1.1 This specification covers needle roller bearings having thick outer rings, with rollers and cages.1.2 The bearings being specified are intended to be used with hardened shafts (HRC58-65; see Test Methods E18). For use with unhardened shafts, bearings should be used in conjunction with inner bearing ring MS51962 as specified in Specification F2431 and shown as MS500072 bearing assemblies in Specification F2430.1.3 The use of recycled materials that meet the requirements of the applicable material specification without jeopardizing the intended use of the item is encouraged.1.4 Bearings designed to this specification are intended for use in applications requiring high radial load with minimal angular shaft misalignment.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 1: This specification contains many of the requirements of MS51961 which was originally developed by the Department of Defense and maintained by the Defense Supply Center Richmond.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The ring shear apparatus maintains the cross-sectional area of the shear surface constant during shear and shears the specimen continuously in one rotational direction for any magnitude of shear displacement and along the entire specimen cross-sectional area.5.2 The ring shear apparatus allows a reconstituted specimen to be consolidated at the desired normal stress prior to drained shearing. This simulates the field conditions under which complete softening develops in overconsolidated clays, claystones, mudstones, and shales that do not have a pre-existing shear surface, sheared bedding planes, joints, or faults as described by Skempton (19702 and 19773) and unfailed compacted fill slopes (Gamez and Stark 20144) because the fully softened strength corresponds to the peak shear strength of a normally consolidated fine-grained soil. The fully softened strength is only applicable to the soil zones that are subject to the environmental deterioration and applied shear stresses that lead to soil softening, deterioration of soil fabric, and strength loss, which may not be relevant to all slopes and all depths. The fully softened strength should be used in an effective stress/drained stability analysis using a stress dependent strength envelope for slopes with no prior shearing.5.3 The ring shear test is suited to the determination of the drained fully softened shear strength because of the short drainage path through the thin specimen, small post-peak strength loss in a normally consolidated specimen, and the constant cross-sectional area.5.4 The ring shear test specimen is annular so the angular displacement differs from the inner radius to the outer radius. This is not significant because a normally consolidated specimen does not exhibit a large post-peak strength loss so the difference in peak shear resistance at the inner radius and outer radius at different displacements is not significant and the ratio of the inner to outer radii of the ring is greater than 0.5 in accordance with Hvorslev (1936)6.NOTE 1: Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing a torsional ring shear test under a drained condition to measure the fully softened shear strength and stress dependent strength envelope of fine-grained soils (using a reconstituted normally consolidated specimen). The fully softened strength and the corresponding stress dependent effective stress strength envelope are used to evaluate the stability of slopes that do not have a pre-existing shear surface but have been subjected to environmental conditions and shear stresses that lead to soil softening, deterioration of the soil fabric, and strength loss. It has been shown (Skempton 19702 and 19773) that under these conditions and within the depth zones that have undergone softening, first-time slope failures can occur at effective stress levels that correspond to a fully softened strength envelope. It has also been shown empirically (Skempton 19702 and 19773) that fully softened strength of fine grained soils can be approximated by the peak strength of a reconstituted and normally consolidated specimen. In this test method, reconstituted and normally consolidated specimens are sheared at a controlled and constant displacement rate until the peak shear resistance has been obtained. Generally, the drained fully softened failure envelope is determined at three or more effective normal stresses. A separate test specimen must be used for each normal stress to measure the fully softened strength otherwise a post-peak or even drained residual strength will be measured if the same specimen is used at the same or at another effective normal stress because of the existence of a prior shear surface.1.2 The ring shear apparatus allows a reconstituted specimen to be normally consolidated at the desired normal stress prior to drained shearing. The test results closely simulate the fully softened strength of stiff natural fine-grained soils (Skempton 19702 and 19773) and compacted fills of fine-grained soils (Gamez and Stark 20144). This simulates the mobilized shear strength in overconsolidated clays, claystones, mudstones, and shales in natural slopes and compacted fill in manmade slopes, such as, dams, levees, and highway embankments, after the soil has fully softened and attained the fully softened strength condition.1.3 A shear stress-displacement relationship may be obtained from this test method. However, a shear stress-strain relationship or any associated quantity, such as modulus, cannot be determined from this test method because defining the height of the shear zone is difficult and needed in the shear strain calculations. As a result, the height of this shear zone is unknown, so an accurate or representative shear strain can therefore not be determined.1.4 The selection of normal stresses and final determination of the shear strength envelope for design analyses and the criteria to interpret and evaluate the test results are the responsibility of the engineer or entity requesting the test.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is useful for field measurement of the infiltration rate of soils. Infiltration rates have application to such studies as liquid waste disposal, evaluation of potential septic-tank disposal fields, leaching and drainage efficiencies, irrigation requirements, water spreading and recharge, and canal or reservoir leakage, among other applications.5.2 Although the units of infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of soils are similar, there is a distinct difference between these two quantities. They cannot be directly related unless the hydraulic boundary conditions are known, such as hydraulic gradient and the extent of lateral flow of water, or can be reliably estimated.5.3 The purpose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensional, vertical flow beneath the inner ring.5.4 Many factors affect the infiltration rate, for example the soil structure, soil layering, condition of the soil surface, degree of saturation of the soil, chemical and physical nature of the soil and of the applied liquid, head of the applied liquid, temperature of the liquid, and diameter and depth of embedment of rings.3 Thus, tests made at the same site are not likely to give identical results and the rate measured by the test method described in this standard is primarily for comparative use.5.5 Some aspects of the test, such as the length of time the tests should be conducted and the head of liquid to be applied, must depend upon the experience of the user, the purpose for testing, and the kind of information that is sought.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for field measurement of the rate of infiltration of liquid (typically water) into soils using double-ring infiltrometer.1.2 The infiltrometer is installed by driving into the soil. The infiltrometer also may be installed in a trench excavated in dry or stiff soils.1.3 Soils should be regarded as natural occurring soils or processed materials or mixtures of natural soils and processed materials, or other porous materials, and which are basically insoluble and are in accordance with requirements of 1.6.1.4 This test method is particularly applicable to relatively uniform fine-grained soils, with an absence of very plastic (fat) clays and gravel-size particles and with moderate to low resistance to ring penetration.1.5 This test method may be conducted at the ground surface or at given depths in pits, and on bare soil or with vegetation in place, depending on the conditions for which infiltration rates are desired. However, this test method cannot be conducted where the test surface is below the groundwater table or perched water table.1.6 This test method is difficult to use or the resultant data may be unreliable, or both, in very pervious or impervious soils (soils with a hydraulic conductivity greater than about 10−2 cm/s or less than about 1 × 10−5 cm/s) or in dry or stiff soils if these fracture when the rings are installed. For soils with hydraulic conductivity less than 1 × 10−5 cm/s refer to Test Method D5093.1.7 This test method cannot be used directly to determine the hydraulic conductivity (coefficient of permeability) of the soil (see 5.2).1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for fabricating glass fiber/thermoset resin ring samples for use as test specimens. Specimens so prepared can be used in Test Methods D2290 and D2344/D2344M.1.1 This practice is intended for use in the fabrication of ring-type test specimens to be used in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of reinforcement and resins in a composite structure. The practice outlines the steps in the preparation of the test specimens, including the final specimen machining where applicable. Three final ring configurations are included.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a means to measure low infiltration rates associated with fine-grained, clayey soils, and are in the range of 1 × 10−5 cm/s to 1 × 10−8 cm/s.5.2 This test method is particularly useful for measuring liquid flow through soil moisture barriers such as compacted clay liner or covers used at waste disposal facilities, for canal and reservoir liners, for seepage blankets, and for amended soil liners such as those used for retention ponds or storage tanks.5.3 The purpose of the sealed inner ring is to: (1) provide a means to measure the actual amount of flow rather than a drop in water elevation which is the flow measurement procedure used in Test Method D3385 and (2) to eliminate evaporation losses.5.4 The purpose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensional, vertical flow beneath the inner ring. The use of large diameter rings and large depths of embedments helps to ensure that flow is essentially one-dimensional.5.5 This test method provides a means to measure infiltration rate over a relatively large area of soil. Tests on large volumes of soil can be more representative than tests on small volumes of soil.5.6 The data obtained from this test method are most useful when the soil layer being tested has a uniform distribution of pore space, and when the density and degree of saturation and the hydraulic conductivity of the material underlying the soil layer are known.5.7 Changes in water temperature can introduce significant error in the volume change measurements. Temperature changes will cause water to flow in or out of the inner ring due to expansion or contraction of the inner ring and the water contained within the inner ring.5.8 The problem of temperature changes can be minimized by insulating the rings, by allowing enough flow to occur so that the amount of flow resulting from a temperature change is not significant compared to that due to infiltration, or by connecting and disconnecting the bag from the inner ring when the water in the inner ring is at the same temperature.5.9 If the soil being tested will later be subjected to increased overburden stress, then the infiltration rate can be expected to decrease as the overburden stress increases. Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests are recommended for studies of the influence of level of stress on the hydraulic properties of the soil.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard depends on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities being used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuring the infiltration rate of water through in-place soils using a double-ring infiltrometer with a sealed inner ring.1.2 This test method is useful for soils with infiltration rates in the range of 1 × 10−5 cm/s to 1 × 10−8 cm/s. When infiltration rates ≥1 × 10−5 cm/s are to be measured Test Method D3385 shall be used.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.4 This test method provides a direct measurement of infiltration rate, not hydraulic conductivity. Although the units of infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity are similar, there is a distinct difference between these two quantities. They cannot be directly related unless the hydraulic boundary conditions, such as hydraulic gradient and the extent of lateral flow of water are known or can be reliably estimated.1.5 This test method can be used for natural soil deposits, recompacted soil layers, and amended soils such as soil bentonite and soil lime mixtures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Interfacial tension measurements on electrical insulating liquids provide a sensitive means of detecting small amounts of soluble polar contaminants and products of oxidation. A high value for new mineral insulating oil indicates the absence of most undesirable polar contaminants. The test is frequently applied to service-aged mineral oils as an indication of the degree of deterioration.NOTE 1: Different liquid matrixes are reviewed in Appendix X1.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the interfacial tension between insulating liquid that has a relative density (specific gravity) less than water and water, under non-equilibrium conditions.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.2 for a specific warning statement.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall measurement program directed toward a service application will depend on the relative match of test conditions to the conditions of the service application.5.2 This test method prescribes the test procedure and method of calculating and reporting data for determining the sliding wear resistance of plastics, using cumulative volume loss.5.3 The intended use of this test is for coarse screening of plastics in terms of their resistance to sliding wear.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of plastics to sliding wear. The test utilizes a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine to rank plastics according to their sliding wear characteristics against metals or other solids.1.2 An important attribute of this test is that it is very flexible. Any material that can be fabricated into, or applied to, blocks and rings can be tested. Thus, the potential materials combinations are endless. In addition, the test can be run with different gaseous atmospheres and elevated temperatures, as desired, to simulate service conditions.1.3 Wear test results are reported as the volume loss in cubic millimetres for the block and ring. Materials of higher wear resistance will have lower volume loss.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers metal insert fittings and copper crimp rings for use with SDR9 cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) tubing. All performance tests shall be performed on assemblies of fittings, crimp rings, and PEX tubing. Fittings and crimp rings shall meet the material and dimensional requirements prescribed. The sealing surfaces of the insert shall be smooth and free of foreign material. Fitting walls shall be free of cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other defects that are visible to the unaided eye and affect the wall integrity. Insert fittings shall be joined to PEX tubing by the compression of a copper crimp ring around the outer circumference of the tubing, forcing the tubing material into annular spaces formed by ribs on the fitting.1.1 This specification covers metal insert fittings and copper crimp rings, or alternate stainless steel clamps, for use with cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) tubing in Nominal Tubing Size (NTS) 3/8 , 1/2 , 5/8 , 3/4 , 1, 1 1/4 , 11/2 , and 2 nominal sizes that meet the requirements for Specification F876 or Specification F3253, or for use with polyethylene of raised temperature (PE-RT) tubing in NTS 3/8 , 1/2 , 5/8 , 3/4 , 1, 1 1/4 , 11/2 , and 2 nominal sizes that meet the requirements of Specification F2623 or Specification F2769. These fittings are intended for use in 100 psi (689.5 kPa) cold- and hot-water distribution systems operating at temperatures up to, and including, 180 °F (82 °C).1.1.1 When used with PEX tubing in accordance with Specification F876, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in, but not limited to, residential and commercial, hot- and cold-potable water distribution systems, reclaimed water, fire protection, municipal water service lines, building supply lines, radiant heating and cooling systems, hydronic distribution systems, snow and ice melting systems, geothermal ground loops, district heating, turf conditioning, compressed air distribution and building services pipe.1.1.2 When used with PEX tubing in accordance with Specification F3253, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in residential and commercial hydronic heating and cooling systems.1.1.3 When used with PE-RT tubing in accordance with Specification F2769, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in residential and commercial, hot- and cold-potable water distribution systems, and building supply lines.1.1.4 When used with PE-RT tubing in accordance with Specification F2623, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in general fluid transport, including hydronics and irrigations systems.1.1.5 The requirements for materials, workmanship, dimensions, and markings to be used on the fittings and rings are also included.NOTE 1: Other code and regulatory requirements may apply to fittings for specific applications.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered the standard.1.3 Compliance with this specification requires that these fittings be tested and certified to Specification F877 or Specification F3253 when used with PEX tubing and Specification F2769 or Specification F2623 when used with PE-RT tubing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The efficiency and fuel economy of spark ignition and diesel engines is affected in part by the friction between moving parts. Although no reliable, in situ friction measurements exist for fired internal combustion engines, it has been estimated that at least half of the friction losses in such engines are due to those at the ring and liner interface. This test method involves the use of a reciprocating sliding arrangement to simulate the type of oscillating contact that occurs between a piston ring and its mating cylinder bore surface near the top-dead-center position in the cylinder where most severe surface contact conditions occur. There are many types of engines and engine operating environments; therefore, to allow the user the flexibility to tailor this test to conditions representative of various engines, this standard test method allows flexibility in selecting test loads, speeds, lubricants, and durations of testing. Variables that can be adjusted in this procedure include: normal force, speed of oscillation, stroke length, duration of testing, temperature of testing, method of specimen surface preparation, and the materials and lubricants to be evaluated. Guidance is provided here on the set-up of the test, the manner of specimen fixturing and alignment, the selection of a lubricant to simulate conditioned oil characteristics (for a diesel engine), and the means to run-in the ring specimens to minimize variability in test results.5.2 Engine oil spends the majority of its operating lifetime in a state that is representative of use-conditioned oil. That is, fresh oil is changed by exposure to the heat, chemical environment, and confinement in lubricated contact. It ages, changing viscosity, atomic weight, solids content, acidity, and chemistry. Conducting piston ring and cylinder liner material evaluations in fresh, non-conditioned oil is therefore unrealistic for material screening. But additive-depleted, used oil can result in high wear and corrosive attack of engine parts. The current test is intended for use with lubricants that simulate tribological behavior after in-service oil conditioning, but preceding the point of severe engine damage.1.1 This test method covers procedures for conducting laboratory bench-scale friction tests of materials, coatings, and surface treatments intended for use in piston rings and cylinder liners in diesel or spark-ignition engines. The goal of this procedure is to provide a means for preliminary, cost-effective screening or evaluation of candidate ring and liner materials. A reciprocating sliding arrangement is used to simulate the contact that occurs between a piston ring and its mating liner near the top-dead-center position in the cylinder where liquid lubrication is least effective, and most wear is known to occur. Special attention is paid to specimen alignment, running-in, and lubricant condition.1.2 This test method does not purport to simulate all aspects of a fired engine’s operating environment, but is intended to serve as a means for preliminary screening for assessing the frictional characteristics of candidate piston ring and liner material combinations in the presence of fluids that behave as use-conditioned engine oils. Therefore, it is beyond the scope of this test method to describe how one might establish correlations between the described test results and the frictional characteristics of rings and cylinder bore materials for specific engine designs or operating conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to differentiate between greases having high, medium, and low wear preventive properties using oscillating motion. The user of this method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.1.1 This test method covers the determination of wear properties of lubricating greases by means of the Falex block-on-ring friction and wear test machine.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except where equipment is supplied using inch-pound units and would then be regarded as standard.1.2.1 Exception—The metric equivalents of inch-pound units given in such cases in the body of the standard may be approximate.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The practical life of an internal combustion engine is most often determined by monitoring its oil consumption. Excessive oil consumption is cause for engine repair or replacement and can be symptomatic of excessive wear of the piston ring or the cylinder bore or both. More wear-resistant materials of construction can extend engine life and reduce cost of operation. Although components made from more wear-resistant materials can be tested in actual operating engines, such tests tend to be expensive and time consuming, and they often lead to variable results because of the difficulty in controlling the operating environment. Although bench-scale tests do not simulate every aspect of a fired engine, they are used for cost-effective initial screening of candidate materials and lubricants. The test parameters for those tests are selected by the investigator, but the end result is a pair of worn specimens whose degree of wear needs to be accurately measured. The use of curved specimens, like segments of crowned piston rings, presents challenges for precise wear measurement. Weight loss or linear measurements of lengths and widths of wear scars may not provide sufficient accuracy to discriminate between small differences in wear. This guide is intended to address that problem.1.1 This guide describes a profiling method for use accurately measuring the wear loss of compound-curved (crowned) piston ring specimens that run against flat counterfaces. It does not assume that the wear scars are ideally flat, as do some alternative measurement methods. Laboratory-scale wear tests have been used to evaluate the wear of materials, coatings, and surface treatments that are candidates for piston rings and cylinder liners in diesel engines or spark ignition engines. Various loads, temperatures, speeds, lubricants, and durations are used for such tests, but some of them use a curved piston ring segment as one sliding partner and a flat or curved specimen (simulating the cylinder liner) as its counterface. The goal of this guide is to provide more accurate wear measurements than alternative approaches involving weight loss or simply measuring the length and width of the wear marks.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used for the calibration of a block-on-ring testing machine by measuring the friction and wear properties of a calibration fluid under the prescribed test conditions.4.2 The user of this test method should determine to his or her own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines. If the test conditions are changed, wear values can change and relative ratings of fluids can be different.1.1 This test method covers the calibration and operation of a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine.1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The intent of this guide is to identify the general performance and good practice standards that a pelvic ring circumferential compression stabilization device (PRCCSD) should possess. Currently, a number of base platforms such as full-body spinal immobilization devices (long boards) are used to immobilize patients during transport and before definitive treatment. These platforms limit gross movements of the spine and pelvis but do not specifically reduce and stabilize disruptions of the pelvic ring. The PRCCSD applied circumferentially about the patient exerts a compressive force to reduce and stabilize disruptions of the pelvic ring. The PRCCSD may be used alone but, according to clinical situations, will commonly be used in conjunction with different supporting base platforms during transport and before definitive treatment. The PRCCSD, when circumferentially applied, should be centered at the level of the greater trochanters and symphsis pubis. A device intended for use with adult patients shall accommodate the 95th percentile adult American male. The device should be able to be applied by a single practitioner.1.1 This guide establishes minimum standards for devices designated here as pelvic ring circumferential compression stabilization devices(s) (PRCCSD), commonly known as pelvic slings, belts, or binders. The PRCCSD is used as the initial pelvic ring stabilization device on patients suspected of having sustained traumatic disruptions of the pelvic ring. It is used during patient transport by emergency personnel and before definitive treatment. 1.2 This guide addresses the recognized need to reduce and stabilize pelvic ring disruptions through the use of circumferential compression devices. 1.3 Peer-reviewed medical literature does describe specific testing methods used to determine the range of effective compression force, efficacy in reduction, stability, and safety for a particular (PRCCSD). This guide, however, does not identify specific testing methods as it is recognized such methods could vary according to device configuration and study design. 1.4 This guide does not address individual quantitative performance standards for any particular device, but does address general performance standards and good practice characteristics for all devices using circumferential compression to reduce and stabilize disruptions of the pelvic ring. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method determines the long-term ring-bending strain of pipe when deflected under constant load and immersed in a chemical environment. It has been found that effects of chemical environments can be accelerated by strain induced by deflection. This information is useful and necessary for the design and application of buried fiberglass pipe.NOTE 3: Pipe of the same diameter but of different wall thicknesses will develop different strains with the same deflection. Also, pipes having the same wall thickness but different constructions making up the wall may develop different strains with the same deflection.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the long-term ring-bending strain (Sb) of “fiberglass” pipe. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are “fiberglass” pipes.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 9.5.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers inner rings for needle roller bearings having thick outer rings. The inner rings being specified are intended for use on unhardened shafts. Inner rings designed to this specification are intended for use in applications requiring high radial load with minimal angular shaft misalignment. Heat treatment and protective coating of the material shall meet the specified requirements.1.1 This specification covers inner rings for needle roller bearings having thick outer rings.1.2 The inner rings being specified are intended for use on unhardened shafts in conjunction with the MS51961 needle roller bearings specified in Specification F2246.1.2.1 For needle roller bearings with thin outer rings (Specification F2162, MS17131, MS52141) use inner rings specified in Specification F2163.1.3 Inner rings designed to this specification are intended for use in applications requiring high radial load with minimal angular shaft misalignment.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This specification contains many of the requirements of MS51962, which was originally developed by the Department of Defense and maintained by the Defense Supply Center in Richmond. The following government activity codes may be found in the Department of Defense, Standardization Directory SD-1.2Preparing activity Custodians Review ActivityDLA–GS4 Army –AT Air Force–84  Navy–OS    Air Force–-99  1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车