5.1 These procedures are used by producers and users of RDF for determining the total sulfur content of the fuel.1.1 These test methods present two alternative procedures for the determination of total sulfur in prepared analysis samples of solid refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Sulfur is included in the ultimate analysis of RDF.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:Test SectionsEschka Method 8 – 11Bomb Washing Method 12 and 131.3 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard is intended to provide a method for determining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in an RDF analysis sample.5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are components of RDF and, when determined, can be used for calculating RDF combustion characteristics.1.1 This test method is for the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one analysis. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration.NOTE 1: It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Accurate elemental analyses of samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical properties, which are in turn used to establish compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.1.1 This practice covers information relating to sampling, calibration and validation of X-ray fluorescence instruments for elemental analysis, including all kinds of wavelength dispersive (WDXRF) and energy dispersive (EDXRF) techniques. This practice includes sampling issues such as the selection of storage vessels, transportation, and sub-sampling. Treatment, assembly, and handling of technique-specific sample holders and cups are also included. Technique-specific requirements during analytical measurement and validation of measurement for the determination of trace elements in samples of petroleum and petroleum products are described. For sample mixing, refer to Practice D5854. Petroleum products covered in this practice are considered to be a single phase and exhibit Newtonian characteristics at the point of sampling.1.2 Applicable Test Methods—This practice is applicable to the XRF methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, and those under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute’s Test Method Standardization Committee (Table 1). Some of these methods are technically equivalent though they may differ in details (Table 2).1.3 Applicable Fluids—This practice is applicable to petroleum and petroleum products with vapor pressures at sampling and storage temperatures less than or equal to 101 kPa (14.7 psi). Use Practice D4057 or IP 475 to sample these materials. Refer to Practice D5842 when sampling materials that also require Reid vapor pressure (RVP) determination.1.4 Non-applicable Fluids—Petroleum products whose vapor pressure at sampling and sample storage conditions are above 101 kPa (14.7 psi) and liquefied gases (that is, LNG, LPG, etc.) are not covered by this practice.1.5 Sampling Methods—The physical sampling and methods of sampling from a primary source are not covered by this guide. It is assumed that samples covered by this practice are a representative sample of the primary source liquid. Refer to Practice D4057 or IP 475 for detailed sampling procedures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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A well-designed sample-handling and conditioning system is essential to the accuracy and reliability of pipeline instruments. Approximately 70 % of the problems encountered are associated with the sampling system.1.1 This practice covers sample-handling and conditioning systems for typical pipeline monitoring instrumentation (gas chromatographs, moisture analyzers, and so forth). The selection of the sample-handling and conditioning system depends upon the operating conditions and stream composition.1.2 This practice is intended for single-phase mixtures that vary in composition. A representative sample cannot be obtained from a two-phase stream.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to regarded as standard. The values stated in English units are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 This sample preparation procedure may be used to prepare metallographic samples for Guide B657. It does not include all variations of sample preparation.1.1 This guide prescribes a method for preparing cemented carbides for metallographic examination.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method is available to producers and users of RDF as a method of determining the weight percent of ash in the analysis sample.1.1 This test method covers determination of the ash content in the analysis sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The results obtained can be applied as the weight percent ash in the proximate analysis and in the ultimate analysis.1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.

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4.1 This practice is intended for use in determining the sample size required to estimate, with specified precision, a measure of quality of a lot or process. The practice applies when quality is expressed as either the lot average for a given property, or as the lot fraction not conforming to prescribed standards. The level of a characteristic may often be taken as an indication of the quality of a material. If so, an estimate of the average value of that characteristic or of the fraction of the observed values that do not conform to a specification for that characteristic becomes a measure of quality with respect to that characteristic. This practice is intended for use in determining the sample size required to estimate, with specified precision, such a measure of the quality of a lot or process either as an average value or as a fraction not conforming to a specified value.AbstractThis practice covers simple methods for calculating how many units to include in a random sample in order to estimate with a specified precision, a measure of quality for all the units of a lot of material or produced by a process. It also treats the common situation where the sampling units can be considered to exhibit a single source of variability; it does not treat multi-level sources of variability.1.1 This practice covers simple methods for calculating how many units to include in a random sample in order to estimate with a specified precision, a measure of quality for all the units of a lot of material, or produced by a process. This practice will clearly indicate the sample size required to estimate the average value of some property or the fraction of nonconforming items produced by a production process during the time interval covered by the random sample. If the process is not in a state of statistical control, the result will not have predictive value for immediate (future) production. The practice treats the common situation where the sampling units can be considered to exhibit a single (overall) source of variability; it does not treat multi-level sources of variability.1.2 The system of units for this standard is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the standard are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to estimate and categorize the number and type of fungal structures present on an inertial impactor sample.5.2 Fungal structures are identified and quantified regardless of whether they would or would not grow in culture.5.3 It must be emphasized that the detector in this test method is the analyst, and therefore results are subjective, depending on the experience, training, qualification, and mental and optical fatigue of the analyst.1.1 This test method is a procedure that uses direct microscopy to analyze the deposit on an inertial impaction sample.1.2 This test method describes procedures for categorizing and enumerating fungal structures by morphological type. Typically, categories may be as small as genus (for example, Cladosporium) or as large as phylum (for example, basidiospores).1.3 This test method contains two procedures for enumerating fungal structures: one for slit impaction samples and one for circular impaction samples. This test method is applicable for impaction air samples, for which a known volume of air (at a rate as recommended by the manufacturer) has been drawn, and is also applicable for blank impaction samples.1.4 Enumeration results are presented in fungal structures/sample (fs/sample) and fungal structures/m3 (fs/m3).1.5 The range of enumeration results that can be determined with this test method depends on the size of the spores on the sample trace, the amount of particulate matter on the sample trace, the percentage of the sample trace counted, and the volume of air sampled.1.6 This test method addresses only the analysis of samples. The sampling process and interpretation of results is outside the scope of this test method.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Acceptance and preference are the key measurements taken in consumer product testing as either a new product idea is developed into testable prototypes or existing products are evaluated for potential improvements, cost reductions, or other business reasons. Developing products that are preferred overall, or liked as well as, or better, on average, compared to a standard or a competitor, among a defined target consumer group, is usually the main goal of the product development process. Thus, it is necessary to test the consumer acceptability or the preference of a product or prototype compared to other prototypes or potential products, a standard product, or other products in the market. The researcher, with input from her/his stakeholders, has the responsibility to choose appropriate comparison products and scaling or test methods to evaluate them. In the case of a new-to-the-world product, there may or may not be a relevant product for comparison. In this case, a benchmark score or rating may be used to determine acceptability. A product or prototype that is acceptable to the target consumer is one that meets a minimum criterion for liking, and a product that is preferred over an existing product has the potential to be chosen more often than the less-preferred product by the consumer in the marketplace, when all other factors are equal.5.2 The external validity (the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized) of both acceptance and preference measures to manage decision risk at all stages of the development cycle is dependent on the ability of the researcher to generalize the results from the respondent sample to the target population at large. This depends both upon the sample of respondents and the way the test is constructed. Within the context of a single test, acceptance measures tell the relative hedonic status of the two samples, quantitatively, as well as where on the hedonic continuum each of the samples falls, that is, “disliked,” “neutral,” or “liked.” In contrast, preference measures tell the relative choice status of two samples within a specific respondent group. Results from these measures can and will vary from test to test depending on the number and type of respondents serving in each test, the size and nature of the sensory differences between the two samples, the method of executing the test, and any error present in the test. The identification, control, measurement, and tracking of variables that may influence results across tests (for example, production location, sample age, and storage conditions) are the responsibility of the researcher.5.3 While measures of acceptance and preference are both subjective responses to products, and can be somewhat related, they provide different information. A product may be “acceptable” but still not be preferred by the consumer over other alternatives, and conversely, a product may be preferred over another but still not be acceptable to the consumer. These two terms, therefore, should not be used interchangeably. When a bipolar hedonic scale with multipoint options is used, the researcher should specifically refer to “liking,” “acceptance,” or “hedonic ratings.” When preference measures are used, the researcher should refer to, “preference,” “product selection,” or “choice.” Research professionals themselves should be precise in their usage of the terms “acceptance” and “liking,” to refer only to scaling of liking. These researchers should use the terms “preference” and “choice” to refer to two (“Prefer A” or “Prefer B”) or three-choice (“Prefer A” or “Prefer B” or “No Preference”) response options given in a preference test. In addition to having different meanings, the two measures also do not always provide similar results. This guide will cover the similarities and differences in information each provides, some guidelines around implementation, and interpretation of findings. This guide will thus give users an understanding of the issues at hand when planning, designing, implementing, and interpreting results from acceptance and preference tests with consumers.5.4 While both measures are commonly used to provide information for product development decisions and evaluating a product’s competitive status, it is important to remember that pricing, positioning, competitive options, product availability, and other marketplace factors also impact a product’s success.1.1 This guide covers acceptance and preference measures when each is used in an unbranded, two-sample, product test. Each measure, acceptance, and preference, may be used alone or together in a single test or separated by time. This guide covers how to establish a product’s hedonic or choice status based on sensory attributes alone, rather than brand, positioning, imagery, packaging, pricing, emotional-cultural responses, or other nonsensory aspects of the product. The most commonly used measures of acceptance and preference will be covered, that is, product liking overall as measured by the nine-point hedonic scale and preference measured by choice, either two-alternative forced choice or two-alternative with a “no preference” option.1.2 Three of the biggest challenges in measuring a product’s hedonic (overall liking or acceptability) or choice status (preference selection) are determining how many respondents and who to include in the respondent sample, setting up the questioning sequence, and interpreting the data to make product decisions.1.3 This guide covers:1.3.1 Definition of each type of measure,1.3.2 Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each,1.3.3 When to use each,1.3.4 Practical considerations in test execution,1.3.5 Risks associated with each,1.3.6 Relationship between the two when administered in the same test, and1.3.7 Recommended interpretations of results for product decisions.1.4 The intended audience for this guide is the sensory consumer professional or marketing research professional (“the researcher”) who is designing, executing, and interpreting data from product tests with acceptance or choice measures, or both.1.5 Only two-sample product tests will be covered in this guide. However, the issues and recommended practices raised in this guide often apply to multi-sample tests as well. Detailed coverage of execution tactics, optional types of scales, various approaches to data analysis, and extensive discussions of the reliability and validity of these measures are all outside of the scope of this guide.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 In Case 1, the sample is selected from a process or a very large population of interest. The population is essentially unlimited, and each item either has or has not the defined attribute. The population (process) has an unknown fraction of items p (long run average process non-conforming) having the attribute. The sample is a group of n discrete items selected at random from the process or population under consideration, and the attribute is not exhibited in the sample. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, pu, for the unknown fraction p whereby one can claim that p ≤ pu with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The binomial distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.2 In Case 2, a sample of n items is selected at random from a finite lot of N items. Like Case 1, each item either has or has not the defined attribute, and the population has an unknown number, D, of items having the attribute. The sample does not exhibit the attribute. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, Du, for the unknown number D, whereby one can claim that D ≤ Du with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The hypergeometric distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.3 In Case 3, there is a process, but the output is a continuum, such as area (for example, a roll of paper or other material, a field of crop), volume (for example, a volume of liquid or gas), or time (for example, hours, days, quarterly, etc.) The sample size is defined as that portion of the “continuum” sampled, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times over the sampled portion. There is an unknown average rate of occurrence, λ, for the defined attribute over the sampled interval of the continuum that is of interest. The sample does not exhibit the attribute. For a roll of paper, this might be blemishes per 100 ft2; for a volume of liquid, microbes per cubic litre; for a field of crop, spores per acre; for a time interval, calls per hour, customers per day or accidents per quarter. The rate, λ, is proportional to the size of the interval of interest. Thus, if λ = 12 blemishes per 100 ft2 of paper, this is equivalent to 1.2 blemishes per 10 ft2 or 30 blemishes per 250 ft2. It is important to keep in mind the size of the interval in the analysis and interpretation. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, λu, for the unknown occurrence rate λ, whereby one can claim that λ ≤ λu with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The Poisson distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.4 A variation on Case 3 is the situation where the sampled “interval” is really a group of discrete items, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times within an item. This might be the case where the continuum is a process producing discrete items such as metal parts, and the attribute is defined as a scratch. Any number of scratches could occur on any single item. In such a case, the occurrence rate, λ, might be defined as scratches per 1000 parts or some similar metric.4.5 In each case, a sample of items or a portion of a continuum is examined for the presence of a defined attribute, and the attribute is not observed (that is, a zero response). The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound for either an unknown proportion, p (Case 1), an unknown quantity, D (Case 2), or an unknown rate of occurrence, λ (Case 3). In this practice, confidence means the probability that the unknown parameter is not more than the upper bound. More generally, these methods determine a relationship among sample size, confidence and the upper confidence bound. They can be used to determine the sample size required to demonstrate a specific p, D, or λ with some degree of confidence. They can also be used to determine the degree of confidence achieved in demonstrating a specified p, D, or λ.4.6 In this practice, allowance is made for misclassification error but only when misclassification rates are well understood or known, and can be approximated numerically.4.7 It is possible to impose the language of classical acceptance sampling theory on this method. Terms such as lot tolerance percent defective, acceptable quality level, and consumer quality level are not used in this practice. For more information on these terms, see Practice E1994.AbstractThis practice presents methodology for the setting of an upper confidence bound regarding an unknown fraction or quantity non-conforming, or a rate of occurrence for nonconformities, in cases where the method of attributes is used and there is a zero response in a sample. Three cases are considered. In Case 1, the sample is selected from a process or a very large population of interest. In Case 2, a sample of n items is selected at random from a finite lot of N items. In Case 3, there is a process, but the output is a continuum, such as area (for example, a roll of paper or other material, a field of crop), volume (for example, a volume of liquid or gas), or time (for example, hours, days, quarterly, etc.) The sample size is defined as that portion of the �continuum� sampled, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times over the sampled portion.1.1 This practice presents methodology for the setting of an upper confidence bound regarding a unknown fraction or quantity non-conforming, or a rate of occurrence for nonconformities, in cases where the method of attributes is used and there is a zero response in a sample. Three cases are considered.1.1.1 The sample is selected from a process or a very large population of discrete items, and the number of non-conforming items in the sample is zero.1.1.2 A sample of items is selected at random from a finite lot of discrete items, and the number of non-conforming items in the sample is zero.1.1.3 The sample is a portion of a continuum (time, space, volume, area, etc.) and the number of non-conformities in the sample is zero.1.2 Allowance is made for misclassification error in this practice, but only when misclassification rates are well understood or known and can be approximated numerically.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 LPG samples can change composition during storage and use from preferential vaporization of lighter (lower molecular weight) hydrocarbon components, dissolved inert gases (N2, Ar, He, and so forth) and other dissolved gases/liquids (NH3, CO2, H2S, H2O, etc.). Careful selection of cylinder type, cylinder volume, and use of inert gas for pressurizing cylinders is required to ensure that composition changes are small enough to maintain the integrity of LPG when used as a QC reference material for various LPG test methods.5.2 Monitoring of ongoing precision and bias on QC materials using control chart techniques in accordance with Practice D6299 can be used to establish the need for calibration or maintenance.1.1 This practice covers information for the storage and use of LPG samples in standard cylinders of the type used in sampling method, Practice D1265 and floating piston cylinders used in sampling method, Practice D3700.1.2 This practice is especially applicable when the LPG sample is used as a quality control (QC) reference material for LPG test methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) analysis (Test Method D2163) or vapor pressure (Test Method D6897) that use only a few mL per test, since relatively small portable Department of Transportation (DOT) cylinders (for example, 20 lb common barbecue cylinders, or common Mower/Forklift cylinders) can be used.1.2.1 Modification of the pressure relief (QCC1) valve on single access port cylinders may prohibit the collection or transport of cylinders outside of permitted facilities such as refineries, gas plants or pipeline stations. No modification is generally required for multi-port mower/forklift cylinders that have a separate access port for pressure relief and additional access ports for filling, liquid/vapor withdrawal or liquid level indication. Consult the Authority having Jurisdiction for detailed regional regulatory requirements for transport of LPG in pressurized cylinders.1.3 This practice can be applied to other test methods. However, test methods that require a large amount of sample per test (for example, manual vapor pressure Test Method D1267) will require QC volumes in excess of 1000 L if stored in standard DOT cylinders or American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) vessels.1.3.1 Test methods for trace materials that may be sensitive to vessel surfaces (for example H2O, H2S/sulfur, or trace residues) could preferably use aluminum, stainless steel or internally coated vessels to minimize surface absorption/reaction or larger vessels to minimize surface/volume ratio.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice gives techniques to use in the preparation of lubricants or lubricant components for acute or chronic aquatic toxicity tests. Most lubricants and lubricant components are difficult to evaluate in toxicity tests because they are mixtures of chemical compounds with varying and usually poor solubility in water. Lubricants or lubricant component mixtures should not be added directly to aquatic systems for toxicity testing because the details of the addition procedure will have a large effect on the results of the toxicity test. Use of the techniques described in this practice will produce well-characterized test systems that will lead to tests with meaningful and reproducible results.5.2 The toxicity of mixtures of poorly soluble components cannot be expressed in the usual terms of lethal concentration (or the similar terms of effect concentration or inhibition concentration) because the mixtures may not be completely soluble at treat levels that lead to toxic effects. The test material preparation techniques given in this practice lead to test results expressed in terms of loading rate, which is a practical and meaningful concept for expressing the toxicity of this type of material.5.3 One of the recommended methods of material preparation for lubricants or their components is the mechanical dispersion technique. This particular technique generates turbulence, and thus, it should not be used for poorly swimming organisms.1.1 This practice covers procedures to be used in the preparation of lubricants or their components for toxicity testing in aquatic systems and in the interpretation of the results of such tests.1.2 This practice is suitable for use on fully-formulated lubricants or their components that are not completely soluble at the intended test treat rates. It is also suitable for use with additives, if the additive is tested after being blended into a carrier fluid at the approximate concentration as in the intended fully formulated lubricant. The carrier fluid shall meet the above solubility criterion, be known to be minimally toxic in the toxicity test in which the material will be tested, and be known to have a chemical composition similar to the rest of the intended fully formulated lubricant.1.3 Samples prepared in accordance with this practice may be used in acute or chronic aquatic toxicity tests conducted in fresh water or salt water with fish, large invertebrates, or algae. This practice does not address preparation of samples for plant toxicity testing other than algae.1.4 Standard acute and chronic aquatic toxicity procedures are more appropriate for lubricants with compositions that are completely soluble at the intended test treat rates (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).21.5 This practice is intended for use with lubricants or lubricant components of any volatility.1.6 This practice does not address any questions regarding the effects of any lubricant or lubricant component on human health.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice allows for compositional analysis of the gases in equilibrium with crude oil, condensate, and liquid petroleum products at a 4:1 vapor/liquid ratio at ambient temperature for analysis using typical instrumentation (RGA) already available in typical refinery laboratories. These highly volatile components can result in vapor pressure conditions above atmospheric pressure, so this mechanically simple system is easily adaptable to day-to-day application at low cost/effort using existing analytical equipment.5.2 This practice allows for compositional analysis and day-to-day tracking or trending of the light hydrocarbons in crude oil for the purpose of identifying unusual blending of NGL, LPG, butane etc. into individual crude oil batch receipts.5.3 This practice allows identification of gases: including: CO, CO2, H2, H2S, N2, O2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, etc. that can contribute to vapor pressure by Test Method D6377, but are not identified using Test Method D8003 (see Note 1). These components can originate from production or can be the result of the use of pad gas and may not be native to the original product. Significant difference in Test Method D6377 vapor pressure measurements at low V/L (for example, 0.1:1) versus high V/L (for example, 4:1) indicate the contribution of high vapor pressure gases such as those in 5.2.NOTE 1: Test Method D8003 does identify: CH4, C2H6, and C3H8. Test Method D8003 does not identify: CO, CO2, H2, H2S, N2, and O2.5.4 Nitrogen and combustion gases (mostly nitrogen and CO2 with minor concentrations of air) at positive pressures up to 2500 mm water column (nominal 4 psig) is required by International Marine Organization (IMO) Marine Pollution (MARPOL) and Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations for the marine transport of crude oil. Analysis of the equilibrium vapor may be required to determine the contribution of inert gases to the total vapor pressure of the crude oil on receipt at the discharge port or refinery.1.1 This practice covers the preparation of an equilibrium gas sample of live crude oil, condensate, or liquid petroleum products, using a Practice D8009 manual piston cylinder (MPC) as a vapor tight expansion chamber to generate an equilibrium vapor/liquid pair at a known temperature and vapor/liquid ratio (V/L). Inert gas such as helium or argon is injected to the equilibrium vapor space of the MPC to provide an equilibrium vapor sample sufficiently above atmospheric pressure for subsequent analysis using a standard refinery gas analyzer (RGA) such as described in Test Method D7833. Other gas analysis methods may be used provided they meet the minimum performance criteria stated in 7.4.1.1.2 This practice is suitable for UN Class 3 Liquid samples having vapor pressures between 0 kPa and 300 kPa at 50.0 °C, and 0.1:1 to 4:1 vapor/liquid ratio, spanning the nominal range near bubble point (Test Method D6377 VPCr,0.1) to Test Methods D323 (RVP), D4953, and D5191 (V/L=4). The temperature may vary over a wide range, provided that the cylinder is maintained at isothermal and isobaric conditions to prevent condensation of equilibrium vapor upon cooling either in the cylinder or in the injection system of the Refinery Gas Analyzer (RGA, Test Method D7833). The method is best suited for preparation of an equilibrium gas/liquid pair near ambient conditions, typical of routine daily operations in a typical refinery quality assurance or marine terminal laboratory, to routinely monitor the light ends content of crude oil receipts.1.3 This practice is suitable to prepare an equilibrium liquid/vapor sample pair in a sealed sampling system (no light ends loss from either phase). The equilibrium gas phase is suitable for subsequent gas analysis of both hydrocarbon and fixed/inert gases in the sample, including: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, C1 to C7 hydrocarbons at levels consistent with the Test Method D7833 method used. The equilibrium liquid phase can be subsequently analyzed by Test Method D8003 to obtain paired analytical results on both the equilibrium liquid and vapor pair with a sealed sample system.1.4 Addition of the diluent gas provides a positive pressure sample to allow the use of a typical RGA-type gas injection system that operates only slightly above barometric pressure. The preferred diluent gas shall be the same as the carrier gas used in the RGA (typically helium or argon). Choice of diluent or carrier gas may affect the ability to detect some inert gases (especially O2 or H2) in some RGA configurations conforming to Test Method D7833.1.5 The VLE gas generation and subsequent RGA output is used as a screening method to identify gas components that can be present in the crude oil affecting the total vapor pressure. The RGA output only represents the equilibrium vapor components present and relative to one another. Due to dilution of the VLE gas with inert gas, the RGA output does not purport to accurately provide the actual vapor composition at VLE conditions and is definitely not representative of the composition of the whole sample.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice covers the proper procedures for handling, transporting, and installing sample plates used for the gravimetric determination of nonvolatile residue (NVR) within and between environmentally controlled facilities for spacecraft. This procedure shall appropriately require the following apparatuses and materials: Type 316 corrosion-resistant steel NVR plate; Type 316 corrosion-resistant steel NVR plate cover; noncontaminating nylon (polyamide bag); sealable aluminum NVR plate carrier; solvent compatible and resistant work gloves; oil-free aluminum foil; HEPA filters; and HEPA filtered workstation.1.1 This practice covers the handling, transporting, and installing of sample plates used for the gravimetric determination of nonvolatile residue (NVR) within and between facilities.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Moisture as determined by this test method is used for calculating other analytical results to a moisture free basis using procedures in Practice D3180. Moisture percent determined by this test method may be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined in Method D2013 and Test Method D3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to “as received” basis using Practice D3180. Moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon percents constitute the proximate analysis of coal and coke.1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture in the analysis sample of coal or coke. It is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis. When used in conjunction with the air drying loss as determined in accordance with Method D2013 or Practice D346, each analytical result can be calculated to an as-received basis:1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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