This specification covers commercial microwave ovens. These ovens use ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation in the approved industrial, scientific, and medical bands to defrost, heat, and cook food. The microwave ovens are classified by types, sizes, groups, styles, and classes. In terms of types, there are two kinds: Type I is commercial microwave oven and Type II is combination of commercial microwave and convection/radiant heat oven. They can be classified into Size 600, Size 1200, and Size 1800 according to microwave output power. In terms of cavity volume, these ovens can be divided into Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4. As for the size of cooking cavity, these microwave ovens may be grouped into Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4. They may have two styles: Style 1 which has a dial type timer and Style 2 which has a digital timer and touchpad controls(computer controlled). The material, design, construction, and physical requirements of microwave ovens shall be discussed. The performance requirements of these ovens shall be discussed after evaluating the following: cooking cavity light, interchangeability, microwave rated power output, and operation. The following tests shall be performed: cavity weight load test, microwave rated power output test, commercial microwave oven reliability test, production unit test, operational test, and microwave energy distribution test.1.1 This specification covers commercial microwave ovens. These ovens use ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation in the approved industrial, scientific, and medical bands to defrost, heat, and cook food.1.2 Limitations—This specification does not include all types, sizes, groups, styles, and classes of the commodities indicated by the titles of the specification, or that are commercially available, but is intended to cover the types, sizes, groups, styles, and classes that are suitable for general requirements.1.3 Oven Selection And Application—Prior to the use of the classifications given in 4.1, the user agency should ensure they are not restricted by some aspect of the microwave oven design such as a weight or external dimension limitation that would prevent the unrestricted use of the classifications given in 4.1.1.4 Microwave Oven Availability—Although 4.1 lists a wide range of sizes, classes, groups, and styles for commercial types of ovens, not all combinations are available.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Often it is necessary to dissolve the sample, particularly if it is a solid, before atomic spectroscopic measurements. It is advantageous to use a microwave oven for dissolution of such samples since it is a far more rapid way of dissolving the samples instead of using the traditional procedures of dissolving the samples in acid solutions using a pressure decomposition vessel, or other means.5.2 The advantage of microwave dissolution includes faster digestion that results from the high temperature and pressure attained inside the sealed containers. The use of closed vessels also makes it possible to eliminate uncontrolled trace element losses of volatile species that are present in a sample or that are formed during sample dissolution. Volatile elements arsenic, boron, chromium, mercury, antimony, selenium, and tin may be lost with some open vessel acid dissolution procedures. Another advantage of microwave aided dissolution is to have better control of potential contamination in blank as compared to open vessel procedures. This is due to less contamination from laboratory environment, unclean containers, and smaller quantity of reagents used (9).5.3 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory devices, no detailed operating instructions can be provided. Instead, the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular device.5.4 Mechanism of Microwave Heating—Microwaves have the capability to heat one material much more rapidly than another since materials vary greatly in their ability to absorb microwaves depending upon their polarities. Microwave oven is acting as a source of intense energy to rapidly heat the sample. However, a chemical reaction is still necessary to complete the dissolution of the sample into acid mixtures. Microwave heating is internal as well as external as opposed to the conventional heating which is only external. Better contact between the sample particles and the acids is the key to rapid dissolution. Thus, heavy nonporous materials such as fuel oils or coke are not as efficiently dissolved by microwave heating. Local internal heating taking place on individual particles can result in the rupture of the particles, thus exposing a fresh surface to the reagent contact. Heated dielectric liquids (water/acid) in contact with the dielectric particles generate heat orders of magnitude above the surface of a particle. This can create large thermal convection currents which can agitate and sweep away the stagnant surface layers of dissolved solution and thus, expose fresh surface to fresh solution. Simple microwave heating alone, however, will not break the chemical bonds, since the proton energy is less than the strength of the chemical bond (5).5.4.1 In the electromagnetic irradiation zone, the combination of the acid solution and the electromagnetic radiation results in near complete dissolution of the inorganic constituents in the carbonaceous solids. Evidently, the electromagnetic energy promotes the reaction of the acid with the inorganic constituents thereby facilitating the dissolution of these constituents without destroying any of the carbonaceous material. It is believed that the electromagnetic radiation serves as a source of intense energy which rapidly heats the acid solution and the internal as well as the external portions of the individual particles in the slurry. This rapid and intense internal heating either facilitates the diffusion processes of the inorganic constituents in solution or ruptures the individual particles thereby exposing additional inorganic constituents to the reactive acid. The heat generated in the aqueous liquid itself will vary at different points around the liquid-solid interface and this may create large thermal convection currents which can agitate and sweep away the spent acid solution containing dissolved inorganic constituents from the surface layers of the carbonaceous particles thus exposing the particle surfaces to fresh acid (16).5.4.2 Unlike other heating mechanisms, true control of microwave heating is possible because stopping of the application of energy instantly halts the heating (except the exotherms which can be rapid when pure compounds are digested). The direction of heat flow is reversed from conventional heating, as microwave energy is absorbed by the contents of the container, energy is converted to heat, and the bulk temperature of the contents rises. Heat is transferred from the reagent and sample mixture to the container and dissipated through conduction to the surrounding atmosphere. Newer synthesized containers made up of light yet strong polymers can withstand over 240 °C temperatures and over 800 psi pressure. During the digestion process of samples containing organic compounds, largely insoluble gases such as CO2 are formed. These gases combine with the vapor pressure from the reagents, at any temperature, to produce the total pressure inside the vessel. Since the heat flow from a microwave digestion vessel is reversed from that of resistive devices, the total pressures generated for microwave dissolutions are significantly lower at the same temperature than other comparably heated devices or systems. This means larger samples can be digested at higher temperatures and lower pressures than would normally be expected from such pressurized vessels. Sample size should be controlled to prevent rapid exotherm rupture, exacerbated by excess CO2 generation. However, the pressure limitations of the vessel still restrict both the sample size that can be used and the maximum temperature that can be achieved due to the vapor pressure resulting from the reagents (17).5.4.3 Organic and polymer samples can be especially problematic because they are highly volatile and produce large amounts of gaseous by-products such as CO2 and NOx. As a result larger sample sizes will produce higher pressures inside the digestion vessel. Generally, no more than 1 g of these sample types can be digested in a closed vessel (18).5.4.3.1 While in open digestion vessel systems the operating temperatures are limited by the acid solutions’ boiling points, temperatures in the 200 °C to 260 °C range can be typically achieved in sealed digestion vessels. This results in a dramatic acceleration of the reaction kinetics, allowing the digestion reactions to be carried out in a shorter time period. The higher temperatures, however, result in a pressure increase in the vessel and thus in a potential safety hazard. Rapid heating of the sample solution can induce exothermic reactions during the digestion process. Therefore in modern microwave digestion systems, sensors and interlocks for temperature and pressure control are introduced. Since different types of sample behave differently in microwave field, heating control is necessary in this operation (19).5.4.4 Microwave heating occurs because microwave reactors generate an electromagnetic field that interacts with polarizable molecules or ions in the materials. As the polarized species compete to align their dipoles with the oscillating field, they rotate, migrate, and rub against each other, causing them to heat up. This microwave effect differs from indirect heating by conduction achieved by using a hot plate (20).1.1 This practice covers the procedure for use of microwave radiation for sample decomposition prior to elemental determination by atomic spectroscopy.1.1.1 Although this practice is based on the use of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) as the primary measurement techniques, other atomic spectrometric techniques may be used if lower detection limits are required and the analytical performance criteria are achieved.1.2 This practice is applicable to both petroleum products and lubricants such as greases, additives, lubricating oils, gasolines, and diesels.1.3 Although not a part of Committee D02’s jurisdiction, this practice is also applicable to other fossil fuel products such as coal, fly ash, coal ash, coke, and oil shale.1.3.1 Some examples of actual use of microwave heating for elemental analysis of fossil fuel products and other materials are given in Table 1.(A) The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.1.3.2 Some additional examples of ASTM methods for microwave assisted analysis in the non-fossil fuels area are included in Appendix X1.1.4 During the sample dissolution, the samples may be decomposed with a variety of acid mixture(s). It is beyond the scope of this practice to specify appropriate acid mixtures for all possible combinations of elements present in all types of samples. But if the dissolution results in any visible insoluble material, this practice may not be applicable for the type of sample being analyzed, assuming the insoluble material contains some of the analytes of interest.1.5 It is possible that this microwave-assisted decomposition procedure may lead to a loss of “volatile” elements such as arsenic, boron, chromium, mercury, antimony, selenium, and/or tin from the samples. Chemical species of the elements is also a concern in such dissolutions since some species may not be digested and have a different sample introduction efficiency.1.6 A reference material or suitable NIST Standard Reference Material should be used to confirm the recovery of analytes. If these are not available, the sample should be spiked with a known concentration of analyte prior to microwave digestion.1.7 Additional information on sample preparation procedures for elemental analysis of petroleum products and lubricants can be found in Practice D7455.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Sections 6 and 7.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method was developed to measure non-UV-absorbing nonvolatile extractables that may be present and migrate from a microwave susceptor material during use. It may be a useful procedure to assist in minimizing the amount of non-UV-absorbing nonvolatile extractables either through susceptor design or manufacturing processes.5.2 Supplementation of this procedure with other analytical technologies such as high-pressure liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, or infrared or other forms of spectroscopy may provide the analyst with additional information regarding the identification of the components of the non-UV-absorbing nonvolatile extractables in the susceptor.1.1 This test method is applicable to complete microwave susceptors.1.2 This test method covers a procedure for quantitating non-UV-absorbing nonvolatile compounds which are extractable when the microwave susceptor is tested under simulated use conditions for a particular food product.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Design calculations for radio frequency (RF), microwave, and millimetre-wave components require the knowledge of values of complex permittivity and permeability at operating frequencies. This test method is useful for evaluating small experimental batch or continuous production materials used in electromagnetic applications. Use this method to determine complex permittivity only (in non-magnetic materials), or both complex permittivity and permeability simultaneously. 5.2 Relative complex permittivity (relative complex dielectric constant), , is the proportionality factor that relates the electric field to the electric flux density, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as molecular polarizability, charge mobility, and so forth: where: ε0   =   permittivity of free space     =   electric flux density vector, and     =   electric field vector. Note 1: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as simply relative permittivity, permittivity, or dielectric constant. The imaginary part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as the loss factor. In anisotropic media, permittivity is described by a three dimensional tensor. Note 2: For the purposes of this test method, the media is considered to be isotropic and, therefore, permittivity is a single complex number at each frequency. 5.3 Relative complex permeability, , is the proportionality factor that relates the magnetic flux density to the magnetic field, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as magnetic moment, domain magnetization, and so forth: where: μ0   =   permeability of free space,     =   magnetic flux density vector, and     =   magnetic field vector. Note 3: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permeability ( ) is often referred to as relative permeability or simply permeability. The imaginary part of complex relative permeability ( ) is often referred to as the magnetic loss factor. In anisotropic media, permeability is described by a three dimensional tensor. Note 4: For the purposes of this test method, the media is considered to be isotropic, and therefore permeability is a single complex number at each frequency. 5.4 Relative permittivity ((relative dielectric constant) (SIC) κ′(εr)) is the real part of the relative complex permittivity. It is also the ratio of the equivalent parallel capacitance, Cp, of a given configuration of electrodes with a material as a dielectric to the capacitance, Cυ, of the same configuration of electrodes with vacuum (or air for most practical purposes) as the dielectric: Note 5: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. Note 6: Experimentally, vacuum must be replaced by the material at all points where it makes a significant change in capacitance. The equivalent circuit of the dielectric is assumed to consist of Cp, a capacitance in parallel with conductance. (See Fig. 3 of Test Methods D150.) Note 7: Cx is taken to be Cp, the equivalent parallel capacitance as shown in Fig. 3 of Test Methods D150. Note 8: The series capacitance is larger than the parallel capacitance by less than 1 % for a dissipation factor of 0.1, and by less than 0.1 % for a dissipation factor of 0.03. If a measuring circuit yields results in terms of series components, the parallel capacitance must be calculated from Eq 5 of Test Methods D150 before the corrections and permittivity are calculated. Note 9: The permittivity of dry air at 23 °C and standard pressure at 101.3 kPa is 1.000536. Its divergence from unity, κ′ − 1, is inversely proportional to absolute temperature and directly proportional to atmospheric pressure. The increase in permittivity when the space is saturated with water vapor at 23 °C is 0.00025, and varies approximately linearly with temperature expressed in degrees Celsius, from 10 °C to 27 °C. For partial saturation the increase is proportional to the relative humidity. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining relative complex permittivity (relative dielectric constant and loss) and relative magnetic permeability of isotropic, reciprocal (non-gyromagnetic) solid materials. If the material is nonmagnetic, it is acceptable to use this procedure to measure permittivity only. 1.2 This measurement method is valid over a frequency range of approximately 1 GHz to over 20 GHz. These limits are not exact and depend on the size of the specimen, the size of coaxial air line used as a specimen holder, and on the applicable frequency range of the network analyzer used to make measurements. The size of specimen dimension is limited by test frequency, intrinsic specimen electromagnetism properties, and the request of algorithm. For a given air line size, the upper frequency is also limited by the onset of higher order modes that invalidate the dominant-mode transmission line model and the lower frequency is limited by the smallest measurable phase shift through a specimen. Being a non-resonant method, the selection of any number of discrete measurement frequencies in a measurement band would be suitable. The coaxial fixture is preferred over rectangular waveguide fixtures when broadband data are desired with a single sample or when only small sample volumes are available, particularly for lower frequency measurements. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units of in inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non conformance with the standard. The equations shown here assume an e+jωt harmonic time convention. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Permittivity and dissipation factor are fundamental design parameters for design of microwave circuitry. Permittivity plays a principal role in determining the wavelength and the impedance of transmission lines. Dissipation factor (along with copper losses) influence attenuation and power losses.5.2 This test method is suitable for polymeric materials having permittivity in the order of two to eleven. Such materials are popular in applications of stripline and microstrip configurations used in the 1 GHz to 18 GHz range.5.3 This test method is suitable for design, development, acceptance specifications, and manufacturing quality control.NOTE 2: See Appendix X1 for additional information regarding significance of this test method and the application of the results.1.1 This test method permits the rapid measurement of apparent relative permittivity and loss tangent (dissipation factor) of metal-clad polymer-based circuit substrates in the X-band (8 GHz to 12.4 GHz).1.2 This test method is suitable for testing PTFE (polytetrafluorethylene) impregnated glass cloth or random-oriented fiber mats, glass fiber-reinforced polystyrene, polyphenyleneoxide, irradiated polyethylene, and similar materials having a nominal specimen thickness of 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). The materials listed in the preceding sentence have been used in commercial applications at nominal frequency of 9.6 GHz.NOTE 1: See Appendix X1 for additional information about range of permittivity, thickness other than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm), and tests at frequencies other than 9.6 GHz.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended to identify volatile extractables that may be emitted from microwave susceptor material during use. It may be a useful procedure to assist in minimizing the amount and type of volatile extractables produced. The susceptor design, materials used or manufacturing processes involved can be evaluated.1.1 This test method is applicable to complete microwave susceptors.1.2 This test method covers a procedure for identifying volatile extractables which are released when a microwave susceptor sample is tested under simulated end use conditions. The extractables are identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).1.3 This test method was evaluated for the identification of a variety of volatile extractables at a level of 0.010 μg/in.2 of susceptor surface. For extractables not evaluated, the analyst should perform studies to determine the level of extractable at which identification is achievable.1.4 The analyst is encouraged to run known volatile extractables and/or incorporate techniques such as gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS), gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy (GC/IR) or other techniques to aid in verifying the identity of or identifying unknown volatile extractables. The analyst is referred to Practice E260 for additional guidance.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Design calculations for radio frequency (RF), microwave, and millimetre-wave components require the knowledge of values of complex permittivity and permeability at operating frequencies. This test method is useful for evaluating small experimental batch or continuous production materials used in electromagnetic applications. Use this method to determine complex permittivity only (in non-magnetic materials), or both complex permittivity and permeability simultaneously. 5.2 Relative complex permittivity (relative complex dielectric constant), εr*, is the proportionality factor that relates the electric field to the electric flux density, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as molecular polarizability, charge mobility, and so forth: where: ε0   =   the permittivity of free space, D→   =   the electric flux density vector, and E→   =   the electric field vector. Note 1: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permittivity (εr′) is often referred to as simply relative permittivity, permittivity, or dielectric constant. The imaginary part of complex relative permittivity (εr′′) is often referred to as the loss factor. In anisotropic media, permittivity is described by a three dimensional tensor. Note 2: For the purposes of this test method, the media is considered to be isotropic and, therefore, permittivity is a single complex number at each frequency. 5.3 Relative complex permeability, μr*, is the proportionality factor that relates the magnetic flux density to the magnetic field, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as magnetic moment, domain magnetization, and so forth: where: μ0   =   the permeability of free space, B→   =   the magnetic flux density vector, and H→   =   the magnetic field vector. Note 3: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permeability (μr′) is often referred to as relative permeability or simply permeability. The imaginary part of complex relative permeability (μr″) is often referred to as the magnetic loss factor. In anisotropic media, permeability is described by a three dimensional tensor. Note 4: For the purposes of this test method, the media is considered to be isotropic, and therefore permeability is a single complex number at each frequency. 5.4 Relative permittivity ((relative dielectric constant) (SIC) κ′(εr)) is the real part of the relative complex permittivity. It is also the ratio of the equivalent parallel capacitance, Cp, of a given configuration of electrodes with a material as a dielectric to the capacitance, Cυ, of the same configuration of electrodes with vacuum (or air for most practical purposes) as the dielectric: Note 5: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. Note 6: Experimentally, vacuum must be replaced by the material at all points where it makes a significant change in capacitance. The equivalent circuit of the dielectric is assumed to consist of Cp, a capacitance in parallel with conductance. (See Fig. 3 of Test Methods D150.) Note 7: Cx is taken to be Cp, the equivalent parallel capacitance as shown in Fig. 3 of Test Methods D150. Note 8: The series capacitance is larger than the parallel capacitance by less than 1 % for a dissipation factor of 0.1, and by less than 0.1 % for a dissipation factor of 0.03. If a measuring circuit yields results in terms of series components, the parallel capacitance must be calculated from Eq 5 of Test Methods D150 before the corrections and permittivity are calculated. Note 9: The permittivity of dry air at 23 °C and standard pressure at 101.3 kPa is 1.000536. Its divergence from unity, κ′ − 1, is inversely proportional to absolute temperature and directly proportional to atmospheric pressure. The increase in permittivity when the space is saturated with water vapor at 23 °C is 0.00025, and varies approximately linearly with temperature expressed in degrees Celsius, from 10 °C to 27 °C. For partial saturation the increase is proportional to the relative humidity. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining relative complex permittivity (relative dielectric constant and loss) and relative magnetic permeability of isotropic, reciprocal (non-gyromagnetic) solid materials. If the material is nonmagnetic, it is acceptable to use this procedure to measure permittivity only. 1.2 This measurement method is valid over a frequency range of approximately 100 MHz to over 40 GHz. These limits are not exact and depend on the size of the specimen, the size of rectangular waveguide transmission line used as a specimen holder, and on the applicable frequency range of the network analyzer used to make measurements. The size of specimen dimension is limited by test frequency, intrinsic specimen electromagnetism properties, and the request of algorithm. Being a non-resonant method, the selection of any number of discrete measurement frequencies in a measurement band would be suitable. Use of multiple rectangular waveguide transmission line sizes are required to cover this entire frequency range (100 MHz to 40 GHz). This test method can also be generally applied to circular waveguide test fixtures. The rectangular waveguide fixture is preferred over coaxial fixtures when samples have in-plane anisotropy or are difficult to manufacture precisely. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are in inch-pound units and are included for information only. The equations shown here assume an e+jωt harmonic time convention. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method covers the determination of V, Ni, Ca, Na, Al, Si, Zn, P, and S for residual fuels and Fe, V, Ni,Ca, Na, K, and S for crude oils. This test method complements and extends the capabilities of Test Methods D1548 and D5708, which only apply to the determination of Ni, V, and Fe in crude oils and residual fuels.5.2 The metals and other elements tested for in this method may occur naturally or may be added as a result of production (that is, catalyst fines).1.1 This test method covers the determination of metals and other elements in residual fuel and crude oil by microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). The specific elements within the scope of this method are V, Ni, Ca, Na, Al, Si, Zn, P, and S for residual fuel oil and Fe, V, Ni, Ca, Na, K, and S for crude oils.1.2 Method working range:high expected concentration limit = highest ILS sample meanlow expected concentration limit = lowest ILS sample mean if:(1) lowest ILS sample mean − Rlowest ILS sample mean > 0; otherwise it is determined by solving for X using the following equation:(2) X − RX= coarsest resolution, determined by0.5*σr lowest ILS sample meanCrude Oil:Element Method Working Range(expected mg/kg)Iron 0.70 to 161.02Vanadium 2.88 to 417.50Nickel 0.36 to 107.66Calcium 5.41 to 96.78Sodium 1.18 to 97.13Potassium 7.01 to 63.83Sulfur 1059 to 35194Residual Fuel Oil:Element Method Working Range(expected mg/kg)Vanadium 3.88 to 370.09Nickel 1.47 to 96.68Calcium 4.41 to 102.01Sodium 2.80 to 112.67Aluminum 4.13 to 154.12Silicon 5.99 to 237.56Zinc 2.75 to 102.46Sulfur 1314 to 301341.3 This test method uses soluble metals in organic solvents for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and particles larger than a few micrometers may cause results to appear low1.4 Elements present at mass fractions above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional appropriate dilutions. Elements shall be measured at the wavelengths presented in Table 1.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers dedicated short range communication (DSRC) physical layer using microwave in the 902 to 928 MHz band, it defines the open systems interconnection (OSI) layer 1, physical layer, for dedicated short-range communications equipment, operating in two-way, half-duplex, active and backscatter modes. The relevant downlink physical layer or OSI layer 1 parameters and the relevant uplink DSCR layer 1 parameters are presented in details. The interface parameters to DSCR data link layer are also presented.1.1 Purposes1.1.1 This specification defines the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layer 1, physical layer, for dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) equipment, operating in two-way, half-duplex, active and backscatter modes.1.1.2 This specification establishes a common framework for the physical layer in the 902 to 928 MHz LMS band. This band is allocated for DSRC applications by the FCC in Title 47, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 90, Subpart M and by Industry Canada in the Spectrum Management, Radio Standard Specification, Location and Monitoring Service (902-928 MHz), RSS-137.1.1.3 This specification defines an air interface for both wide-area (multi-lane, open road) and lane-based applications that enables accurate and valid message delivery between moving vehicles randomly entering a communications zone and fixed roadside communication equipment. This air interface also enables accurate and valid message delivery between moving or stationary vehicles and fixed or portable roadside communication equipment.1.1.4 This specification does not include associated measurement guidelines for verification of the formulated requirements in this specification. It is intended that readers will be able to refer to the ASTM standard on Technical Characteristics and Test Methods for Data Transmission Equipment Operating in the 902 to 928 MHz LMS Band for the measurement guidelines, when it is developed.1.1.5 This specification does not consider any one specific ITS application, but rather describes a communication means to be used by several ITS applications. This specification also may be used for any non-roadway environment that can utilize this type of dedicated short-range radio communication.1.1.6 While this specification defines frequencies and power levels that are compatible with the North American regulatory requirements, the technical methodology used in their selection can be utilized in other regions of the world.1.2 Equipment1.2.1 The DSRC equipment is composed of two principle components: road-side equipment (RSE) and on-board equipment (OBE) or transponder.1.2.2 The RSE controls the protocol, schedules the activation of the OBE, reads from or writes to the OBE, and assures message delivery and validity. It is intended for, but not restricted to, installation at a fixed location on the roadway.1.2.3 The OBE communicates with the RSE and is intended for, but not restricted to, installation in or on a motor vehicle.1.2.4 The RSE must be capable of communicating with closely spaced OBE in the same lane or closely spaced OBE in adjacent lanes.1.2.5 This specification provides requirements for the communication medium to be used for exchange of information between RSE and OBE. Active, backscatter, and dual-mode technologies are described.1.3 Structure1.3.1 This specification defines an open (non-proprietary) architecture using the simplified OSI seven-layer reference model (per ISO 7498). The following sub-section describe the relationships of the OSI layers that support DSRC.1.3.1.1 The physical layer (Layer 1) is defined as a half-duplex radio frequency medium, in the 902 to 928 MHz band. Layer 1 interfaces with Layer 2.1.3.1.2 The data link control layer (Layer 2) defines a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) messaging protocol in which both the downlink and uplink are completely controlled by the RSE. The data link control layer provides a mechanism to ensure reliable completion of each transaction in the communications zone. This layer includes data organization, sequence control, flow control, error detection and error recovery among other functions. Layer 2 interfaces with Layer 7.1.3.1.3 The application layer (Layer 7) defines specific functions and message formats to support ITS and other services. Implicit or pre-set message formats may be used. Data encryption, data certification, and manual OBE and RSE authentication may be performed.1.3.1.4 The functions of the network layer (Layer 3), transport layer (Layer 4), session layer (Layer 5), and presentation layer (Layer 6) are included where necessary in Layer 2 or Layer 7.1.3.2 The physical layer communications requirements for the signals sent from the RSE in the OBE are accounted for as downlink parameters. The requirements associated with the signals sent from the OBE to the RSE are accounted for as uplink parameters.1.3.3 Physical layer requirements related to the interface to other DSRC communications layers are accounted for in .1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

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5.1 This test method covers the determination of five elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P) in biodiesel and biodiesel blends.5.2 The presence of metals and metalloids in engine fuels can influence the performance of engines and contribute to shortening the lifetime of the equipment. In addition, some elements act as catalyst poison contributing to increases in the amount of unwanted gases and particulate matter emitted by vehicles.1.1 This test method covers the determination of elements in biodiesel and biodiesel blends by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES). The specific elements within the scope of this method are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na).1.2 This test method conforms to Practice D6300, subection 8.4.5, valid test result range, and subsection 8.4.6, working range specifications. The valid test result range and working range are recent additions to Practice D6300, and a graphical representation using example values is shown in Appendix X2, Test Method Operating Range.1.3 Method working range:high expected concentration limit = highest ILS sample meanlow expected concentration limit = lowest ILS sample mean if:     lowest ILS sample mean − Rlowest ILS sample mean > 0; otherwise it is     determined by solving for X using the following equation:     X − RX = coarsest resolution, determined by 0.5*σr lowest ILS sample meanBiodiesel and Biodiesel BlendsElement Method Working Range(expected mg/kg)Calcium 0.24 to 15.01Magnesium 0.12 to 11.55Phosphorus 1.69 to 14.24Potassium 0.49 to 13.98Sodium 0.90 to 14.301.4 This test method uses organic elemental standards in organic solvents for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and particles larger than a few micrometers can cause results to appear low.1.5 Elements present at mass fractions above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional appropriate dilutions. Elements shall be measured at the wavelengths presented in Table 1. Alternate wavelengths noted in Appendix X1 may be used in the rare case of spectral interference.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The analysis of many types of water for metals using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry, direct current plasma emission spectrophotometry, or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitates the use of a digestion practice in order to ensure the proper statistical recovery of the metals from the sample matrix. The use of closed vessel microwave techniques will speed the complete recovery of metals from the water matrices and eliminate sample contamination from external sources.1.1 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample digestion for total metals in water using closed vessel microwave heating technique. This practice is applicable to surface, saline, domestic, and industrial wastewater.1.2 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory instruments, no detailed operating instructions can be provided. Instead, the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument.1.3 This practice can be used with the following ASTM standards, providing the user determines precision and bias based on this digestion practice: Test Method D857, Test Methods D858, Test Methods D1068, Test Methods D1687, Test Methods D1688, Test Methods D1691, Test Methods D1886, Test Method D1976, Practices D3370, Test Methods D3557, Test Methods D3559, Practice D3919, Test Method D4190, Practice D4453, Practice D4691, and Test Method D5673.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversion to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Paint in buildings and related structures needs to be monitored for lead content in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of paint samples that may contain lead.5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of paint samples that are collected during various lead-hazard control and risk assessment activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. This practice is also suitable for the digestion of paint samples collected from locations such as commercial buildings.5.3 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been obtained in order to ensure compliance with laws that govern lead content in paints.5.4 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been collected for risk assessment purposes.5.5 This practice is intended for use with paint samples that are prepared for subsequent analysis by quantitative analytical methods.1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures for paint samples that are collected during the assessment, management or control of lead hazards.1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a hot plate or microwave oven or apparatus for paint samples that are to be analyzed for lead content.1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in dried paint samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both.1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and 7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in paint.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 8.2.1, and 8.2.2.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method provides a rapid determination for moisture in particulate wood fuels in several minutes. The standard method, Test Method E871, requires a minimum of 18 h. This method is applicable to situations such as the spot-check of the moisture delivered by truck where a quick indication of the moisture of wood delivered is desirable.1.1 This test method provides an alternative method to Test Method E871, for the determination of the moisture of particulate wood fuels. Particulate wood fuels are defined in Terminology E1126.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method covers the standard procedures for measuring and profiling surface temperatures attained by microwave interactive packaging and cooking aids (that is, susceptors). This procedure is useful for measuring susceptor/food interface temperatures during microwave preparation of foods with susceptor-based packaging, heating pads, and crisping sleeves, etc. It may also be used in the temperature profiling of susceptors exposed in vials used for volatile extractives testing, or in liquid (PTFE-fluorocarbon polymer) extraction cells used for nonvolatile extractives testing. The latter procedures are performed to establish test conditions for conducting extraction and migration studies using temperature versus time profiles approximating those for actual microwave preparation of the product.1.1 This is a test method for measuring surface temperatures attained by microwave interactive packaging and cooking aids (that is, susceptors). It is useful for measuring susceptor/food interface temperatures during microwave preparation of foods with susceptor-based packaging, heating pads, and crisping sleeves, etc. It may also be used to measure the temperature of a susceptor exposed to extractives testing or in a liquid extraction cell to be used for nonvolatile extractives testing. The latter procedures are performed to establish test conditions for conducting extraction and migration studies using temperature versus time profiles approximating those for actual microwave preparation of the product.1.1.1 Several of the steps of this test method are taken directly from Test Method F1308 which gives extraction testing procedures for susceptors.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method can be used to evaluate batch type or continuous production of material for use in microwave applications. It may be used to determine the loss factors of microwave ferrites or help evaluate absorption materials for use in microwave ovens and other shielding applications.3.2 The values obtained by use of this practice can be used as quality assurance information for process control, or both, when correlated to the chemistry or process for manufacturing the material.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the complex dielectric constant of isotropic ferrites for extremely high-frequency applications.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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