定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide is intended to supplement the methods and procedures described in Test Methods D5084. When following the recommendations in this guide to test paper sludges, all assumptions and limitations described in Test Methods D5084 apply.4.2 This guide only applies to hydraulic conductivity tests on paper industry sludges where one-dimensional laminar flow of water is imposed using a flexible-wall permeameter.4.3 The hydraulic conductivity of sludges, and other porous materials, generally decreases as the degree of water saturation decreases. This guide applies only to water-saturated sludge containing negligible amounts of gas.4.4 This guide applies only to permeation of paper industry sludges with water. Information on testing porous materials with liquids other than water can be found in Test Method D7100.4.5 The hydraulic conductivity of paper sludge measured in the laboratory following Test Methods D5084 and the recommendations in this guide may or may not be comparable to the hydraulic conductivity of in-place sludge. The issue has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the results should be applied to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced when using the recommendations in this guide depends on the competence of the personnel performing the testing and the suitability of the equipment and facilities that are employed. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this guide are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products derived from wastewater treatment operations at plants associated with the manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low levels of inorganic and organic contaminants and can be rich in microbes. Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been disposed in municipal solid waste landfills or solid waste monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applications are being developed where sludges can be used beneficially. One application is using sludge to construct hydraulic barriers (for example, for use in a landfill cap). Such applications generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the sludge be measured.1.2 Compacted paper industry sludges generally behave like soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods. However, several of their attributes require special attention during testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are highly compressible due to their organic component. Thus, their hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the effective stress and hydraulic gradient applied during testing than most soils. The microbes in paper sludge can also produce gas during testing, confounding testing methods.1.3 This guide is intended to supplement ASTM D5084, Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance on issues relevant to testing sludges using Test Methods D5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the laboratory using procedures such as those described in Test Methods D698 and D1557 or undisturbed specimens collected from the field using procedures such as Practice D1587/D1587M or Practice D7015/D7015M.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard contains a hazards section regarding the use of biocides (Section 10).1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

8.1 In the buyer-seller relationship it is necessary that an understanding exists as to the expected nominal characteristics of the product, and the magnitude of permissible departure from the nominal values. Also, it is necessary that an agreement be reached as to how many units of a lot can fall outside of the specification limits without rejection of the lot. It is this latter subject that is addressed by this test method.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laid down from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usually cellulosic) with or without various amounts of nonfibrous ingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtain desired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methods are applicable, generally although not invariably, to papers formed by other means, to papers modified (during or after formation) by additions, and to papers given subsequent mechanical treatments such as creping.1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material, paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to a manufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or varnish treatment.1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed specifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.) or less. A number of these test methods are also suitable for use on other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to Test Methods D3376 or D3394 to determine which tests are applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In the paper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75 mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are included within the scope of these methods.1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other than water. Thicknesses of these mats approach 2 mm, and the fibers contained are possibly natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:Procedure Sections ASTM or TAPPI Reference(Modified)Absorption (Rise of Water) 78 to 83 . . .Acidity-Alkalinity-pH 45 to 54 E70Air Resistance 98 to 101 D726Aqueous Extract Conductivity 55 to 64 . . .Ash Content 40 to 44 D586Bursting Strength 102 to 107 D774/D774MChlorides (Water-Extractable) 165 to 183 . . .Conditioning 15 D6054Conducting Paths 138 to 151 . . .Density, Apparent 29 to 33 . . .Dielectric Strength 152 to 157 D149Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores 16 to 24 D374Dissipation Factor and Permittivity 158 to 164 D150Edge-Tearing Resistance 126 to 130 D827Fiber Analysis 74 to 77 D1030Folding Endurance 108 to 110 T 423 and D2176Grammage 25 to 28 D646Permittivity 158 to 164 D150Heat Stability in Air 131 to 137 D827Impregnation Time 84 to 91 . . .Internal-Tearing Resistance 121 to 125 D689 or T 414Moisture Content 34 to 39 D644 and D3277Particulate Copper 193 to 202 . . .Particulate Iron 184 to 192 . . .Reagents 4 D1193Reports 14 E29Sampling 6 to 13 D3636Silver Tarnishing by Paper and Paperboard 203 to 206 T 444Solvent-Soluble Matter 65 to 73 . . .Surface Friction 92 to 97 D528 and T 455Tensile Properties 111 to 120 D76, E4Thickness (see Dimensions) 16 to 24 D3741.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and the Stain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from this compilation of test methods. These test methods were specific to grades of capacitor paper formerly covered by Specification D1930, which has been withdrawn.NOTE 1: This compilation of test methods is closely related to IEC Publication 60554-2. Not all of the individual methods included herein are included in IEC 60554-2, nor are all of the methods in IEC 60554-2 included in this standard. The individual procedures as described in the two standards are in general sufficiently close to each other that it is reasonable to expect that test results obtained by most of the procedures specified in either standard will not differ significantly. However, before assuming that a procedure in these test methods is exactly equivalent to an IEC 60554-2 procedure, the written procedures must be compared closely, and if it seems advisable, test results by the two procedures are compared.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 43.2.1, 71.1, 143.1, 148.1 and 156.1 for specific hazards.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

This guide covers the standard for the calculation and the substantiation of recycled content of packaging papers and paperboard products. The mass balance approach shall be used to determine absolute recycled content. This guide also covers the recycled content that contain any amount or kind of recycled fiber. Methods to calculate and substantiate levels of such recycled fiber is also covered. Classes and types of paper and paperboard product include, but are not limited to, folding boxboard, set-up boxboard; linearboard and corrugating medium for use in corrugated containers; tubestock; carrier board, bag paper and other related packaging paper and paperboard products.1.1 This guide provides an approach for both the calculation and the substantiation of recycled content of finished packaging paper and paperboard products. A mass balance approach is recommended for use by manufacturers since no physical or chemical test method is currently available to determine absolute recycled content of a finished paper product. Calculations are based on time weighted average flows which are based on furnish component flow rates and consistency. Recommended approaches to the calculations include by batch or by time weighted average for a specific grade or similar grades. It is not recommended that average recycle content be allocated by mathematical apportionment rather than by actual fiber content. That is, if 50 % recycled fiber is used over time that is the time weighted average. One cannot use this same data to report 50 % of the production is 100 % recycled.1.1.1 Percentage calculations are based on lb/ton or kg/tonne with the time frame constrained by machine and grade (see 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2).1.1.2 Pulping and recycling yields are not used in these calculations. The calculations of recycled fiber content in the finished product is solely a function of type of fibers in the furnish flows, the volume of flow and the time period considered.1.2 This guide covers (1) recycled content of packaging paper and paperboard products that contain any amount or kind of recycled fiber; and (2) methods to calculate and substantiate the level(s) of recycled fiber content claimed by an agreement between the buyer and the seller.1.2.1 This guide may be used with or without modification to calculate or substantiate the recycled content of packaging paper and paperboard products when recovered nonfibrous materials (for example, filler) are a part of the recycled fiber furnish. Limited guidance is provided for appropriate modifications to this guide for the determination of amount of recycled nonfibrous materials in paper products.1.3 This guide does not recommend either an amount or a kind of recycled fiber or material to use since (1) the amount and kind of recycled content in a packaging paper or paperboard product should be agreed upon between the buyer and the seller, and (2) the calculation and substantiation procedures recommended may be used for any amount or kind of recycled material agreed upon between the buyer and the seller.1.4 The mass balance calculation method recommended by this guide may or may not comply with applicable federal, state, or local laws for recycled content statements intended to be received by consumers. Limited guidance on content statements is in Appendix X1.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 10, of this guide: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

4.1 Most paper is bought and sold in accordance with its mass per unit area, and therefore has great significance both to the consumer and the producer in defining price. Also, the values of many physical properties such as bursting strength, thickness, and bulk are interpreted and specified with regard to the particular mass per unit area involved.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mass per unit area of paper and paperboard.1.2 In the SI metric units system, the mass per unit area of paper and paperboard is expressed in grams per square meter (g/m2).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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