4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and toughness at high temperatures.4.3 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load at a given temperature. Creep rupture tests provide a measure of the life of the material when subjected to constant mechanical loading at elevated temperatures. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for load-carrying capability which best defines the service usefulness of the material.4.4 Creep and creep rupture tests provide information on the time-dependent deformation and on the time-of-failure of materials subjected to uniaxial tensile stresses at elevated temperatures. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by test mode, test rate, processing or alloying effects, environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth. It is noted that ceramic materials typically creep more rapidly in tension than in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction should be obtained in both tension and compression.4.5 The results of tensile creep and tensile creep rupture tests of specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the creep deformation and creep rupture properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments or at various elevated temperatures.4.6 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tensile test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-dependent deformation and time-to-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites under constant tensile loading at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, allowable bending, temperature measurements, temperature control, data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1-D), bidirectional (2-D), and tridirectional (3-D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not address directly discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hazard statements are noted in 7.1 and 7.2.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid paper are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.5.2 Tensile strength is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of products.5.3 Elongation of the paper is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.5.4 Stiffness is a measure of the resistance of the paper to extension as a force is applied.5.5 Tensile Energy Absorption is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Tensile Energy Absorption is work-to-break per area.5.6 It should be emphasized that, although the preceding parameters are related to the performance of the product, the actual configuration of the product is significant. Shape, size, and internal construction also can have appreciable effects on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of the end product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.5.7 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the tensile testing of aramid paper with thickness less than 1 mm. This test method includes testing procedures only and includes no specifications or tolerances.1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use with computer-controlled constant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.NOTE 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Determining the tensile-tear strength of laboratory and field samples of roofing membranes should be useful in developing performance criteria, and as one basis for comparison of different materials and systems. The effects of temperature, moisture, and aging may be evaluated by appropriate selection of field samples or conditioning of laboratory samples, and tests may be conducted in an environmental chamber.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile-tear strength of bituminous roofing membranes.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns and cords are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.5.2 Because the force-bearing ability of a reinforced product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a reinforcing material, breaking force is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics of yarns or cords of different sizes or different types of fiber, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of fiber, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.5.3 Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.5.4 The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the textile material during the various stages involved in the processing and incorporation of yarn or cord into a product.5.5 Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.5.6 Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per unit mass.5.7 It should be emphasized that, although the preceding parameters are related to the performance of a textile-reinforced product, the actual configuration of the product is significant. Shape, size, and internal construction also can have appreciable effect on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of a textile reinforced product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.5.8 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:  SectionBreaking Force 11Breaking Tenacity 12Breaking Toughness 17Elongation at Break 13Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) 14Linear Density 10Modulus 15Stress at Break 12Work-to-Break 161.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 1011元 / 折扣价： 860 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

This test method establishes standard procedure for determining the tensile and tensile adhesion properties of rigid cellular plastics in the form of test specimens of standard shape under defined conditions of temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed. Tensile properties shall be measured using any of three types of specimens: Type A shall be the preferred specimen in those cases where enough sample material exists to form the necessary specimen; Type B shall be the preferred specimen when only smaller specimens are available, as in sandwich panels, etc.; Type C shall be the preferred specimen for the determination of tensile adhesive properties of a cellular plastic to a substrate as in a sandwich panel or the bonding strength of a cellular plastic to a single substrate. This test method requires the use of the following apparatuses: a constant-rate-of-crosshead-movement type testing machine; self-aligning type grips for holding test specimens; an extension indicator; and a lathe specimen cutter.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile and tensile adhesion properties of rigid cellular materials in the form of test specimens of standard shape under defined conditions of temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed.1.2 Tensile properties shall be measured using any of three types of specimens:1.2.1 Type A shall be the preferred specimen in those cases where enough sample material exists to form the necessary specimen.1.2.2 Type B shall be the preferred specimen when only smaller specimens are available, as in sandwich panels, etc.1.2.3 Type C shall be the preferred specimen for the determination of tensile adhesive properties of a cellular plastic to a substrate as in a sandwich panel (top and bottom substrate) or the bonding strength of a cellular plastic to a single substrate.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车