5.1 Control over the residue content (required by Specification D1835) is of considerable importance in end-use applications of LPG. In liquid feed systems, residues can lead to troublesome deposits and, in vapor withdrawal systems, residues that are carried over can foul regulating equipment. Residues that remain in vapor-withdrawal systems will accumulate, can be corrosive, and will contaminate subsequent product. Water, particularly if alkaline, can cause failure of regulating equipment and corrosion of metals.5.2 See Appendix X2 for information on the effect of temperature on the measurement of residue in LPG.1.1 This test method covers the determination of extraneous materials weathering above 38 °C that are present in liquefied petroleum gases. The extraneous materials will generally be dissolved in the LPG, but may have phase-separated in some instances.1.2 Liquefied petroleum gases that contain certain anti-icing additives can give erroneous results by this test method.1.3 Although this test method has been used to verify cleanliness and lack of heavy contaminants in propane for many years, it might not be sensitive enough to protect some equipment from operational problems or increased maintenance. A more sensitive test, able to detect lower levels of dissolved contaminants, could be required for some applications.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is suitable for determining the quantity of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, and organic peroxides as total active oxygen in various hydrocarbon streams for both quality control and quality assurance of the product.1.1 This test method covers the determination of trace peroxides in various hydrocarbon streams. A list of typical hydrocarbon streams can be found in Appendix X2.1.2 This test method is applicable to the determination of peroxides in petroleum liquids including, but not limited to, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, methylcyclohexane, and alpha olefins in the range of 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg active oxygen. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.03 mg/kg for active oxygen and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 0.11 mg/kg active oxygen. The upper limit has been determined by the calibration range.NOTE 1: LOD and LOQ were calculated using data obtained during development of the method.1.3 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The hydrocarbon component distribution of liquefied petroleum gases and propene mixtures is often required for end-use sale of this material. Applications such as chemical feed stocks or fuel require precise compositional data to ensure uniform quality. Trace amounts of some hydrocarbon impurities in these materials can have adverse effects on their use and processing.5.2 The component distribution data of liquefied petroleum gases and propene mixtures can be used to calculate physical properties such as relative density, vapor pressure, and motor octane (see Practice D2598). Precision and accuracy of compositional data are extremely important when these data are used to calculate various properties of these petroleum products.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of individual hydrocarbons in liquefied petroleum (LP) gases and mixtures of propane and propene, excluding high-purity propene in the range of C1 to C5. Component concentrations are determined in the range of 0.01 % to 100 % by volume.1.2 This test method does not fully determine hydrocarbons heavier than C5 and non-hydrocarbon materials, and additional tests may be necessary to fully characterize an LPG sample.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4.1 The user is advised to obtain LPG safety training for the safe operation of this test method procedure and related activities.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The composition of liquefied gaseous fuels (LNG, LPG) is important for custody transfer and production. Compositional determination is used to calculate the heating value, and it is important to ensure regulatory compliance. Compositional determination is also used to optimize the efficiency of liquefied hydrocarbon gas production and ensure the quality of the processed fluids.5.2 Alternatives to compositional measurement using Raman spectroscopy are described in Test Method D1945, Practice D1946, and Test Method D7833.5.3 The advantage of this practice over other standards stated in 5.2, is that Raman spectroscopy can determine composition by directly measuring the liquefied natural gas. Unlike chromatography, no vaporization step is necessary. Since incorrect operation of on-line vaporizers can lead to poor precision and accuracy, elimination of the vaporization step offers a significant improvement in the analysis of LNG.1.1 This practice is for both on-line and laboratory instrument-based determination of composition for liquefied natural gas (LNG) using Raman spectroscopy. Although the procedures in this practice refer specifically to liquids, the basic methodology can also be applied to other light hydrocarbon mixtures in either liquid or gaseous states, provided the data quality objectives and measurement needs are met. From the composition, gas properties such as heating value and the Wobbe index may be calculated. The components commonly determined according to this test method are CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, n-C4H10, iC5H12, n-C5H12. Components heavier than C5 are not measured as part of this practice.NOTE 1: Raman spectroscopy does not directly quantify the component percentages of noble gases; however, inert substances can be calculated indirectly by subtracting the sum of the other species from 100 %.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 Rubber hose has an inherent characteristic of permitting diffusion of a gas through the hose structure. This test method quantitatively measures the loss of liquefied petroleum gas.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume of liquefied petroleum gas diffusing through the wall of a hose during a specified period of time.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in the warning in Section 5.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

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5.1 Liquefied petroleum gases and their products of combustion must not be unduly corrosive to the materials with which they come in contact. The potential personnel exposure hazards of H2S also make the detection and measurement of hydrogen sulfide important, even in low concentrations. In addition, in some cases the odor of the gases shall not be objectionable. (See Specification D1835 and GPA 2140.)1.1 This test method2 covers the detection of hydrogen sulfide in liquefied petroleum (LP) gases. The sensitivity of the test is about 4 mg/m3 (0.15 to 0.2 grain of hydrogen sulfide per 100 ft3) of gas.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The moisture content of LPG can be critical to the use, transportation, or processing of LPG products, especially at cold ambient temperatures and during pressure throttling, when icing or hydrate formation, or both, are most likely to occur. In order to prevent ice or hydrate formation, or both, the water content has to be low enough to prevent the formation of free water in storage tanks and/or regulators over the entire range of operating conditions (temperatures, pressures, and compositions) encountered during normal service. For example, propane and propane-propene mixtures require moisture levels below the equilibrium saturation level of water at operating temperature and pressure for these hydrocarbons to meet specifications such as Specification D1835.5.2 The presence of free water in a propane system can lead to ice or hydrate accumulation, the blockage of vapor or liquid fuel lines, and disrupt the operation of pumps, meters, filters, valves, regulators, safety shut-off valves, and other equipment.5.3 This test method allows continuous monitoring of process flow streams and could be applied to monitoring of product dryness during transportation operations if it is known that methanol has not been added.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of water in liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) from 1 mg/kg to 250 mg/kg using an online electronic moisture analyzer, also known as an electronic hygrometer or dew point analyzer, in the absence of methanol or other anti-freeze agent.1.1.1 These analyzers commonly use sensing cells based on aluminum oxide, Al2O3, silicone, phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5, piezoelectric-type cells, or laser-based technologies to measure the dew point temperature of LPG.1.1.2 Knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the LPG is required to calculate the water content on a mass basis from the dew point temperature of an LPG sample.1.1.3 The LPG shall be free of alcohol (sometimes added as an anti-freeze agent) as it can interfere with the electronic moisture analyzer. Thus the method will be most useful in a process facility where it is known that no methanol has been added to the LPG product.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.2.1 There is an exception in Appendix X1, where the unit “mbar” is used in data provided by an external source, and parts per million by weight (ppm by weight) is widely used in industry.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Residue in LPG is a contaminant that can lead to operational problems in some end use applications. Engines, micro-turbines, fuel cells and other equipment may be sensitive to residue levels as low as 10 mg/kg.5.2 Contamination of LPG can occur during production, transport, delivery, storage and use. A qualitative indication of the contaminants can help track down the source of the contamination from manufacture, through the distribution system, and to the end user.5.3 This test method is designed to provide a lower detection limit, wider dynamic range, and better accuracy than gravimetric methods like Test Method D2158.5.4 This test method can be performed with little or no discharge of LPG vapors, compared to Test Method D2158 which requires evaporation of 100 mL of sample per test.5.5 Sampling for residue in LPG using sorbent tubes can be performed in the field, and the sorbent tubes sent to a laboratory for analysis. This saves significant costs in shipping (weight of tube is approximately 10 grams), and is much safer and easier than transporting LPG cylinders.5.6 This test method determines total residues from C6 to C40, compared to a thermal gravimetric residue method such as Test Method D2158 which heat the residue to 38°C, resulting in a lower recovery due to loss of lighter residue components.5.7 If there is a need to decrease the detection limit of residue or individual compounds of interest below 10 µg/g, the procedures in this test method can be modified to achieve 50 times enhanced detection limit, or 0.2 µg/g.1.1 This test method covers the determination of residue in LPG by automated thermal desorption/gas chromatography (ATD/GC) using flame ionization detection (FID).1.2 The quantitation of residue covers a component boiling point range from 69°C to 522°C, equivalent to the boiling points of C6 through C40 n-paraffins.1.2.1 The boiling range covers possible LPG contaminants such as gasoline, diesel fuel, phthalates and compressor oil. Qualitative information on the nature of the residue can be obtained from this test method.1.2.2 Materials insoluble in LPG and components which do not elute from the gas chromatograph or which have no response in a flame ionization detector are not determined.1.2.3 The reporting limit (or limit of quantitation) for total residue is 6.7 µg/g.1.2.4 The dynamic range of residue quantitation is 6.7 to 3300 µg/g.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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