2.1 Weight loss represents the amount of combustibles and volatiles of the material at various temperatures between 315°C (600°F) and 815°C (1499°F). This procedure should not be used to determine percent of binder content.1.1 This test method covers the determination of gasket material weight loss upon exposure to elevated temperatures.1.2 This test method may include hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and toughness at high temperatures.4.3 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load at a given temperature. Creep rupture tests provide a measure of the life of the material when subjected to constant mechanical loading at elevated temperatures. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for load-carrying capability which best defines the service usefulness of the material.4.4 Creep and creep rupture tests provide information on the time-dependent deformation and on the time-of-failure of materials subjected to uniaxial tensile stresses at elevated temperatures. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by test mode, test rate, processing or alloying effects, environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth. It is noted that ceramic materials typically creep more rapidly in tension than in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction should be obtained in both tension and compression.4.5 The results of tensile creep and tensile creep rupture tests of specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the creep deformation and creep rupture properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments or at various elevated temperatures.4.6 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tensile test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-dependent deformation and time-to-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites under constant tensile loading at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, allowable bending, temperature measurements, temperature control, data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1-D), bidirectional (2-D), and tridirectional (3-D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not address directly discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hazard statements are noted in 7.1 and 7.2.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature, and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at a sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the standard for iron-chromium-nickel, high-alloy tubes made by the centrifugal casting process intended for use under pressure at high temperatures. The tubing shall be supplied in the as cast condition or as cast with machining on the outside or inside surfaces. The material shall conform to the required chemical composition in carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, phosphorus, sulfur, and molybdenum. Tension test shall be performed in the tubing at elevated temperature and shall conform to the required values in tensile strength and elongation. Tubing shall meet several tests such as; pressure test, flattening test, and mechanical test.1.1 This specification covers iron-chromium-nickel, high-alloy tubes made by the centrifugal casting process intended for use under pressure at high temperatures.1.2 The grades of high alloys detailed in Table 1 are intended for applications requiring strength and resistance to corrosion and scaling at high temperatures.1.3 Optional Supplementary Requirements S1 to S11 are provided; these call for additional tests to be made if desired.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.4.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

3.1 The modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures has become accepted as a useful measurement in quality control testing and in research and development. These measurements are also used to determine the suitability of particular products for various applications and to develop specifications. The sample may undergo some oxidation during the test.3.2 In 1988, ruggedness testing was conducted on this test procedure. The following variables were studied:3.2.1 Testing temperature (2525 (1385) versus 2575 °F (1413 °C)),3.2.2 Air atmosphere versus argon atmosphere in the furnace,3.2.3 Hold time prior to breaking the sample (12 versus 18 min), and3.2.4 Loading rate on the sample (175 (778) versus 350 lb/min (1556 N/min)).3.3 Resin-bonded magnesia-carbon brick containing approximately 17 % carbon after coking were tested in two separate ruggedness tests. Metal-free brick were tested in the first ruggedness test, while aluminum-containing brick were tested in the second. Results were analyzed at a 95 % confidence level.3.4 For the metal-free brick, the presence of an argon atmosphere and hold time had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550 °F (1400 °C). The argon atmosphere yielded a lower modulus of rupture. The samples tested in air had a well-sintered decarburized zone on the exterior surfaces, possibly explaining the higher moduli of rupture. The longer hold time caused a lower result for the metal-free brick.3.5 For the aluminum-containing brick, testing temperature, the presence of an argon atmosphere, and loading rate had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550 °F (1400 °C). The higher testing temperature increased the measured result, the presence of an argon atmosphere lowered the result, and the higher loading rate increased the result.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures in air.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units and degrees Fahrenheit are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts at elevated temperatures. Castings shall be stress-relieved by placing them in a suitable furnace and heating them uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified. Castings to be used at a particular temperature range shall undergo heat treatment and cooling. Chemical analysis shall be performed on each class of castings and shall meet the maximum requirement for carbon, phosphorus and sulfur. Iron used in supplying castings shall conform to the required tensile strength. Separately cast test bars having the required dimensions shall be poured from the same lot as the castings represented. The test bars shall be cast in dried siliceous sand molds maintained at approximately room temperature. Tension test shall be performed on each lot and materials shall conform to the tensile requirements specified.1.1 This specification2 covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to 650 °F (350 °C).1.2 Classes of Iron: 1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450 °F (230 °C). For temperatures above 450 °F and up to 650 °F, only Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.1.2.2 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 230 °C. For temperatures above 230 °C and up to 350 °C, only Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to 350°C.1.2 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 230°C. For temperatures above 230°C and up to 350°C, only Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.1.3 This specification is the SI companion to Specification A278.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The parameters obtained from Methods A and B are in terms of undrained total stress. However, there are some cases where either the rock type or the loading condition of the problem under consideration will require the effective stress or drained parameters be determined. 5.2 Method C, uniaxial compressive strength of rock is used in many design formulas and is sometimes used as an index property to select the appropriate excavation technique. Deformation and strength of rock are known to be functions of confining pressure. Method A, triaxial compression test, is commonly used to simulate the stress conditions under which most underground rock masses exist. The elastic constants (Methods B and D) are used to calculate the stress and deformation in rock structures. 5.3 The deformation and strength properties of rock cores measured in the laboratory usually do not accurately reflect large-scale in situ properties because the latter are strongly influenced by joints, faults, inhomogeneity, weakness planes, and other factors. Therefore, laboratory values for intact specimens shall be employed with proper judgment in engineering applications. Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means for evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 These four test methods cover the determination of the strength of intact rock core specimens in uniaxial and triaxial compression. Methods A and B determine the triaxial compressive strength at different pressures and Methods C and D determine the unconfined, uniaxial strength. 1.2 Methods A and B can be used to determine the angle of internal friction, angle of shearing resistance, and cohesion intercept. 1.3 Methods B and D specify the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress-axial strain and the stress-lateral strain curves, as well as Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, υ. These methods do not make provisions for pore pressure measurements and specimens are undrained (platens are not vented). Thus, the strength values determined are in terms of total stress and are not corrected for pore pressures. These test methods do not include the procedures necessary to obtain a stress-strain curve beyond the ultimate strength. 1.4 Option A allows for testing at different temperatures and can be applied to any of the test methods, if requested. 1.5 This standard replaces and combines the following Standard Test Methods: D2664 Triaxial Compressive Strength of Undrained Rock Core Specimens Without Pore Pressure Measurements; D5407 Elastic Moduli of Undrained Rock Core Specimens in Triaxial Compression Without Pore Pressure Measurements; D2938 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens; and D3148 Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens in Uniaxial Compression. The original four standards are now referred to as Methods in this standard. 1.5.1 Method A—Triaxial Compressive Strength of Undrained Rock Core Specimens Without Pore Pressure Measurements. 1.5.1.1 Method A requires strength determination only. Strain measurements and a stress-strain curve are not required. 1.5.2 Method B—Elastic Moduli of Undrained Rock Core Specimens in Triaxial Compression Without Pore Pressure Measurements. 1.5.3 Method C—Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens. 1.5.3.1 Method C requires strength determination only. Strain measurements and a stress-strain curve are not required. 1.5.4 Method D—Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens in Uniaxial Compression. 1.5.5 Option A: Temperature Variation—Applies to any of the methods and allows for testing at temperatures above or below room temperature. 1.6 For an isotropic material in Test Methods B and D, the relation between the shear and bulk moduli and Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are: where: G   =   shear modulus, K   =   bulk modulus, E   =   Young's modulus, and υ   =   Poisson's ratio. 1.6.1 The engineering applicability of these equations decreases with increasing anisotropy of the rock. It is desirable to conduct tests in the plane of foliation, cleavage or bedding and at right angles to it to determine the degree of anisotropy. It is noted that equations developed for isotropic materials may give only approximate calculated results if the difference in elastic moduli in two orthogonal directions is greater than 10 % for a given stress level. Note 1: Elastic moduli measured by sonic methods (Test Method D2845) may often be employed as a preliminary measure of anisotropy. 1.7 Test Methods B and D for determining the elastic constants do not apply to rocks that undergo significant inelastic strains during the test, such as potash and salt. The elastic moduli for such rocks should be determined from unload-reload cycles that are not covered by these test methods. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. 1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.9.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers standard requirements for electric-fusion-welded steel pipe with filler metal added, for atmospheric and lower temperatures. The steel pipe shall be fabricated from a pressure vessel quality plate of several analysis and strength levels. Several grades and classes of pipe shall be provided. Grade shall designate the type of plate used while class shall designate the type of heat treatment performed during pipe manufacture. Class shall be designated as to whether the weld is radiographically examined, and as to whether the pipe is pressure tested. Steel samples shall undergo tension and transverse guided weld bend tests and conform to the specified mechanical requirements.1.1 This specification2 covers electric-fusion-welded steel pipe with filler metal added, fabricated from pressure vessel quality plate of several analyses and strength levels and suitable for high-pressure service at atmospheric and lower temperatures. Heat treatment may or may not be required to attain the desired properties or to comply with applicable code requirements. Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or examination is desired.1.2 The specification nominally covers pipe 16 in. [400 mm] in outside diameter or larger and of 1/4  in. [6 mm] wall thickness or greater. Pipe having other dimensions may be furnished provided it complies with all other requirements of this specification.1.3 Several grades and classes of pipe are provided.1.3.1 Grade designates the type of plate used as listed in 5.1.1.3.2 Class designates the type of heat treatment performed during manufacture of the pipe, whether the weld is radiographically examined, and whether the pipe has been pressure tested as listed in 1.3.3.1.3.3 Class designations are as follows (Note 1):Class Heat Treatment on Pipe Radiography, see Section Pressure Test, see: 10 none none none11 none 9 none12 none 9 8.313 none none 8.320 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 none none21 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 9 none22 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 9 8.323 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 none 8.330 normalized, see 5.3.2 none none31 normalized, see 5.3.2 9 none32 normalized, see 5.3.2 9 8.333 normalized, see 5.3.2 none 8.340 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 none none41 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 9 none42 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 9 8.343 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 none 8.350 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 none none51 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 9 none52 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 9 8.353 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 none 8.370 quenched and precipitation heat  treated none none71 quenched and precipitation heat  treated 9 none72 quenched and precipitation heat  treated 9 8.373 quenched and precipitation heat  treated none 8.3NOTE 1: Selection of materials should be made with attention to temperature of service. For such guidance, Specification A20/A20M may be consulted.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers electrical-fusion-welded steel pipe for high-pressure service at moderate temperatures. Heat treatment may or may not be required to attain the desired properties or to comply with applicable code requirements. An analysis of each mill heat of plate material shall be made, also, an analysis of the finished deposited weld material from each 500 ft or fraction thereof shall be made. The mechanical test requirements includes one tension test specimen to represent each lot of finished pipe, and one transverse-guided-weld-bend test (two specimens) to represent each lot of finished pipe. Also, radiographic examination shall be made on the full length of each weld.1.1 This specification2 covers steel pipe: electric-fusion-welded with filler metal added, fabricated from pressure-vessel quality plate of any of several analyses and strength levels and suitable for high-pressure service at moderate temperatures. Heat treatment may or may not be required to attain the desired properties or to comply with applicable code requirements. Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or examination is desired.1.2 The specification nominally covers pipe 16 in. [400 mm] in outside diameter or larger with wall thicknesses up to 3 in. [75 mm], inclusive. Pipe having other dimensions may be furnished provided it complies with all other requirements of this specification.1.3 Several grades and classes of pipe are provided.1.3.1 Grade designates the type of plate used.1.3.2 Class designates the type of heat treatment performed during manufacture of the pipe, whether the weld is radiographically examined, and whether the pipe has been pressure tested as listed in 1.3.3.1.3.3 Class designations are as follows (Note 1):Class Heat Treatment on Pipe Radiography,see Section Pressure Test,see Section       10 none    none    none11 none    9    none12 none    9    8.313 none    none    8.320 stress relieved, see 5.3.1    none    none21 stress relieved, see 5.3.1    9    none22 stress relieved, see 5.3.1    9    8.323 stress relieved, see 5.3.1    none    8.330 normalized, see 5.3.2    none    none31 normalized, see 5.3.2    9    none32 normalized, see 5.3.2    9    8.333 normalized, see 5.3.2    none    8.340 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3    none    none41 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3    9    none42 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3    9    8.343 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3    none    8.350 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4    none    none51 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4    9    none52 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4    9    8.353 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4    none    8.3NOTE 1: Selection of materials should be made with attention to temperature of service. For such guidance, Specification A20/A20M may be consulted.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is used to determine the mechanical properties in flexure of engineered ceramic components with multiple longitudinal hollow channels, commonly described as “honeycomb” channel architectures. The components generally have 30 % or more porosity and the cross-sectional dimensions of the honeycomb channels are on the order of 1 mm or greater.5.2 The experimental data and calculated strength values from this test method are used for material and structural development, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/production specifications.NOTE 1: Flexure testing is the preferred method for determining the nominal “tensile fracture” strength of these components, as compared to a compression (crushing) test. A nominal tensile strength is required, because these materials commonly fail in tension under thermal gradient stresses. A true tensile test is difficult to perform on these honeycomb specimens because of gripping and alignment challenges.5.3 The mechanical properties determined by this test method are both material and architecture dependent, because the mechanical response and strength of the porous test specimens are determined by a combination of inherent material properties and microstructure and the architecture of the channel porosity [porosity fraction/relative density, channel geometry (shape, dimensions, cell wall thickness, etc.), anisotropy and uniformity, etc.] in the specimen. Comparison of test data must consider both differences in material/composition properties as well as differences in channel porosity architecture between individual specimens and differences between and within specimen lots.5.4 Test Method A is a user-defined specimen geometry with a choice of four-point or three-point flexure testing geometries. It is not possible to define a single fixed specimen geometry for flexure testing of honeycombs, because of the wide range of honeycomb architectures and cell sizes and considerations of specimen size, cell shapes, pitch, porosity size, crush strength, and shear strength. As a general rule, the experimenter will have to define a suitable test specimen geometry for the particular honeycomb structure of interest, considering composition, architecture, cell size, mechanical properties, and specimen limitations and using the following guidelines. Details on specimen geometry definition are given in 9.2.5.4.1 Four-point flexure (Test Method A1) is strongly preferred and recommended for testing and characterization purposes. (From Test Method C1161 section 4.5: “The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-point flexural strengths. Three-point flexure has some advantages. It uses simpler test fixtures, it is easier to adapt to high temperature and fracture toughness testing, and it is sometimes helpful in Weibull statistical studies. However, four-point flexure is preferred and recommended for most characterization purposes.”)5.4.2 The three-point flexure test configuration (Test Method A2) may be used for specimens which are not suitable for 4-point testing, with the clear understanding that 3-point loading exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress, as compared to the much larger maximum stress volume in a 4-point loading configuration. Therefore, 3-point flexural strengths are likely to be greater than 4-point flexural strengths, based on statistical flaw distribution factors.5.5 Test Method B (with a specified specimen size and a 4-point-1/4 point flexure loading geometry) is widely used in industry for cordierite and silicon carbide honeycomb structures with small cell size (cell pitch ~2 mm). Test Method B is provided as a standard test geometry that provides a baseline specimen size for honeycomb structures with appropriate properties and cell size with the benefit of experimental repeatability, reproducibility and comparability. (See 9.3 for details on Test Method B.)NOTE 2: Specific fixture and specimen configurations were chosen for Test Method B to provide a balance between practical configurations and linear cell count effect limits and to permit ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull-size scaling.5.6 The calculation of the flexure stress in these porous specimens is based on small deflection elastic beam theory with assumptions that (1) the material properties are isotropic and homogeneous, (2) the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and (3) the material is linearly elastic. If the porous material in the walls of the honeycomb is not specifically anisotropic in microstructure, it is also assumed that the microstructure of the wall material is uniform and isotropic. To understand the effects of some of these assumptions, see Baratta et al. (6).NOTE 3: These assumptions may limit the application of the test to comparative type testing such as used for material development, quality control, and flexure specifications. Such comparative testing requires consistent and standardized test conditions both for specimen geometry and porosity architecture, as well as experimental conditions—loading geometries, strain rates, and atmospheric/test conditions.5.7 Three flexure strength values (defined in Section 3 and calculated in Section 11) may be calculated in this test method. They are the nominal beam strength, the wall fracture strength, and the honeycomb structure strength.5.7.1 Nominal Beam Strength—The first approach to calculating a flexure strength is to make the simplifying assumption that the specimen acts as a uniform homogeneous material that reacts as a continuum. Based on these assumptions, a nominal beam strength SNB can be calculated using the standard flexure strength equations with the specimen dimensions and the breaking force. (See Section 11.)5.7.1.1 A linear cell count effect (specimen size-cell count effect) has been noted in research on the flexure strength of ceramic honeycomb test specimens (7, 8). If the cell size is too large with respect to the specimen dimensions and if the linear cell count (the integer number of cells along the shortest cross-sectional dimension) is too low (<15), channel porosity has a geometric effect on the moment of inertia that produces an artificially high value for the nominal beam strength. (See Appendix X1.) With the standard elastic beam equations the strength value is overestimated, because the true moment of inertia of the open cell structure is not accounted for in the calculation.5.7.1.2 This overestimate becomes increasingly larger for specimens with lower linear cell counts. The linear cell count has to be 15 or greater for the calculated nominal beam strength, SNB, to be within a 10 % overestimate of the wall fracture strength SWF.NOTE 4: The study by Webb, Widjaja, and Helfinstine (7) showed that for cells with a square cross section a minimum linear cell count of 15 should be maintained to minimize linear cell count effects on the calculated nominal beam strength. (This study is summarized in Appendix X1.)5.7.1.3 For those smaller test specimens (where the linear cell count is between 2 and 15), equations for wall fracture strength and honeycomb structure strength are given in Section 11. These equations are used to calculate a more accurate value for the flexure strength of the honeycomb, as compared to the calculated nominal beam strength.5.7.2 Wall Fracture Strength, SWF, is calculated using the true moment of inertia of the honeycomb architecture, based on the geometry, dimensions, cell wall thickness, and linear count of the channels in the honeycomb structure. The wall fracture strength is a calculation of the true failure stress in the outer fiber surface of the specimen. (Appendix X1 describes the calculation as cited in the Webb, Widjaja, and Helfinstine (7) report). Section 11 on calculations gives the formula for calculating the moment of inertia for test specimens with square honeycomb channels and uniform cell wall thickness.NOTE 5: The moment of inertia formula given in Section 11 and Appendix X1 is only applicable to square cell geometries. It is not suitable for rectangular, circular, hexagonal, or triangular geometries. Formulas for those geometries have to be developed from geometric analysis and first principles.5.7.3 Honeycomb Structure Strength, SHS, is calculated from the wall fracture strength SWF. This calculation gives a flexure strength value which is independent of specimen-cell size geometry effects. The honeycomb structure strength value can be used for comparison of different specimen geometries with different channel sizes. It also gives a flexure strength value that can be used for stress models that assume continuum strength. (See Appendix X1.) Section 11 on calculations gives the formula for calculating the honeycomb structure strength for test specimens with square honeycomb channels and uniform cell wall thickness.5.7.4 The following recommendations are made for calculating a flexure strength for the ceramic honeycomb test specimens.5.7.4.1 For flexure test specimens where the linear cell count is 15 or greater, the nominal beam strength SNB calculation and the honeycomb structure strength SHS are roughly equivalent in value (within 10 %). The nominal beam strength SNB calculation can be used considering this variability.5.7.4.2 For flexure test specimens where the linear cell count is between 5 and 15, the nominal beam strength SNB calculation may produce a 10 % to 20 % overvalue. The SNB value should be used with caution.5.7.4.3 For flexure test specimens where the linear cell count is less than 5, the nominal beam strength SNB calculation may produce a 20 % to 100 % overvalue. It is recommended that the honeycomb structure strength SHS be calculated and used as a more accurate flexure strength number.5.7.4.4 If specimen availability and test configuration permit, test specimens with a linear cell count of 15 or greater are preferred to reduce the specimen linear cell count effect on nominal beam strength SNB to less than 10 %.5.8 Flexure test data for porous ceramics will have a statistical distribution, which may be analyzed and described by Weibull statistics, per Practice C1239.5.9 This flexure test can be used as a characterization tool to assess the effects of fabrication variables, geometry and microstructure variations, and environmental exposure on the mechanical properties of the honeycombs. The effect of these variables is assessed by flexure testing a specimen set in a baseline condition and then testing a second set of specimens with defined changes in geometry or fabrication methods or after controlled environmental exposure.5.9.1 Geometry and microstructure variations would include variations in cell geometry (shape dimensions, cell wall thickness, and count) and wall porosity (percent, size, shape, morphology, etc.).5.9.2 Fabrication process variations would include forming parameters, drying and binder burn-out conditions, sintering conditions, heat treatments, variations in coatings, etc.5.9.3 Environmental conditioning would include extended exposure at different temperatures and different corrosive atmospheres (including steam).5.10 This flexure test may be used to assess the thermal shock resistance of the honeycomb ceramics, as described in Test Method C1525.5.11 The flexure test is not the preferred method for determining the Young's modulus of these porous structures. (For this reason, the deflection of the flexure test bar is not commonly measured in this test.) Young's modulus measurements by sonic resonance (Test Method C1198) or by impulse excitation (Test Method C1259) give more reliable and repeatable data.5.12 It is beyond the scope of this standard to require fractographic analysis at the present time. Fractographic analysis for critical flaws in porous honeycomb ceramics is extremely difficult and of very uncertain value.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexural strength (modulus of rupture in bending) at ambient conditions of advanced ceramic structures with 2-dimensional honeycomb channel architectures.1.2 The test method is focused on engineered ceramic components with longitudinal hollow channels, commonly called “honeycomb” channels (see Fig. 1). The components generally have 30 % or more porosity and the cross-sectional dimensions of the honeycomb channels are on the order of 1 mm or greater. Ceramics with these honeycomb structures are used in a wide range of applications (catalytic conversion supports (1),2 high temperature filters (2, 3), combustion burner plates (4), energy absorption and damping (5), etc.). The honeycomb ceramics can be made in a range of ceramic compositions—alumina, cordierite, zirconia, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, graphite, and carbon. The components are produced in a variety of geometries (blocks, plates, cylinders, rods, rings).FIG. 1 General Schematics of Typical Honeycomb Ceramic Structures1.3 The test method describes two test specimen geometries for determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for a porous honeycomb ceramic test specimen (see Fig. 2):FIG. 2 Flexure Loading ConfigurationsL = Outer Span Length (for Test Method A, L = User defined; for Test Method B, L = 90 mm)NOTE 1: 4-Point-1/4 Loading for Test Methods A1 and B.NOTE 2: 3-Point Loading for Test Method A2.1.3.1 Test Method A—A 4-point or 3-point bending test with user-defined specimen geometries, and1.3.2 Test Method B—A 4-point-1/4 point bending test with a defined rectangular specimen geometry (13 mm × 25 mm × > 116 mm) and a 90 mm outer support span geometry suitable for cordierite and silicon carbide honeycombs with small cell sizes.1.4 The test specimens are stressed to failure and the breaking force value, specimen and cell dimensions, and loading geometry data are used to calculate a nominal beam strength, a wall fracture strength, and a honeycomb structure strength.1.5 Test results are used for material and structural development, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/production specifications.1.6 The test method is meant for ceramic materials that are linear-elastic to failure in tension. The test method is not applicable to polymer or metallic porous structures that fail in an elastomeric or an elastic-ductile manner.1.7 The test method is defined for ambient testing temperatures. No directions are provided for testing at elevated or cryogenic temperatures.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard (IEEE/ASTM SI 10). English units are sparsely used in this standard for product definitions and tool descriptions, per the cited references and common practice in the US automotive industry.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of this guide is to ensure that a functional system will result when considering the use of prefabricated panel or H-bar insulation systems. Both systems require a varying degree of pre-engineering and prefabrication so that the insulation will produce the specified thermal, mechanical and environmental design requirements Both the prefabricated panels and H-bar systems which can also be used in combination with each other are to be designed to:4.1.1 Limit loss of heat from insulated surface.4.1.2 Limit exposed surface temperatures for burn protection of personnel.4.1.3 Maintain optimum temperatures of the insulated equipment at or above a specified minimum value required for the proper operation of the equipment.4.1.4 Produce a system or assembly that is designed to provide allowance for thermal expansion; is structurally adequate; is of a weathertight construction; and incorporates design features that promote efficient removal for inspection, repair and maintenance where required.1.1 This guide describes design, fabrication, shipping, handling, jobsite storage, and installation of prefabricated panel and H-Bar insulation systems for vessels, ducts, and equipment operating at temperatures above ambient. Typical applications include, but are not limited to, air and gas ducts, steam generating units, air quality control systems, fans, storage tanks, process vessels, and coke drums1.2 The insulation described herein is limited to systems consisting of insulating units specially designed to fit the surfaces to be insulated, and engineered for the service and environmental requirements. The insulation unit may also include special design features which facilitate the removal and replacement for maintenance and inspection.1.3 When prefabricated panels are used, each insulation unit factory preassembled and typically comprised of the insulation, an outer lagging to which the insulation is attached, an inner retaining wire mesh, optional foil lining, and means for mechanically securing multiple units together in an assembly.1.4 H-bar systems represent insulation units that are typically comprised of the insulation, outer lagging and a uniquely configured subgirt design which both supports the insulation and provides a means for mechanically securing multiple units together in an assembly. The design of the subgirt creates an “H” configuration which is fabricated from light gauge sheet metal. The subgirt components consist of: (1) a “J-bar” shape which frames the perimeter edges of the surface to be insulated, holds the insulation in place along the outer edge and provides a screen attachment point for the outer lagging; (2) the “H-bar” shape is placed at defined intervals. The web section of the “H-bar” supports the insulation while the exterior flange allows for the outer lagging to be attached with threaded fasteners.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: When prefabricated panel or H-Bar insulation systems are specified, Test Methods C167, C177 and C1061, Material Specifications A36/A36M, A463/A463M, B209, C612, and Terminology C168 should be considered.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to measure the apparent viscosity of hydrocarbon resins at elevated temperatures. Elevated temperature viscosity values of a hydrocarbon resin may be related to the properties of coatings, adhesives and the like, containing such a resin.5.2 For hydrocarbon resins, values of apparent viscosity will usually be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the type of viscometer described in this test method operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, shear rate depends on the spindle and rotational speed selected for a determination; therefore, comparisons between apparent viscosity values should be made only for measurements made with similar viscometers under conditions of equivalent shear rate.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of hydrocarbon resins having apparent viscosities up to 2,000,000 millipascal seconds (mPa·s) (Note 1) at temperatures up to 300 °C [572 °F].NOTE 1: The SI unit of (dynamic) viscosity is the pascal second. The centipoise (cP) is one millipascal second (mPa·s) and is frequently used as a viscosity unit.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The significant features are typified by a discussion of the limitations of the technique. With the description and arrangement given in the following portions of this test method, the instrument will record directly the normal spectral emittance of a specimen. However, the following conditions must be met within acceptable tolerance, or corrections must be made for the specified conditions.5.1.1 The effective temperatures of the specimen and blackbody must be within 1 K of each other. Practical limitations arise, however, because the temperature uniformities are often not better than a few kelvins.5.1.2 The optical path length in the two beams must be equal, or, preferably, the instrument should operate in a nonabsorbing atmosphere, in order to eliminate the effects of differential atmospheric absorption in the two beams. Measurements in air are in many cases important, and will not necessarily give the same results as in a vacuum, thus the equality of the optical paths for dual-beam instruments becomes very critical.NOTE 4: Very careful optical alignment of the spectrophotometer is required to minimize differences in absorptance along the two paths of the instrument, and careful adjustment of the chopper timing to reduce “cross-talk” (the overlap of the reference and sample signals) as well as precautions to reduce stray radiation in the spectrophotometer are required to keep the zero line flat. With the best adjustment, the “100 % line” will be flat to within 3 %.5.1.3 Front-surface mirror optics must be used throughout, except for the prism in prism monochromators, and it should be emphasized that equivalent optical elements must be used in the two beams in order to reduce and balance attenuation of the beams by absorption in the optical elements. It is recommended that optical surfaces be free of SiO2 and SiO coatings: MgF2 may be used to stabilize mirror surfaces for extended periods of time. The optical characteristics of these coatings are critical, but can be relaxed if all optical paths are fixed during measurements or the incident angles are not changed between modes of operation (during 0 % line, 100 % line, and sample measurements). It is recommended that all optical elements be adequately filled with energy.5.1.4 The source and field apertures of the two beams must be equal in order to ensure that radiant flux in the two beams compared by the apparatus will pertain to equal areas of the sources and equal solid angles of emission. In some cases it may be desirable to define the solid angle of the source and sample when comparing alternative measurement techniques.5.1.5 The response of the detector-amplifier system must vary linearly with the incident radiant flux, or must be calibrated for linearity, and corrections made for observed deviations from linearity.1.1 This test method describes an accurate technique for measuring the normal spectral emittance of electrically nonconducting materials in the temperature range from 1000 to 1800 K, and at wavelengths from 1 to 35 μm. It is particularly suitable for measuring the normal spectral emittance of materials such as ceramic oxides, which have relatively low thermal conductivity and are translucent to appreciable depths (several millimetres) below the surface, but which become essentially opaque at thicknesses of 10 mm or less.1.2 This test method requires expensive equipment and rather elaborate precautions, but produces data that are accurate to within a few percent. It is particularly suitable for research laboratories, where the highest precision and accuracy are desired, and is not recommended for routine production or acceptance testing. Because of its high accuracy, this test method may be used as a reference method to be applied to production and acceptance testing in case of dispute.1.3 This test method requires the use of a specific specimen size and configuration, and a specific heating and viewing technique. The design details of the critical specimen furnace are presented in Ref (1),2 and the use of a furnace of this design is necessary to comply with this test method. The transfer optics and spectrophotometer are discussed in general terms.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers malleable iron flanges, pipe fittings, and valve parts, including parts to be assembled for use in railroad, marine, and other heavy duty service applications. The sizes, shapes, and dimensions of the fittings shall conform to the requirements specified. The iron shall be produced under constant control of chemical composition and physical properties. Records of the chemical composition of the iron and of the physical properties of the test specimens shall be systematically made and maintained.1.1 This specification covers malleable iron flanges, pipe fittings, and valve parts, including parts to be assembled for use in railroad, marine, and other heavy-duty service applications where fittings furnished in accordance with American National Standard for Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 150 and 300 (ANSI B16.3) are not considered adequate.1.2 Service shall include up to 650 °F (345 °C).21.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车