concepts presented also may be applicable to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings. Guide E2061 contains an example of how to use information on fire-test-response characteristics of electrotechnical products (electric cables) in a fire hazard assessment for a specific occupancy (rail transportation vehicle).4.4 A standard developed following this guide should not attempt to set a safety threshold or other pass/fail criteria. Such a standard should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria can be meaningfully set by authorities having jurisdiction.1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products. For the purposes of this guide, products include materials, components, and end-use products.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.5 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 When two dissimilar metals in electrical contact are exposed to a common electrolyte, one of the metals can undergo increased corrosion while the other can show decreased corrosion. This type of accelerated corrosion is referred to as galvanic corrosion. Because galvanic corrosion can occur at a high rate, it is important that a means be available to alert the user of products or equipment that involve the use of dissimilar metal combinations in an electrolyte of the possible effects of galvanic corrosion.4.2 One method that is used to predict the effects of galvanic corrosion is to develop a galvanic series by arranging a list of the materials of interest in order of observed corrosion potentials in the environment and conditions of interest. The metal that will suffer increased corrosion in a galvanic couple in that environment can then be predicted from the relative position of the two metals in the series.4.3 Types of Galvanic Series: 4.3.1 One type of Galvanic Series lists the metals of interest in order of their corrosion potentials, starting with the most active (electronegative) and proceeding in order to the most noble (electropositive). The potentials themselves (versus an appropriate reference half-cell) are listed so that the potential difference between metals in the series can be determined. This type of Galvanic Series has been put in graphical form as a series of bars displaying the range of potentials exhibited by the metal listed opposite each bar. Such a series is illustrated in Fig. 1.4.4 Use of a Galvanic Series: 4.4.1 Generally, upon coupling two metals in the Galvanic Series, the more active (electronegative) metal will have a tendency to undergo increased corrosion while the more noble (electropositive) metal will have a tendency to undergo reduced corrosion.4.4.2 Usually, the further apart two metals are in the series, and thus the greater the potential difference between them, the greater is the driving force for galvanic corrosion. All other factors being equal, and subject to the precautions in Section 5, this increased driving force frequently, although not always, results in a greater degree of galvanic corrosion.1.1 This guide covers the development of a galvanic series and its subsequent use as a method of predicting the effect that one metal can have upon another metal can when they are in electrical contact while immersed in an electrolyte. Suggestions for avoiding known pitfalls are included.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The asset management career field has many career disciplines (particularly asset management consistent with ISO 55000 definitions, concepts, and requirements) that support an entity’s activities. These career titles may include, but are not limited to, industrial asset management specialists, asset administrators, property asset management, operations, accounting, database management, contract management, motor vehicle managers, and so forth. Career professionals not only manage assets, but may also perform audits or self-assessments, develop policies and procedures for the management of assets, supervise asset management operations within and across their entities, or act as a primary interface to customers for asset management related matters.4.2 ISO 55001 and ISO 55002 recommend entities determine the competency of personnel performing asset management functions to ensure that personnel are competent to perform assigned asset management functions based on education, training, or experience, or combinations thereof. ISO 55002 recommends that human resource skills improvement and competencies should be included in the entity’s asset management training plans. (See Table 1.)4.3 Entity adoption of an AMCD program enables asset management professionals to become fully competent in their chosen career field and allows for career progression which, in turn, will assist the entity in retaining competent asset management professionals.4.4 A properly designed and implemented AMCD program leads to assurance that asset management professional and support staff are sufficiently competent to meet industry technical standards, customer expectations, and that competence is no less than similar activities that customers require, and are needed to maximize the value of assets and the elimination of waste, fraud, and abuse.1.1 This guide provides the principles for an Asset Management Career Development program including education and training for professional employees engaged in the practice of asset management.1.2 As a guide, this is the consensus of the asset management profession for the requirements for an Asset Management Career Development (AMCD) program.1.3 The use of this guide by the profession can improve professional competence, enhance value from assets, reinforce or establish adequate internal controls, encourage a broader and higher level of competency and thinking by its practitioners, reinforce the use of innovative and cost-effective practices, create greater commonality between all entities that perform asset management, and increase the ability of entities to respond to changing needs and business conditions.1.4 The AMCD program establishes the recommended education, training, and experience requisites necessary for asset management activities to adequately support the missions and objectives of an entity’s asset management operations, and therefore supports the entities’ missions.1.5 The AMCD program is predicated on multiple levels of professional competency and achievement based on a combination of academic education and training and professional experience.1.6 It is the responsibility of each entity that adopts this guide to confirm the appropriateness of any specific education and training offerings.1.7 This guide encourages a broad and continuous self-study practice for those within the profession as applicable knowledge and lessons learned are disseminated continuously from multiple sources.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 If ASTM Committee E13 has not specified an appropriate test procedure for a specific type of instrument, or if the sample specified by a Committee E13 procedure is incompatible with the intended instrument operation, then this practice can be used to develop practical performance tests.4.1.1 For instruments which are equipped with permanent or semi-permanent sampling accessories, the test sample specified in a Committee E13 practice may not be compatible with the instrument configuration. For example, for FT-MIR instruments equipped with transmittance or IRS flow cells, tests based on putting polystyrene films into the sample position are impractical. In such cases, this practice suggests means by which the recommended test procedures can be modified by changing the test material or the location of the recommended test material.4.1.2 For instruments used in process measurements, the choice of test materials may be limited due to process contamination and safety considerations. The practice suggests means of developing performance tests based on materials which are compatible with the intended use of the analyzer.4.2 Tests developed using the practice are intended to allow the user to compare the performance of an instrument on any given day with prior performance, and specifically to compare performance during calibration of the analyzer to performance during validation of the analyzer and during routine use of the analyzer. The tests are intended to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but they are not designed to diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of analyzers of different manufacture.4.3 Tests developed using this practice are also intended to allow the user to compare the performance of a primary analyzer used in development of a multivariate model to the performance of secondary analyzers used to apply that model for the analysis of process or product samples.1.1 This practice covers basic procedures that can be used to develop instrument performance tests for spectroscopic based online, at-line, laboratory and field analyzers. The practice is intended to be applicable to Raman spectrometers and to infrared spectrophotometers operating in the near-infrared and mid-infrared regions.1.2 This practice is not intended as a replacement for specific practices, such as Practices E275, E925, E932, E958, E1421, or E1683 that exist for measuring performance of specific types of laboratory spectroscopic instruments. Instead, this practice is intended to provide guidelines as to how similar practices should be developed when specific practices do not exist for a particular instrument type, or when specific practices are not applicable due to sampling or safety concerns. This practice can be used to develop instrument performance tests for on-line process spectroscopic-based analyzers.1.2.1 The performance tests described in this practice typically only evaluate the performance of the infrared spectrophotometer or Raman spectrometer part of the analyzer system, referred to herein as the instrument.1.2.2 Instrument performance tests do not typically evaluate performance of analyzer sampling systems.1.3 This practice describes univariate level zero and level one tests, and multivariate level A and level B tests which can be implemented to measure instrument performance. These tests are designed to be used as rapid, routine checks of instrument performance. They are designed to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but do not specifically diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of instruments or analyzers of different manufacture.1.4 The instrument performance tests described in this practice are used during the development of multivariate calibrations via Practice D8321 to establish the performance level at the time the calibration is developed. The same tests are used during validation of analyzers via Practice D6122 to qualify the working analyzer by demonstrating comparable performance.1.4.1 Instrument performance tests are used to requalify instruments after analyzer maintenance.1.4.2 Instrument performance tests are used to qualify instruments in secondary analyzers to which calibrations are being transferred after development on a primary analyzer.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 Demonstration plans developed in accordance with this practice will include all necessary content and key considerations to support an effective flight demonstration program aimed at approval or certification of UAS by the FAA through D&R demonstration.4.2 This practice does not address planning requirements for UAS development testing. It is assumed that a manufacturer has completed all UAS design and development and is preparing demonstration programs to support compliance demonstration on a stable and controlled system configuration. Manufacturers who wish to prepare a detailed design and development program should review Specification F3298 for programmatic examples.4.3 This practice is intended to be used on low-risk UAS that meet the following design criteria and operating limitations.4.3.1 The UAS has a command and control link that enables the pilot-in-command to take contingency action.4.3.2 The unmanned aircraft (UA) has a kinetic energy of ≤25 000 ft-lb calculated in accordance with methods specified within the MOC.4.3.3 The UA is operated ≤400 ft above ground level (AGL).4.3.4 No operations over open-air assemblies (operations over people are acceptable).4.3.5 No flight into known icing.4.3.6 Maximum of 20:1 aircraft to pilot ratio.4.3.7 The UA is electrically powered (excludes internal combustion engines and fuel cells).1.1 This standard practice is intended for low-risk UAS seeking type certification by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) under 14 CFR Part 21.17(b) in accordance with the FAA durability and reliability (D&R) means of compliance (MOC). The definition of “low-risk UAS” does not necessarily align with other definitions found within corresponding ASTM standards (F3442/F3442M) or other UAS-related standards. For the purposes of this practice, “low-risk” is defined as a UAS operated in accordance with the concept of operations (CONOPs), eligibility criteria, and kinetic energy threshold specified in the G-1 Issue Paper (which will be provided to the applicant by the FAA). See 4.3 for design criteria and operating limitations for low-risk UAS.1.2 This standard practice establishes a common methodology and key considerations for the development of minimum flight plans for low-risk UAS that demonstrate aircraft reliability as part of a D&R MOC.1.3 The scope of this standard practice encompasses D&R planning, data collection, and reporting.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. This is not intended to limit the systems of units used for design, development testing, or demonstration testing. However, the units of measurement used on pilot-facing placards and markings and manuals must be the same as those used on the corresponding equipment with recognition that international aviation utilizes feet for altitude and knots for airspeed as operational parameters.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire-risk-assessment standards. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire-risk-assessment standard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data, available tests and models, and scientific knowledge can constitute significant constraints on the fire-risk-assessment procedure and associated standard.4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-risk-assessment standards for products, the general concepts presented also can be applied to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings.1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-risk-assessment standards.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire risks harmful to people, property, or the environment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This standard is used to establish a means of combining the potential for harm in fire scenarios with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios. Assessment of fire risk using this standard depends upon many factors, including the manner in which the user selects scenarios and uses them to represent all scenarios relevant to the application. This standard cannot be used to assess fire risk if any specifications are different from those contained in the standard.1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice separately outlines criteria and implementation approaches for the training, continuing education, and professional development of forensic science practitioners. The use of this practice can help establish training programs designed to achieve competency in targeted disciplines. The standard also describes measures to maintain competency through continuing education/professional development.4.2 This practice provides a framework for extending learning opportunities to promote and achieve higher standards of professional practice in forensic science.4.3 This practice is not intended to be inclusive of all possible options nor to address the challenges of a particular discipline.4.3.1 This practice does not address proficiency testing programs or specific requirements of professional certification and licensure bodies, although the foundational requirements addressed may be essential elements for such programs.4.3.2 This practice is not intended to supersede requirements from professional certification and licensure bodies.4.3.2.1 Licensing and certifying bodies in a number of fields typically impose continuing education and professional development requirements on their license or certificate holders. Such requirements are intended to encourage professionals to expand their knowledge base and keep abreast of new developments. Depending on the field, these requirements might be satisfied through internal training; completion of college, university, or extension coursework; or through attendance at conferences and seminars. Individuals in such positions should obtain and document their on-going training and development as required by their licensing or certifying body.1.1 This practice provides foundational requirements for the training, continuing education, and professional development of forensic science practitioners to include training criteria toward competency, documentation, implementation of training, and continuous professional development. This information is intended for forensic science service providers to help establish a training framework with program structure and content; for forensic science practitioners as they acquire and maintain their knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs); for subject matter experts when developing discipline specific training practices; and for training programs to manage and support the continuous development of their employees.1.2 This practice outlines minimum training criteria and provides general information, approaches, and resources for all disciplines. The standard would complement additional specific requirements for each forensic science discipline (for example, relevant degree programs, higher education) if developed by subject matter experts in their respective fields. Discipline specific training programs should address the content and means for developing and testing competency for each applicable topic identified in Practice E2917.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

Micronucleus assays for genetic damage have been developed in many types of eucaryotic cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The occurrence of micronuclei is indicative of chromosomal damage or mitotic spindle dysfunction.1.1 This guide covers minimal criteria which should be met by a micronucleus assay system prior to the development of an ASTM Standard or Guide for the conduct of that assay.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 A correctly designed, installed, and developed groundwater monitoring well, constructed in accordance with Practice D5092 should provide the following: representative samples of groundwater that can be analyzed to determine physical properties and water quality parameters of the sample or potentiometric levels that are representative of the total hydraulic head of that portion of the aquifer screened by the well, or both. The well may also be utilized for conducting aquifer performance tests used for the purpose of determining the hydrogeologic properties of the targeted hydrostratigraphic unit in which the well has been completed.NOTE 1: An extensive research program on annular sealants was conducted from 2001 through 2009 and in subsequent years by the Nebraska Grout Task Force (Lackey et al., 2009 and State of California, 2015). This research included cement and bentonite grouts and the use of pellets and chips. The general finding of the study indicates all sealing methods suffer from some shrinkage in the portion of the well in the unsaturated zone. The best grouts were cement-sand, bentonite chips, neat cements, and bentonite slurries with more than 20 percent solids. Especially problematic is the use of low solids content bentonite slurries in the unsaturated zone leading to a prohibition on their use in California (State of California, 2015). It is also highly recommended that State and Federal codes/regulations regarding seals within the unsaturated zone be evaluated prior to design to ensure codes are met.4.2 Well development is an important component of monitoring well completions. Monitoring wells installed in aquifers should be sufficiently developed to such that they serve their intended objectives. Well development methods vary with the physical characteristics of the targeted hydrostratigraphic unit in which the monitoring well is screened, the construction details of the well, the drilling method utilized during the construction of the borehole prior to well installation, and the quality of the groundwater. The development method for each individual monitoring well should be selected from among the several methods described in this guide and should be employed by the well construction contractor or the qualified personnel in responsible charge of the monitoring well completion.4.3 The importance of well development in monitoring wells cannot be overestimated. If a monitoring well is inherited with a project, it is best for the well construction contractor or the qualified personnel to consider the possibility that well development was not performed or was carried out inadequately, which may influence both previous and future sampling results if the wells were not redeveloped and/or appropriate documentation of well development cannot be obtained. Proper and careful well development will improve the ability of most monitoring wells to provide representative, unbiased chemical and hydraulic data. The additional time and money spent performing this important step in monitoring well completion or maintenance will reduce the potential for damaging pumping equipment and in situ sensors, and increase the probability that groundwater samples are representative of the targeted formation water monitored. Practice D3740 provides evaluation factors for the activities in this guide.NOTE 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/evaluation/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This guide covers the development of screened wells installed for the purpose of obtaining representative groundwater information and water quality samples from granular aquifers, though the methods described herein could also be applied to wells used for other purposes. Other well-development methods that are used exclusively in open-borehole bedrock wells are not described in this guide.1.2 The applications and limitations of the methods described in this guide are based on the assumption that the primary objective of the monitoring wells to which the methods are applied is to obtain representative water quality samples from aquifers. Screened monitoring wells developed using the methods described in this guide should yield relatively sediment-free samples from granular aquifer materials, ranging from gravels to silty sands. While many monitoring wells are considered “small-diameter” wells (that is, less than 10 cm [4 in.] inside diameter), some of the techniques described in this guide will be more easily applied to large-diameter wells (that is, 10 cm [4 in.] or greater inside diameter).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service needs to be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use.5.2 Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met.5.3 To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.5.4 This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.5.6 The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are (1) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D6311; and (2) data quality assessment, see Guide D6233.1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283, D6250, and Guide D6044. Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness, and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.1.6 This practice presents extensive requirements of management, designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must” and “shall” (requirements), “should” (recommendation), and “may” (optional), have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements in this practice. The extent to which all requirements will be met remains a matter of technical judgment.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

1.1 Intent: 1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide general considerations for the development, verification, validation, and documentation of tank simulants for hazardous materials (for example, radioactive wastes) and process streams. Due to the expense and hazards associated with obtaining and working with actual hazardous materials, especially radioactive wastes, simulants are used in a wide variety of applications including process and equipment development and testing, equipment acceptance testing, and plant commissioning. This standard guide facilitates a consistent methodology for development, preparation, verification, validation, and documentation of simulants. 1.2 This guide provides direction on (1) defining simulant use, (2) defining simulant-design requirements, (3) developing a simulant preparation procedure, (4) verifying and validating that the simulant meets design requirements, and (5) documenting simulant-development activities and simulant preparation procedures. 1.3 Applicability: 1.3.1 This guide is intended for persons and organizations tasked with developing simulants to either mimic certain characteristics and properties of hazardous materials or provide representative performance for the phenomenon being evaluated. The process for simulant development, verification, validation, and documentation is shown schematically in Fig. 1. Specific approval requirements for the simulant developed under this guide are not provided. This topic is left to the performing organization. Approval requirements are associated with the design of the simulant, makeup procedures, and final simulant produced. FIG. 1 Simulant Development, Verification, Validation, and Documentation Flowsheet 1.3.2 While this guide is directed at simulants for radioactive materials (for example, nuclear waste), the guidance is also applicable to other aqueous based solutions and slurries. 1.3.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This guide is not a substitute for sound chemistry and chemical engineering skills, proven practices and experience. It is not intended to be prescriptive but rather to provide considerations for the development and use of simulants. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

1.1 This guide provides information for the development of ASTM standards (guides, practices, terminology, test methods, and specifications) relating to recycling and the use of recycled plastics.1.2 This guide is directed to consumer, commercial, and industrial products made in whole or in part with recycled plastics or recovered plastic products.1.3 This guide addresses terminology, performance standards, specifications and their revisions, quality assurance, separation or segregation of products by classes, identification and labeling of generic classes of polymers, contaminants, fillers, designing for recycling, degradable plastics, and certification and percentages of recycled plastics.1.4 This guide does not address general parameters or factors involving the original manufacture of virgin polymers or the fabrication of consumer products from these virgin polymers.1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1--There is no equivalent ISO standard.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

A critical part of developing an emergency management capability is establishing and preparing to operate an EOC. A well-designed EOC, coupled with well-trained personnel, will enable the coordination of response and recovery activities. An EOC can serve as an effective and efficient facility for coordinating all emergency response efforts and will optimize emergency communications and information management. This standard guide is intended to provide the emergency management community with practical concepts and approaches to develop an effective EOC.1.1 This guide provides general guidelines for the development of an emergency operations center (EOC).1.2 An EOC may be developed by either the public or private sector in response to the demonstrated or predicted need for a designated facility at which those involved in emergency/disaster management and the coordination of response and recovery efforts work.1.3 This guide may also serve as a foundation for larger facilities such as a regional operations center (ROC) or state operations center (SOC) with a broader area of responsibility and more extensive needs to communicate and coordinate with others.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 Intended Use: 4.1.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.4.2 Importance of the CSM: 4.2.1 The CSM should be continuously updated and refined to describe the physical properties, chemical composition and occurrence, biologic features, and environmental conditions of the sediment corrective action project (Guide E1689).4.3 Reference Material: 4.3.1 This guide should be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides listed in 2.1 (especially Guides E3344 and E3382); this guide should also be used in conjunction with the material in the References at the end of this guide (including 1). Utilizing these reference materials will direct the user in developing representative background concentrations for a sediment site.4.4 Flexible Site-Specific Implementation: 4.4.1 This guide provides a systematic, but flexible, framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and by the user based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, and unforeseen circumstances.4.5 Regulatory Frameworks: 4.5.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to a broad range of local, state, tribal, federal, or international jurisdictions, each with its own unique regulatory framework. As such, this guide does not provide a detailed discussion of the requirements or guidance associated with any of these regulatory frameworks, nor is it intended to supplant applicable regulations and guidance. The user of this guide will need to be aware of the regulatory requirements and guidance in the jurisdiction where the work is being performed.4.6 Systematic Project Planning and Scoping Process: 4.6.1 When applying this guide, the user should undertake a systematic project planning and scoping process to collect information to assist in making site-specific, user-defined decisions for a particular project, including assembling an experienced team of project professionals. These practitioners should have the appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute a sediment data acquisition and analysis program. This team may include, but is not limited to, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, site remediation professionals, analytical chemists, geochemists, and statisticians.4.7 Use of Representative Background to Set a Boundary: 4.7.1 Representative background concentrations for sediments can be used to delineate a sediment corrective action, establishing the boundary of the sediment corrective action area by distinguishing site-related impacts from representative background concentrations. This application requires the development of a BTV for the representative background data set.4.8 Use of Representative Background to Establish Cleanup Levels: 4.8.1 Representative background concentrations for sediments can be used to establish cleanup levels for use in sediment corrective actions. In cases where risk-based sediment cleanup levels are below representative background concentrations, background concentrations are typically used as the cleanup level (4). This ensures that the cleanup levels are sustainable. Any recontamination from ongoing sources will eventually result in surface sediment concentrations greater than the risk-based cleanup level, but the surface sediment should still meet a cleanup level based on representative background concentrations, even following recontamination.4.9 Use of Representative Background in Risk Assessments: 4.9.1 Representative background concentrations can be used in the risk assessment process (including human and ecological risk assessments) to understand risks posed by background levels of contaminants to human health and the environment, and the incremental risks posed by site-related releases or activities (or both) that result in sediment concentrations that exceed representative background concentrations. Conversely, they can be used to estimate the risk reduction for various contaminants, if sediment is remediated from existing COC concentrations to lower values (that is, representative background concentrations).4.10 Use of Representative Background in Post-Remedy Monitoring Programs: 4.10.1 Post-remedy monitoring programs can also use representative background sediment concentrations either as a corrective action target or to understand how post-remedy concentrations compare to the sources not attributable to current or historical site releases or activities. Typically, source control actions taken to ensure that site-related releases are controlled and will not re-contaminate the post-corrective action sediments must be developed based on an understanding of ongoing contributions from representative background. Ongoing sources unrelated to current or historical site-related releases or activities (that may or may not be subject to source control actions) must be considered in this evaluation.4.11 Other Considerations: 4.11.1 This guide does not cover all components of a program to develop representative sediment background concentrations.4.11.2 The overarching process to develop representative background concentrations (including CSM considerations) is not covered in detail in this guide but is discussed in more depth in Guide E3382.4.11.3 The selection of a background reference area(s) for the sediment site is not covered in detail in this guide but is extensively described in Guide E3344.4.11.4 Sediment sampling and laboratory analyses are not covered in this guide. Guides E3163 and E3164 contain extensive information concerning sediment sampling and laboratory analyses.4.11.5 Data quality objectives are not covered in this guide. Data quality objectives are described in (5).4.11.6 Background study design considerations are not covered in this guide but are described in other references, including Guides E3163 and E3164, as well as (6, 7).4.11.7 Geospatial analysis considerations are not thoroughly discussed in this guidance but are discussed in more depth relative to environmental evaluations in (8), which focuses on quality assurance concerns relative to geospatial analyses.4.11.8 In this guide, only the concentrations of COCs are considered to be in scope. Residual background radioactivity is out of scope.4.12 Structure and Components of This Guide: 4.12.1 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:Section 1 Section 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 TerminologySection 4 Section 5 Overview of Representative Background Concentration Development ProcessSection 6 Development of Candidate Background Data SetsSection 7 Evaluation of Candidate Background Data Sets to Obtain Representative Background Data SetsSection 8 Data VisualizationSection 9 Evaluation of High Nondetect Data PointsSection 10 Evaluation of Outlying Data PointsSection 11 Forensic Chemistry Evaluation of Organic ContaminantsSection 12 Geochemical Evaluation of MetalsSection 13 Methodology Application to Develop a Representative Background Data Set from a Candidate Background Data SetSection 14 Development of Representative Background ConcentrationsSection 15 Comparison of Sediment Site and Representative Background Data Sets Using Statistical Two-Sample TestingSection 16 KeywordsAppendix X1 Organic and Inorganic Chemistry OverviewAppendix X2 Illustrative Case Studies from One Example Sediment SiteAppendix X3 Summaries for Outlier Testing and Two-Sample Statistical TestingReferences  1.1 This guide describes data visualization, statistical, forensic chemistry and geochemical methodologies (including case studies) used in the evaluation of candidate background data sets; this evaluation leads to the development of representative background data sets for the sediment site. Statistical methodologies can then be applied to the representative background data sets to develop background threshold values (BTVs) that are measures of the upper limit of representative sediment background concentrations for the sediment site. In addition, representative background data sets and sediment site data sets can be compared using two-sample statistical tests to determine if there are statistically significant differences (at a specified confidence level) between the two data sets (such as, the median or mean values of the two data sets are significantly different).1.1.1 This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support, but not supersede the guidelines established by local, state, tribal, federal, or international agencies.1.2 Technically defensible representative sediment background concentrations are critical for several purposes (1).2 These include sediment site delineation, establishing remedial goals and cleanup levels, remedy selection, assessment of risks posed by representative background concentrations, and establishing appropriate post-remedial monitoring plans.1.3 The overarching framework for the development of representative sediment background concentrations at sediment sites is presented in Guide E3382. Guide E3240 provides a general discussion of how conceptual site model (CSM) development fits into the risk-based corrective action framework for contaminated sediment sites, while Guide E3382 provides a detailed discussion of the elements of a sediment site CSM that need to be considered when developing representative sediment background concentrations. Guide E3344 describes how to select an appropriate background reference area(s) from which to collect sediment samples for laboratory analysis. Guide E3164 describes the sampling methodologies to obtain sediment samples in the field (whether from the sediment site or background reference area[s]), while Guide E3163 discusses appropriate laboratory methodologies for the chemical analysis of potential contaminants of concern (PCOCs) in the sediment samples. Relevant content contained in Guides E3344 and E3382 is summarized herein, but the individual guides should be consulted for more detailed coverage of these topics.1.4 This guide focuses on the approach for the development of representative sediment background concentrations used for remedial actions performed under various regulatory programs, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Although many of the references cited in this guide are CERCLA oriented, the guide is applicable to remedial actions performed under local, state, tribal, federal, and international cleanup programs. However, the guide does not describe requirements for each jurisdiction. The requirements for the regulatory entity under which the cleanup is being performed should be reviewed to confirm compliance.1.5 This guide is designed to apply to contaminated sediment sites where sediment data have been collected and are readily available. Additionally, this guide assumes that risk assessments have been performed, so that the contaminants of concern (COCs) that exceed risk-based thresholds have been identified.1.5.1 Furthermore, this guide presumes that the identified risk-based thresholds are low enough to pose corrective action implementation challenges, or the site is subject to recontamination from uncontrolled ongoing anthropogenic or natural sources, or both. In all cases, representative sediment background concentrations will be useful for determining the extent of corrective remedial actions (when used as remedial goals or cleanup levels), evaluating risks posed by representative background concentrations, and establishing appropriate post-remedial monitoring plans.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车