4.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of glass and glass-ceramics:4.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.4.1.2 The period of time during which stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds, making it feasible to perform measurements at temperatures where delayed elastic and creep effects proceed on a much-shortened time scale, as in the transformation range of glass, for instance.4.2 The test is suitable for detecting whether a material meets specifications, if cognizance is given to one important fact: glass and glass-ceramic materials are sensitive to thermal history. Therefore the thermal history of a test specimen must be known before the moduli can be considered in terms of specified values. Material specifications should include a specific thermal treatment for all test specimens.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young's modulus is determined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance vibrations. Young's modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.1.2 All glass and glass-ceramic materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method.2 The test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry. Non-glass and glass-ceramic materials should reference Test Method E1875  for non-material specific methodology to determine resonance frequencies and elastic properties by sonic resonance.NOTE 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.NOTE 2: Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material. Glass is isotropic and glass-ceramics are usually so on a macroscopic scale, because of random distribution and orientation of crystallites.1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature from –195 to 1200 °C.1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Certain sandwich panel analyses require the Poisson's ratio of the honeycomb core. It is not possible to measure the honeycomb's Poisson's ratio by conventional methods.5.2 This test method provides a standard method of determining the Poisson’s ratio of honeycomb core materials for design properties, material specifications, research and development applications, and quality assurance.5.3 Factors that influence the Poisson’s ratio of honeycomb core materials and shall therefore be reported include the following: core material, methods of material fabrication, core geometry, core thickness, core thickness uniformity, cell wall thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, and specimen conditioning.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the sandwich honeycomb core Poisson's ratio from the anticlastic curvature radii; see Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Anticlastic Curvature1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This test method covers measurement techniques for calorimetrically determining the ratio of solar absorptance to hemispherical emittance using a steady-state method, and for calorimetrically determining the total hemispherical emittance using a transient technique. The main elements of the apparatus include a vacuum system, a cold shroud within the vacuum chamber, instrumentation for temperature measurement, and a solar simulator. Any type of coating may be tested by this test method provided its structure remains stable in vacuum over the temperature range of interest. The substrate shall be machined from flat stock and to a size proportioned to the working area of the chamber.1.1 This test method covers measurement techniques for calorimetrically determining the ratio of solar absorptance to hemispherical emittance using a steady-state method, and for calorimetrically determining the total hemispherical emittance using a transient technique.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The results of this practice may be used to distinguish tar-based emulsion from an asphalt-based emulsion for specification compliance purposes.1.1 This practice uses infrared analytical techniques to qualitatively determine in the laboratory a ratio of aromatic absorbance to aliphatic absorbance. This practice may be used to determine if the bitumen in the emulsion is predominantly aromatic or aliphatic in nature.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in common automobile fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of that fuel at conditions approximating those in critical parts of the fuel systems.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the volume of vapor formed at atmospheric pressure from a given volume of gasoline. The ratio of these volumes is expressed as the vapor-liquid (V/L) ratio of the gasoline at the temperature of the test. 1.2 Dry glycerol can be used as the containing liquid for nonoxygenated fuels. 1.3 Mercury can be used as the containing liquid with both oxygenated and nonoxygenated fuels. Because oxygenates in fuels may be partially soluble in glycerol, gasoline-oxygenate blends must be tested using mercury as the containing fluid. Note 1-Test Method D4815 can be used to determine the presence of oxygenates in fuels. 1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7 and Note 10.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically measure the effective collimation ratio.1.1 This test method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D, of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimation system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.1.2 This test method covers both the manufacture and use of the device to measure L/D ratios.1.3 Neutron images for this method can be produced on radiographic film using an appropriate conversion screen as detailed in Guide E748 or a CR screen with appropriate neutron converter. The method has not been validated with images produced by digital detector arrays.1.4 This test method only applies to neutron beam lines with cold or thermal neutron spectrums.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The test method is suitable for the development, specification and quality control testing of fluorescent and non-fluorescent coatings that are intended to be inspected for defects under Specification E2501 illumination.1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the luminance ratio of a fluorescent coating or sheet sample when illuminated by a narrow band source.1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any coating or sheeting material having combined fluorescent and reflective properties, where the fluorescence is activated by 405 nm light.1.3 This test method is intended as a companion to Specification E2501 to support the development and specification of industrial coatings that are used in a system for detection of coating defects when inspected with the Specification E2501 light source. This test method establishes a quantitative measure of the optical property of a coating that correlates to its ability to enhance defect contrast under the specified inspection light source.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes. It is specifically appropriate for determining the modulus of advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic.5.1.1 This test method is nondestructive in nature. Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.5.1.2 The period of time during which measurement stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds. With this test method it is feasible to perform measurements at high temperatures, where delayed elastic and creep effects would invalidate modulus measurements calculated from static loading.5.2 This test method has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems for measuring moduli in advanced ceramics. It is nondestructive in nature and can be used for specimens prepared for other tests. Specimens are subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at or near the origin of the stress-strain curve with the minimum possibility of fracture. The period of time during which measurement stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds. With this test method it is feasible to perform measurements at high temperatures, where delayed elastic and creep effects would invalidate modulus measurements calculated from static loading.5.3 The sonic resonant frequency technique can also be used as a nondestructive evaluation tool for detecting and screening defects (cracks, voids, porosity, density variations) in ceramic parts. These defects may change the elastic response and the observed resonant frequency of the test specimen. Guide E2001 describes a procedure for detecting such defects in metallic and nonmetallic parts using the resonant frequency method.5.4 Modification of this test method for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the specimen must possess if its geometry and mass are within specified tolerances.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic elastic properties of advanced ceramics. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable rectangular or cylindrical test specimen of that material can be measured. The resonant frequencies in flexure and torsion are measured by mechanical excitation of vibrations of the test specimen in a suspended mode (Section 4 and Figs. 1 and 4). Dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.1.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).2 Advanced ceramics of a composite character (particulate, whisker, or fiber reinforced) may be tested by this test method with the understanding that the character (volume fraction, size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial bonding) of the reinforcement in the test specimen will have a direct effect on the elastic properties. These reinforcement effects must be considered in interpreting the test results for composites. This test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that are major discontinuities in the specimen. Neither is the test method satisfactory when these materials cannot be fabricated in a uniform rectangular or circular cross-section.1.3 A high-temperature furnace and cryogenic cabinet are described for measuring the dynamic elastic moduli as a function of temperature from −195 to 1200 °C.1.4 There are material-specific ASTM standards that cover the determination of resonance frequencies and elastic properties of specific materials by sonic resonance or by impulse excitation of vibration. Test Methods C215, C623, C747, C848, C1259, E1875, and E1876 may differ from this test method in several areas (for example: sample size, dimensional tolerances, sample preparation, calculation details, etc.). The testing of those materials should be done in compliance with the appropriate material-specific standards. Where possible, the procedures, sample specifications, and calculations in this standard are consistent with the other test methods.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The non-SI values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 The test method is designed to show whether or not a material meets the specifications as given in Specifications C753 or C776.5.2 The powder’s stoichiometry is useful for predicting the oxide's sintering behavior in the pellet production process.1.1 This test method covers the determination of uranium and the oxygen to uranium atomic ratio in nuclear grade uranium dioxide powder and pellets.1.2 This test method does not include provisions for preventing criticality accidents or requirements for health and safety. Observance of this test method does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all international, national, or federal, state and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using source or special nuclear material.1.3 This test method also is applicable to UO3 and U3O8 powder.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车