5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples, surface treatments, and lubricants by CFT and in their resistance to adhesive wear. Since adhesive wear is a complex phenomenon and stochastic in nature, it is essential to evaluate surfaces to confirm the presence of adhesion.5.2 This test method should be considered when evaluating the impact of changes in a process or application that is prone to adhesive wear, including any combination of scoring, galling, and plowing. These modes of failure commonly occur under sliding contact, at high contact stress, and, when applicable, at lubricant starvation.5.3 The TCT is often used to evaluate the ability of material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricants to prevent or reduce adhesive wear in metalworking operations including deep drawing, extrusion, and pipe bending. Other applications in which the test may be effective are loader bucket bushings, gear teeth at startup, and low-clearance pumps.5.4 This test method is best used as a comparative screening tool. The ranking of performance produced by the TCT correlates well with the ranking in many applications.3 However, since the test is a bench test and not directly reproducing any specific application, TCT results should be only used as an indicator of the tendency for adhesive wear to occur. TCT is a useful screening test for comparing the effectiveness of material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant formulations before process testing and field trials.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the coefficient of friction (COF) and resistance of materials to adhesion under flat sliding using the twist compression test (TCT). This test method ranks material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant combinations by COF and their resistance to adhesion.1.2 The time until adhesion for the materials under the test conditions are reported and used to quantify the tribocouple’s adhesion resistance and susceptibility to galling or scuffing. Systems of higher adhesion resistance will give longer time until failure.1.3 The coefficient of friction values averaged between the test reaching full test pressure and the time of the onset of adhesion or the end of tests run for a predetermined time period are recorded. Systems are ranked by their average coefficients of friction before adhesion occurs.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard except psi and pounds in Table 1.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method can be used to determine antiwear properties and coefficient of friction of EP lubricating oils at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for lubricants used in gear or cam/follower systems. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.1.1 This test method covers an extreme pressure (EP) lubricating oil's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation motion. The procedure is identical to that described in DIN 51834.1.2 This test method can also be used to determine the ability of a non-EP lubricating oil to protect against wear and its coefficient of friction under similar test conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 Friction characteristics of road surfaces are measured by friction measurement systems, and the operating procedure for the use of these systems is found in Test Method E274/E274M. However, over time, mechanical or electronic system anomalies may develop, resulting in measurement errors or inaccuracies. This requires that each of these systems be evaluated, calibrated, and correlated on a regular basis. The interval between calibrations depends on the frequency of use, maintenance, and other factors. If any repairs are made to the system that may affect the calibration, the system should be recalibrated before further use. Generally, calibrations and correlations are recommended to be performed on an annual basis by one of the FTCs.5.2 This guide defines the process of ensuring that Test Method E274/E274M systems produce consistent and accurate data by correlating the Test Method E274/E274M systems to national standard Test Method E274/E274M systems.1.1 This guide describes the evaluation, calibration, and correlation of Test Method E274/E274M friction measurement systems as conducted at an ISO 17025 accredited field test center (FTC).2 The evaluation, calibration, and correlation process, using the specialized equipment, facilities, surfaces, trained personnel, and area reference friction measurement systems (ARFMS) available at each FTC, are conducted using the procedures described below.1.2 The FTC complies with the requirements of Guide E1890. Guide E1890 requires a more stringent calibration process and requires all ARFMS systems be correlated together once a year on three surfaces at three speeds with twelve repeats each for a total of 108 pairs.1.3 This guide is offered as a process to identify and quantify the variables that affect system performance, to minimize the effect of these variables, and to provide a means to relate Test Method E274/E274M friction measurement systems to reference friction measurement systems.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This is the practice for calculating the IFI of the pavement. The IFI has proven useful for harmonization of the friction measuring equipment. F60 and Sp have proven to be able to predict the speed dependence of wet pavement-related measurements of the various types of friction-measuring equipment.2 The two IFI parameters (F60 and Sp) have been found to be reliable predictors of the dependence of wet pavement friction on tire slip and vehicle speed.5.2 The IFI parameters, F60 and Sp, can be used to calculate the calibrated friction at another slip speed using a transformation equation.5.3 The IFI model given below describes the relationship between the values of wet pavement friction FRS measured at a slip speed of S and between the friction values measured by different types of equipment.5.4 A significance of the IFI model is that the measurement of friction with a device does not have to be at one of the speeds run in the experiment. FRS can be measured at some S and is always adjusted to FR60. Thus, if a device cannot maintain its normal operating speed and must run at some speed higher or lower because of traffic, the model still works well. In that case, S is determined by the vehicle speed (V) which can be converted to S by multiplying V by the percent slip for fixed slip equipment or by multiplying V by the sine of the slip angle for side force equipment.5.5 This practice does not address the problems associated with obtaining a measured friction or measured macrotexture.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of the International Friction Index (IFI) from a measurement of pavement macrotexture and wet pavement friction. The IFI was developed in the PIARC International Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements. The index allows for the harmonizing of friction measurements with different equipment to a common calibrated index. This practice provides for harmonization of friction reporting for devices that use a smooth tread test tire.1.2 The IFI consists of two parameters that report the calibrated wet friction at 60 km/h (F60) and the speed constant of wet pavement friction (Sp).1.3 The mean profile depth (MPD) has been shown to be useful in predicting the speed constant (gradient) of wet pavement friction.21.4 A linear transformation of the estimated friction at 60 km/h provides the calibrated F60 value. The estimated friction at 60 km/h is obtained by using the speed constant to calculate the estimated friction at 60 km/h from a measurement made at any speed.1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents are rationalized, rather than exact mathematical conversions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice is used to calibrate the James Machine for determination of static coefficient of friction of polish surfaces in accordance with Test Method D2047. Over considerable time and repeated use the James Machine may tend to mechanical misalignment, giving self-evident, anomalous readings. The periodic accumulation and comparison of data generated by this practice provides an indication of when the machine is no longer within the calibration limits and can no longer be expected to provide accurate and reliable data.5.2 Semi-automated James machines may perform an internal calibration/alignment test. These automated tests should be routinely run per the manufacturer's recommendation. If the repeatability tests of this practice indicate that the machine is out of calibration, the manufacturer should be contacted and their suggestions followed. Unqualified disassembly, modification, or adjustment may void the instrument warranty of semi-automated James Machines.1.1 This practice covers the testing of the James Machine for repeatability of static coefficient of friction, relative to a standard reference interface consisting of the working surfaces of Borco2 board and standard leather shoe sole material, or a control polish film and standard leather shoe material. The practice provides basis data on the stability of the James Machine to ensure accurate static coefficient of friction determinations over time and repeated use and for determining if the James Machine is mechanically calibrated and properly aligned.1.2 This practice is written specifically for James Machines with manual or motorized test table transport. Variations of this practice for the calibration of versions of James Machines which are semi-automated are obvious. Calibration practices suggested by the manufacturer of semi-automatic James Machines should be followed in preference to this practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Test Method D2047 establishes a compliance criterion relating static coefficient of friction measurements of flooring surfaces with human locomotion safety. The compliance criterion is based on extensive experiential data from residential, commercial, industrial and institutional walkway surfaces since 1942.4.2 Polishes and other floor maintenance coatings having a static coefficient of friction of not less than 0.5, as measured by this test method, have been recognized as providing nonhazardous walkways.NOTE 1: The value of 0.5 meets the requirements for compliance with Rule 5 on “The use of terms slip retardant, slip resistant, or terms of similar import,” of the Proposed Trade Practice Rules for the Floor Wax and Floor Polish Industry as issued by the Federal Trade Commission on March 17, 1953.4.3 The 0.5 static coefficient of friction compliance criterion of this test method is only appropriate for polish-coated surfaces tested in accordance with this machine and test method. The use of this compliance criterion with other test methods, other test instruments, and other surfaces is improper, because they are not a part of the body of experiential data upon which the conformance criterion is based.NOTE 2: The conformance criteria of this test method may be valid for other surfaces and surface coatings tested by this test method, but this has not been substantiated by correlation with experiential data.1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the James Machine for the measurement of the static coefficient of friction of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect to human locomotion safety. Further, this test method also establishes a compliance criterion to meet the requirement for a nonhazardous polished walkway surface. The test method is not intended for use on “wet” surfaces or on surfaces wherein the texture, projections, profile or clearance between the sculptured pattern of the surface does not permit adequate contact between the machine foot and the test surface.1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate for testing polishes for specification compliance with the floor polish static coefficient of friction criterion.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车