A well-designed sample-handling and conditioning system is essential to the accuracy and reliability of pipeline instruments. Approximately 70 % of the problems encountered are associated with the sampling system.1.1 This practice covers sample-handling and conditioning systems for typical pipeline monitoring instrumentation (gas chromatographs, moisture analyzers, and so forth). The selection of the sample-handling and conditioning system depends upon the operating conditions and stream composition.1.2 This practice is intended for single-phase mixtures that vary in composition. A representative sample cannot be obtained from a two-phase stream.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to regarded as standard. The values stated in English units are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 These procedures are used by producers and users of RDF for determining the total sulfur content of the fuel.1.1 These test methods present two alternative procedures for the determination of total sulfur in prepared analysis samples of solid refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Sulfur is included in the ultimate analysis of RDF.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:Test SectionsEschka Method 8 – 11Bomb Washing Method 12 and 131.3 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard is intended to provide a method for determining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in an RDF analysis sample.5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are components of RDF and, when determined, can be used for calculating RDF combustion characteristics.1.1 This test method is for the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one analysis. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration.NOTE 1: It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Accurate elemental analyses of samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical properties, which are in turn used to establish compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.1.1 This practice covers information relating to sampling, calibration and validation of X-ray fluorescence instruments for elemental analysis, including all kinds of wavelength dispersive (WDXRF) and energy dispersive (EDXRF) techniques. This practice includes sampling issues such as the selection of storage vessels, transportation, and sub-sampling. Treatment, assembly, and handling of technique-specific sample holders and cups are also included. Technique-specific requirements during analytical measurement and validation of measurement for the determination of trace elements in samples of petroleum and petroleum products are described. For sample mixing, refer to Practice D5854. Petroleum products covered in this practice are considered to be a single phase and exhibit Newtonian characteristics at the point of sampling.1.2 Applicable Test Methods—This practice is applicable to the XRF methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, and those under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute’s Test Method Standardization Committee (Table 1). Some of these methods are technically equivalent though they may differ in details (Table 2).1.3 Applicable Fluids—This practice is applicable to petroleum and petroleum products with vapor pressures at sampling and storage temperatures less than or equal to 101 kPa (14.7 psi). Use Practice D4057 or IP 475 to sample these materials. Refer to Practice D5842 when sampling materials that also require Reid vapor pressure (RVP) determination.1.4 Non-applicable Fluids—Petroleum products whose vapor pressure at sampling and sample storage conditions are above 101 kPa (14.7 psi) and liquefied gases (that is, LNG, LPG, etc.) are not covered by this practice.1.5 Sampling Methods—The physical sampling and methods of sampling from a primary source are not covered by this guide. It is assumed that samples covered by this practice are a representative sample of the primary source liquid. Refer to Practice D4057 or IP 475 for detailed sampling procedures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method is available to producers and users of RDF as a method of determining the weight percent of ash in the analysis sample.1.1 This test method covers determination of the ash content in the analysis sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The results obtained can be applied as the weight percent ash in the proximate analysis and in the ultimate analysis.1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.

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4.1 This practice is intended for use in determining the sample size required to estimate, with specified precision, a measure of quality of a lot or process. The practice applies when quality is expressed as either the lot average for a given property, or as the lot fraction not conforming to prescribed standards. The level of a characteristic may often be taken as an indication of the quality of a material. If so, an estimate of the average value of that characteristic or of the fraction of the observed values that do not conform to a specification for that characteristic becomes a measure of quality with respect to that characteristic. This practice is intended for use in determining the sample size required to estimate, with specified precision, such a measure of the quality of a lot or process either as an average value or as a fraction not conforming to a specified value.AbstractThis practice covers simple methods for calculating how many units to include in a random sample in order to estimate with a specified precision, a measure of quality for all the units of a lot of material or produced by a process. It also treats the common situation where the sampling units can be considered to exhibit a single source of variability; it does not treat multi-level sources of variability.1.1 This practice covers simple methods for calculating how many units to include in a random sample in order to estimate with a specified precision, a measure of quality for all the units of a lot of material, or produced by a process. This practice will clearly indicate the sample size required to estimate the average value of some property or the fraction of nonconforming items produced by a production process during the time interval covered by the random sample. If the process is not in a state of statistical control, the result will not have predictive value for immediate (future) production. The practice treats the common situation where the sampling units can be considered to exhibit a single (overall) source of variability; it does not treat multi-level sources of variability.1.2 The system of units for this standard is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the standard are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This sample preparation procedure may be used to prepare metallographic samples for Guide B657. It does not include all variations of sample preparation.1.1 This guide prescribes a method for preparing cemented carbides for metallographic examination.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 In Case 1, the sample is selected from a process or a very large population of interest. The population is essentially unlimited, and each item either has or has not the defined attribute. The population (process) has an unknown fraction of items p (long run average process non-conforming) having the attribute. The sample is a group of n discrete items selected at random from the process or population under consideration, and the attribute is not exhibited in the sample. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, pu, for the unknown fraction p whereby one can claim that p ≤ pu with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The binomial distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.2 In Case 2, a sample of n items is selected at random from a finite lot of N items. Like Case 1, each item either has or has not the defined attribute, and the population has an unknown number, D, of items having the attribute. The sample does not exhibit the attribute. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, Du, for the unknown number D, whereby one can claim that D ≤ Du with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The hypergeometric distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.3 In Case 3, there is a process, but the output is a continuum, such as area (for example, a roll of paper or other material, a field of crop), volume (for example, a volume of liquid or gas), or time (for example, hours, days, quarterly, etc.) The sample size is defined as that portion of the “continuum” sampled, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times over the sampled portion. There is an unknown average rate of occurrence, λ, for the defined attribute over the sampled interval of the continuum that is of interest. The sample does not exhibit the attribute. For a roll of paper, this might be blemishes per 100 ft2; for a volume of liquid, microbes per cubic litre; for a field of crop, spores per acre; for a time interval, calls per hour, customers per day or accidents per quarter. The rate, λ, is proportional to the size of the interval of interest. Thus, if λ = 12 blemishes per 100 ft2 of paper, this is equivalent to 1.2 blemishes per 10 ft2 or 30 blemishes per 250 ft2. It is important to keep in mind the size of the interval in the analysis and interpretation. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, λu, for the unknown occurrence rate λ, whereby one can claim that λ ≤ λu with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The Poisson distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.4 A variation on Case 3 is the situation where the sampled “interval” is really a group of discrete items, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times within an item. This might be the case where the continuum is a process producing discrete items such as metal parts, and the attribute is defined as a scratch. Any number of scratches could occur on any single item. In such a case, the occurrence rate, λ, might be defined as scratches per 1000 parts or some similar metric.4.5 In each case, a sample of items or a portion of a continuum is examined for the presence of a defined attribute, and the attribute is not observed (that is, a zero response). The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound for either an unknown proportion, p (Case 1), an unknown quantity, D (Case 2), or an unknown rate of occurrence, λ (Case 3). In this practice, confidence means the probability that the unknown parameter is not more than the upper bound. More generally, these methods determine a relationship among sample size, confidence and the upper confidence bound. They can be used to determine the sample size required to demonstrate a specific p, D, or λ with some degree of confidence. They can also be used to determine the degree of confidence achieved in demonstrating a specified p, D, or λ.4.6 In this practice, allowance is made for misclassification error but only when misclassification rates are well understood or known, and can be approximated numerically.4.7 It is possible to impose the language of classical acceptance sampling theory on this method. Terms such as lot tolerance percent defective, acceptable quality level, and consumer quality level are not used in this practice. For more information on these terms, see Practice E1994.AbstractThis practice presents methodology for the setting of an upper confidence bound regarding an unknown fraction or quantity non-conforming, or a rate of occurrence for nonconformities, in cases where the method of attributes is used and there is a zero response in a sample. Three cases are considered. In Case 1, the sample is selected from a process or a very large population of interest. In Case 2, a sample of n items is selected at random from a finite lot of N items. In Case 3, there is a process, but the output is a continuum, such as area (for example, a roll of paper or other material, a field of crop), volume (for example, a volume of liquid or gas), or time (for example, hours, days, quarterly, etc.) The sample size is defined as that portion of the �continuum� sampled, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times over the sampled portion.1.1 This practice presents methodology for the setting of an upper confidence bound regarding a unknown fraction or quantity non-conforming, or a rate of occurrence for nonconformities, in cases where the method of attributes is used and there is a zero response in a sample. Three cases are considered.1.1.1 The sample is selected from a process or a very large population of discrete items, and the number of non-conforming items in the sample is zero.1.1.2 A sample of items is selected at random from a finite lot of discrete items, and the number of non-conforming items in the sample is zero.1.1.3 The sample is a portion of a continuum (time, space, volume, area, etc.) and the number of non-conformities in the sample is zero.1.2 Allowance is made for misclassification error in this practice, but only when misclassification rates are well understood or known and can be approximated numerically.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the purification of extracts from fire debris samples. The preparation of these extracts is described in Practices E1385, E1386, E1412, and E1413. An acid mixture is used to remove components from the extracts which may interfere with the identification of ignitable liquid residues.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Moisture as determined by this test method is used for calculating other analytical results to a moisture free basis using procedures in Practice D3180. Moisture percent determined by this test method may be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined in Method D2013 and Test Method D3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to “as received” basis using Practice D3180. Moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon percents constitute the proximate analysis of coal and coke.1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture in the analysis sample of coal or coke. It is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis. When used in conjunction with the air drying loss as determined in accordance with Method D2013 or Practice D346, each analytical result can be calculated to an as-received basis:1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Ash, as determined by this test method, is the residue remaining after burning the coal and coke. Ash obtained differs in composition from the inorganic constituents present in the original coal. Incineration causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrites into ferric oxide, and other chemical reactions. Ash, as determined by this test method, will differ in amount from ash produced in furnace operations and other firing systems because incineration conditions influence the chemistry and amount of the ash. References for correcting ash results determined by this test method to a mineral-matter-free basis are listed in Classification D388, Section 9.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the inorganic residue as ash in the analysis sample of coal or coke as prepared in accordance with Practice D2013 or Practice D346. The results obtained can be applied as the ash in the proximate analysis, Practice D3172, and in the ultimate analysis, Practice D3176. For the determination of the constituents in ash, reference is made to Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349. Test Methods D6357 should be used to prepare ash to be used for trace element analysis. See Terminology D121 for definition of ash.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Volatile matter, when determined as herein described, can be used to establish the rank of coals, to indicate coke yield on carbonization process, to provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or to establish burning characteristics.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gaseous products, exclusive of moisture vapor, as volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal or coke from coal.1.2 The test method for the determination of volatile matter is empirical.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Determination of sulfur is, by definition, part of the ultimate analysis of coal.Sulfur analysis results obtained by these methods are used to serve a number of interests: evaluation of coal preparation, evaluation of potential sulfur emissions from coal combustion or conversion processes, evaluation of the coal quality in relation to contract specification, and other purposes of commercial or scientific interest.1.1 These test methods cover two alternative procedures for the determination of total sulfur in samples of coal and coke. Sulfur is included in the ultimate analysis of coal and coke.1.2 The procedures appear in the following order: SectionsMethod A—Eschka Method 6-9Method B—Bomb Washing Method 10 and 111.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Sections 11.1.1-11.1.1.7.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in samples of coal or coke. Both the carbon and hydrogen are determined in one operation. These test methods yield the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in the coal as analyzed and the results include not only the carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration of silicates.Note 1—It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration of silicates.1.2 When data are converted and reported on the "dry" basis, the hydrogen value is corrected for the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the sample.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

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5.1 The analyzer sample system lag time estimated by this guide can be used in conjunction with the analyzer output to aid in optimizing control of blender facilities or process units. A known and constant lag time is key for the use in optimizing control.5.2 The lag time can be used in the tuning of control programs to set the proper optimization frequency.5.3 The application of this guide is not for the design of a sample system but to help understand the design and to estimate the performance of existing sample systems. Additional detailed information can be found in the references provided in the section entitled Additional Reading Material.1.1 This guide covers the application of routine calculations to estimate sample system lag time, in seconds, for gas, liquid, and mixed phase systems.1.2 This guide considers the sources of lag time from the process sample tap, tap conditioning, sample transport, pre-analysis conditioning and analysis.1.3 Lag times are estimated based on a prediction of flow characteristics, turbulent, non turbulent, or laminar, and the corresponding purge requirements.1.4 Mixed phase systems prevent reliable representative sampling so system lag times should not be used to predict sample representation of a mixed phase stream.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard and Appendix X1 examples where normally seen in industry.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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