4.1 The asset management career field has many career disciplines (particularly asset management consistent with ISO 55000 definitions, concepts, and requirements) that support an entity’s activities. These career titles may include, but are not limited to, industrial asset management specialists, asset administrators, property asset management, operations, accounting, database management, contract management, motor vehicle managers, and so forth. Career professionals not only manage assets, but may also perform audits or self-assessments, develop policies and procedures for the management of assets, supervise asset management operations within and across their entities, or act as a primary interface to customers for asset management related matters.4.2 ISO 55001 and ISO 55002 recommend entities determine the competency of personnel performing asset management functions to ensure that personnel are competent to perform assigned asset management functions based on education, training, or experience, or combinations thereof. ISO 55002 recommends that human resource skills improvement and competencies should be included in the entity’s asset management training plans. (See Table 1.)4.3 Entity adoption of an AMCD program enables asset management professionals to become fully competent in their chosen career field and allows for career progression which, in turn, will assist the entity in retaining competent asset management professionals.4.4 A properly designed and implemented AMCD program leads to assurance that asset management professional and support staff are sufficiently competent to meet industry technical standards, customer expectations, and that competence is no less than similar activities that customers require, and are needed to maximize the value of assets and the elimination of waste, fraud, and abuse.1.1 This guide provides the principles for an Asset Management Career Development program including education and training for professional employees engaged in the practice of asset management.1.2 As a guide, this is the consensus of the asset management profession for the requirements for an Asset Management Career Development (AMCD) program.1.3 The use of this guide by the profession can improve professional competence, enhance value from assets, reinforce or establish adequate internal controls, encourage a broader and higher level of competency and thinking by its practitioners, reinforce the use of innovative and cost-effective practices, create greater commonality between all entities that perform asset management, and increase the ability of entities to respond to changing needs and business conditions.1.4 The AMCD program establishes the recommended education, training, and experience requisites necessary for asset management activities to adequately support the missions and objectives of an entity’s asset management operations, and therefore supports the entities’ missions.1.5 The AMCD program is predicated on multiple levels of professional competency and achievement based on a combination of academic education and training and professional experience.1.6 It is the responsibility of each entity that adopts this guide to confirm the appropriateness of any specific education and training offerings.1.7 This guide encourages a broad and continuous self-study practice for those within the profession as applicable knowledge and lessons learned are disseminated continuously from multiple sources.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this practice is to identify and define sustainable laundry Best Management Practices (BMPs) that are used in commercial laundry facilities to reduce their impact on the environment.1.2 It is recommended that users rely on professional judgment informed by both environmental expertise and specific knowledge of the intended use of this practice. This practice provides instruction on interpretation of the data obtained. Interpretation of the data results in a determination of whether a laundry implements enough BMPs to be certified as complying with the requirements of this practice.1.3 The users of this practice include laundry professionals and inspectors who possess a broad understanding of environmental issues related to the operations and maintenance of laundry facilities.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This guide presents a logical process for determining the usability of environmental data for decision making activities. The process describes a series of steps to determine if the enviromental data were collected as planned by the project team and to determine if the a priori expectations/assumptions of the team were met.This guide identifies the technical issues pertinent to the integrity of the environmental sample collection and analysis process. It guides the data assessor and data user about the appropriate action to take when data fail to meet acceptable standards of quality and reliability.The guide discusses, in practical terms, the proper application of statistical procedures to evaluate the database. It emphasizes the major issues to be considered and provides references to more thorough statistical treatments for those users involved in detailed statistical assessments.This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management projects.1.1 This guide covers a practical strategy for examining an environmental project data collection effort and the resulting data to determine if they will support the intended use. It covers the review of project activities to determine conformance with the project plan and impact on data usability. This guide also leads the user through a logical sequence to determine which statistical protocols should be applied to the data.1.1.1 This guide does not establish criteria for the acceptance or use of data but instructs the assessor/user to use the criteria established by the project team during the planning (data quality objective process), and optimization and implementation (sampling and analysis plan) process.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This practice addresses quality assurance criteria for operation of a mechanical coal-sampling system in accordance with Practice D 7256/D 7256M, Practice D 2013, and Practice D 4916. It provides recommendations for performance monitoring, inspection, and maintenance, which are necessary in maintaining a sampling system’capability to consistently obtain a representative sample.1.1 This practice is applicable to cross-belt, falling-stream, and auger sampling systems.1.2 Spacing of increments pertains to the kind of interval between increments. Intervals can be defined in quantitative terms, such as units of time or mass, or in terms of position over the lot.1.2.1 Spacing of Increments for Cross-Belt and Falling-Stream Samplers—Cross-belt and falling-stream type mechanical sampling systems take increments based on time, either at fixed time intervals or at random times during a fixed time strata. Some falling-stream samplers can take increments based on equal mass of coal sampled as determined by scales. The sections of this practice that pertain to cross-belt and falling-stream samplers describe procedures for only time-based sampling systems. This time-based inspection guideline will satisfy most criteria for mass-based or combination mass-based and time-based sampling systems. If there are items that are not covered, the inspector should refer to the manufacturer's literature.1.2.2 Spacing of Increments for Auger Sampling—The spacing of increments collected by auger sampling systems is defined in terms of position over the lot.1.3 It is essential that the inspector have the documentation listed in Section 2 of this practice when conducting an inspection.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 5.

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4.1 Motivation for the PMI comes from several organizational and application areas. For example:4.1.1 Supporting a distributed heterogeneous application architecture with a homogeneous distributed security infrastructure leveraged across the enterprise; providing user and service identities and propagation; and providing a common, consistent security authorization and access control infrastructure.4.1.2 Providing mechanisms to describe and enforce enterprise security policy systematically throughout the organization for consistency, maintenance, and ease of modification and to demonstrate compliance to applicable regulation and law.4.1.3 Providing support for distributed/service-oriented architectures in which enterprise-wide services and authoritative sources are protected by providing security services that themselves are also distributed using common interfaces and communication protocols.4.1.4 Providing “economies of scale” where it is desired to change the approach of individually managing the configuration of each point of enforcement to one that establishes a consolidated view of the safeguards in effect throughout the enterprise.4.1.5 Providing centralized control, management, and visibility to security policy across the enterprise and when connecting to other organizations. This allows for additional key features such as delegated administration, centralized policy analysis, and consolidated reporting.4.1.6 Providing a distributed computing security architecture allowing for synchronized security services that are efficiently maintained across the enterprise while also allowing for centralized policy control and distributed policy decision-making/enforcement. Ensuring proper security controls are enacted for each service and when used in combination.4.1.7 Provisioning incremental updates to policy and configuration data simultaneously across all distributed decision/enforcement points. Establishing and enforcing new policies not envisioned when individual applications were fielded and adapting to new requirements and threats. Managing identity and security implemented in a diverse mix of new and old technologies.4.1.8 Permitting an organization to grant, suspend, or revoke centrally any or all ability to connect to or access enterprise resources either individually or collectively and with the capability to enforce these policies at run-time.4.1.9 Supporting access decisions that are sensitive to a user’s credentials in addition to identity. For example, the user may have to be a licensed healthcare professional to access a medical record.4.1.10 Supporting Delegation—A user might delegate access for a resource to another user (for example, a physician might delegate access to his patient’s records to a specialist). This shows the need for a delegation capability for some applications.4.1.11 Supporting Sender Verification—When a user receives a signed document, he shall be sure the sender was, in some sense, authorized to sign and send the document. A simple example would be a prescription that shall be signed by a doctor. A simple identity certificate is insufficient, as it does not indicate the sender’s credentials (that is, that he is a doctor).4.1.12 Supporting Document Cosigning—Multiple examples exist in which more than one signature is required on a document (2). For example, a transcriptionist transcribes and signs a document, but it is not a valid part of the record until it is reviewed and signed by the primary care physician. Similar mechanisms can be used to provide cosignature controls when processing claims transactions. These types of applications require the ability to convey user authorizations (in assertions, credentials, authorization certificates, or possibly as extensions in identity certificates), to label documents and other objects with their security attributes (or to extract such attributes from the document), and to express authorization rules in machine-readable form.4.2 Existing standards, including ANSI X9.45, ISO 9594-8, IETFRFC 3280 X.509, OASIS SPML, SAML, WS-*, and XACML, define a number of mechanisms that can be used to construct a healthcare-specific PMI specification. This would include the following features:4.2.1 Privileges needed to access a target are conveyed in a claimant’s authorization credential. The claimant’s authorization credential may be an authorization certificate compliant with ISO 9594-8 (a particular form of attribute certificate) or a policy set description compliant with XACML or other referenced authorization standards.4.2.2 The sensitivity or other properties of the target being accessed may be held in a local database or in a signed data structure. This guide does not define a standard way to represent this information, since this is a local matter. It does provide guidance on how such information might be represented and manipulated using common mechanisms such as ASN.1 and XML. For a given target object, there may be multiple operations that may be performed; each such operation may have a different set of sensitivity attributes.4.2.3 The privilege policy may be held centrally, locally, or may be conveyed as a signed data structure. Different operations on a target may be subject to different privilege policies. This guide defines several standard policies, and applications may define additional policies.4.2.4 In the document authorization paradigm, cosignature requirements may be associated with a user or document, such that the signed document is considered authorized only if all necessary signatures are attached.4.2.5 Users may delegate privileges to other users.4.2.6 Users may be assigned to roles that convey permissions.4.2.7 Some authorizations may be sufficiently dynamic that it is not feasible to place them in an enterprise authorization infrastructure (that is, the cost of maintenance is too high given the short lifetime or rapid frequency of change of the privileges or constraints). Such authorizations may be kept in a local authorization server’s database and accessed as environmental variables.4.3 The remaining sections of this guide discuss mechanisms to convey privilege, sensitivity, and policy information in a distributed PMI.1.1 This guide defines interoperable mechanisms to manage privileges in a distributed environment. This guide is oriented towards support of a distributed or service-oriented architecture (SOA) in which security services are themselves distributed and applications are consumers of distributed services.1.2 This guide incorporates privilege management mechanisms alluded to in a number of existing standards (for example, Guide E1986 and Specification E2084). The privilege mechanisms in this guide support policy-based access control (including role-, entity-, and contextual-based access control) including the application of policy constraints, patient-requested restrictions, and delegation. Finally, this guide supports hierarchical, enterprise-wide privilege management.1.3 The mechanisms defined in this guide may be used to support a privilege management infrastructure (PMI) using existing public key infrastructure (PKI) technology.1.4 This guide does not specifically support mechanisms based on secret-key cryptography. Mechanisms involving privilege credentials are specified in ISO 9594-8:2000 (attribute certificates) and Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) (attribute assertions); however, this guide does not mandate or assume the use of such standards.1.5 Many current systems require only local privilege management functionality (on a single computer system). Such systems frequently use proprietary mechanisms. This guide does not address this type of functionality; rather, it addresses an environment in which privileges and capabilities (authorizations) shall be managed between computer systems across the enterprise and with business partners.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide provides network level PMS users with an outline of the basic components of a PMS to ensure the specific system the user selects or develops fulfills the agency needs and requirements.4.2 This guide may be used by agencies or organizations wishing to develop, evaluate, or refine a network level PMS.4.3 The basic components of the PMS described in this guide are location reference, information collection, database management, analysis, implementation, operation, and maintenance.4.4 Within each basic component a list of possible types of data, information, models, etc. are provided for consideration by the user agency. These lists are neither all inclusive nor exclusive. They are intended for guidance only.1.1 This guide outlines the basic components of a network level pavement management system (PMS).1.2 This guide is intended for use in the management of traveled pavement surfaces, including roads, airfields, and parking lots.1.3 This guide is not a standard method or practice, that is, it is not intended to provide a comprehensive PMS in a user specific application.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Use—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis for evaluating data for long term storage as they relate to environmental matters. The user may elect to apply this guide for any or all of these purposes:4.1.1 Determining an entity’s document retention policies;4.1.2 Designing and implementing a system for cataloging the documents stored under this guide;4.1.3 Documenting whether a property is subject to regulatory action;4.1.4 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks (for example, permits, plant, or process expansion) are being recognized at similar points in their lifecycle per Guide E3123;4.1.5 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks and liabilities are being managed to similar outcomes per Guide E3123;4.1.6 Supporting the determination of liability values per Guide E2137;4.1.7 Supporting due diligence analysis for proposed mergers, acquisitions, or spinoffs;4.1.8 Documenting key decisions on environmental liability provisions, reserves, budgets, and cash flow forecasts, including recognition benchmarks and obligating events (see Guide E3123);4.1.9 Providing documentation to support the identification and analysis of liabilities associated with:4.1.9.1 Certain remedial alternatives;4.1.9.2 Future land uses, property transfer, and redevelopment decisions;4.1.9.3 Land use alternatives for former landfills and chemically impacted sites; and4.1.9.4 Meeting regulatory requirements;4.1.10 Designing and implementing project and program controls;4.1.11 Defending against third-party lawsuits;4.1.12 Calculating insurance premiums;4.1.13 Making and settling insurance claims;4.1.14 Making purchase accounting adjustments;4.1.15 Preparing an audit defense; and4.1.16 Completing financial and investment analysis.4.2 Needs Regarding Document Formats—Preserve data across time, eliminate duplicate file collection, and maintain data and files in contemporary formats to avoid stranded/obsolete data.4.2.1 General Practice—Maintain documents in original format; every ten years, migrate files to a current version of the most popular application in the following categories:4.2.1.1 Spreadsheets;4.2.1.2 Databases;4.2.1.3 Text documents (such as pdf and word-processing files);4.2.1.4 Still images (such as JPEG and GIF);4.2.1.5 Video images;4.2.1.6 GIS files;4.2.1.7 E-mail; and4.2.1.8 In the case of paper and facsimile documents, photographs, photographic negatives, and motion picture film, digitization should be completed on the best available copy within ten years of creation (or as soon as possible).1.1 This guide describes good commercial and customary practice in documenting environmental risks, project, and program knowledge.1.2 Considering that management of environmental liabilities can span very long timeframes, users of this guide understand that preserving key findings, decisions, obligations, commitments, and guarantees for coming generations of project teams is essential to efficient management of associated assets and liabilities.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Competent information management is essential for safe and productive operation and regulatory compliance. A short list of the functions affected includes decision aids for navigation, communications, ship handling, machinery control, cargo operations, maintenance and repair, personnel records, and environmental protection.The shipbuilding and shipping industries have identified a need to develop comprehensive standards and guides for implementing computer-based shipboard data management systems.The FMS may include single or multiple SITPs and single or multiple LITPs and provides the means to integrate shipboard and shoreside computer systems with multivendor connectivity, distributed processing, and electronic data interchange between noncompatible networks, computers, workstations, and peripherals and maintain databases, which promote safety of life at sea, protection of the environment, and operational efficiencies throughout the life cycle of the vessel/fleet. The FMS may incorporate satellite gateways to coastal communication hubs providing access to land-based networks, such as telephone lines, facsimile, e-mail, and expanded satellite services through land earth stations.The SITP can be configured to provide the ship’control center with access to local control centers, such as for cargo operations, which may be located on the main deck.This guide has provisions relevant to all components of the FMS platform including the ship earth station, interface devices for subsystems and administrative systems connected to or forming part of the network, communication services, and certain land-based facilities under the direct control of the ship’management.It is the intent of this guide to provide guidelines for the design and implementation of open client/server architecture for computer and communication networks for shipboard and shore-based applications.This guide is intended to assist vessel owners, designers, shipyards, equipment suppliers, and computer service providers in the development of contract technical specifications, which detail the services to be supported, performance required, and criteria for acceptance for specific FMS installations.1.1 This guide provides an overview and guide for the selection and implementation by shipowners and operators of a Fleet Management System (FMS) network of computer services in a client/server architecture (see Fig. 1). The FMS is based upon a wide area enterprise network consisting of an unspecified number of Shipboard Information Technology Platforms (SITPs) and one or more shoreside Land-Based Information Technology Platforms (LITPs), which provides management services for the shipping enterprise. The FMS can be understood as a computer system comprised of one or more LITPs and one or more SITPs. It can be characterized as mission critical 24 × 365 (24 h/day, 365 days/year).1.2 The SITP (see Fig. 1) provides a set of software services, including:1.2.1 Communications Services, to communicate between vessels and with shore via multiple wireless communication technologies;1.2.2 Data Acquisition Services, providing access to shipboard system data as required for use by other systems and management purposes; and,1.2.3 Executive Services, providing software process administration and control.1.2.4 In total, the SITP provides the capability for multiple shipboard computer systems to share data with each other and to communicate with shore-based management or other vessels or both.1.3 The SITP is understood to consist of integrated hardware, software, a data repository, and standardized procedures, which provide the ability to send, receive, process, transfer, and store data or messages in digital form in a common mode from shipboard systems or administrative utilities or both, and from designated sources outside the network, for example, systems accessed through wireless communication services, such as satellite, VHF, HF, and so forth. Shipboard systems include navigational, machinery control and monitoring, cargo control, communications, and so forth. The SITP also will provide the capability for the remote administration and maintenance of associated computer systems aboard the vessel.1.4 The SITP requires an underlying hardware and network infrastructure, including a shipboard computer local area network (LAN), file servers, workstations, wireless communications transceivers, cabling, other electronic and optical devices, video display units, keyboards, and so forth.1.5 The SITP also requires underlying system software providing network operating system (NOS) services, DBMS services, and other system software.1.6 There also is a layer of shipboard application systems, which are designed to capitalize on the FMS infrastructure to share data with other shipboard systems and management ashore. Those systems also would be able to capitalize on the remote management capabilities of the FMS.1.7 The LITP is an asset that can exchange operating and administrative data from individual ships and maintain a DBMS to support fleet management and other maritime applications. The LITP will support data repositories, file servers, workstations or personal computers (PCs), and a communication hub providing connectivity to distributed satellite services, VHF (very high frequency), HF/MF (high frequency/medium frequency), and land lines. The DBMS makes possible the development of knowledge-based “decision aids” by providing the ability to retrieve, process, and analyze operational data.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all the requirements for a SITP, which forms a path for data for direct control of the operation or condition of the vessel or the vessel subsystems.1.9 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units of navigation equipment resident on the Navigation Equipment Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.10 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units resident on the Control, Monitoring, and Alarm Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.11 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units resident on the Communications Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.12 Values shown in this guide are in SI units.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required, based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.5.6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.1.3 Adoption of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) containing the goals, policies, procedures, organizational responsibilities, evaluation and reporting requirements, and other attributes of a quality management system including statement of DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met through application of quality control (QC) procedures that produce data that are scientifically valid for the purposes to which the data are intended. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice establishes expected outcomes associated with an asset management system.4.2 Understand the difference between performance standards and design standards—these are primarily performance statements versus design statements. What is being measured is achievement, not process.4.3 This practice encourages an inclusive understanding and communication of the outcomes associated with an asset management system. As additional standards are added, comparisons on this basis to other asset management systems can be further enabled.4.4 This practice, in combination with Practice E2279, should provide an enhanced basis for making decisions surrounding both assets and asset management systems.4.5 This practice is intended to foster and enable additional standard practices related to or based on the terms and concepts in the outcomes and outcome components. In particular, this practice may suggest a standard for personal and management skills useful in efforts to achieve these outcomes.4.6 This practice is to evaluate how robust the asset management system is, and guide future corrections and improvements.1.1 This practice describes expected outcomes associated with an asset management system. It is a measure of achievement rather than process and is performance oriented rather than design oriented.1.2 Outcomes are defined as information, events, objects, or states of being produced as a result or consequence of an objective, plan, process, accident, effort, or other similar action or occurrence and can be expressed in a quantitative or qualitative manner.1.3 An output measure is the tabulation, calculation, or recording of activity or effort and can be expressed in a quantitative or qualitative manner. For example, an output is driving 100 mph; an outcome is arriving safely.1.4 An outcome measure is an assessment of the results of a program activity compared to its intended purpose. This practice assumes that inputs are correlated to known or declared outputs of the system or system component being assessed.1.5 Consistent with Practice E2452 (EMPM), these outcomes are grouped into process management outcomes and operational outcomes.1.5.1 Although they may be directly related, strategies and tactics should not be confused with outcomes. Strategies are long-term plans of action designed to achieve a particular goal. Tactics are maneuvers or actions calculated to achieve some end. For example, increasing exercise is a strategy to attain the goal or outcome of fitness. Running is a supporting tactic to achieve the goal or outcome of fitness. Other tactics or groups of tactics may achieve the same outcome. On the other hand, as the definition of outcome indicates, tactics are not required for attaining outcomes. For example, fitness may be an unplanned result of a job requiring physical exertion.1.6 This practice describes the outcomes at a high level, with limited discussion of each outcome or components of each outcome. The intent is to provide a framework for current and potential additional standards. A cross reference relating current standards to the outcomes is provided in Section 5.1.7 The outcomes further described in Section 5 are listed in the following:1.7.1 Process Management Outcomes: 1.7.1.1 Outcome 1—Mission Support1.7.1.2 Outcome 2—Accounting and Accountability1.7.1.3 Outcome 3—Information Management1.7.1.4 Outcome 4—Planning1.7.1.5 Outcome 5—Relationships1.7.2 Operational Outcomes: 1.7.2.1 Outcome 6—Asset Functionality for Intended Purpose1.7.2.2 Outcome 7—Resource Optimization1.7.2.3 Outcome 8—Asset Visibility1.7.2.4 Outcome 9—Safety and Security1.7.2.5 Outcome 10—Installation, Movement, and Storage1.8 In Section 5, a rating scale is provided to quantify in a uniform manner achievement of outcomes and outcome components.1.9 This practice, in combination with Practice E2279, clarifies and enables effective and efficient control and tracking of assets and may provide an enhanced basis for making decisions surrounding both property and property management systems.1.10 This practice is intended to be applicable and appropriate for all asset-holding entities.1.11 This practice covers tangible assets and tangible property as defined in Terminology E2135. Consistent with the nomenclature used, individual portions of the practice may be applicable to more limited subsets of tangible assets, for example, to equipment and not to material.1.12 This practice assumes competence and subject matter expertise of those performing the assessment and those being assessed. (For example, as specified in the GAO Yellow Book.) The use of professional judgment by asset management professionals is required to achieve desired outcomes.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of more than 4700 synthetic organic chemicals. PFAS can withstand high temperatures and survive highly corrosive environments. They are used in the manufacture of coatings, surface treatments, and specialty chemicals in cookware, carpets, food packaging, clothing, cosmetics, and other common consumer products. PFAS also have many industrial applications and are an active ingredient in certain types of fire-fighting foams (aqueous film-forming foams, or AFFF). PFAS coatings resist oil, grease, and water. PFAS are persistent compounds. Therefore, PFAS should be considered for purposes of managing investigation-derived waste where PFAS is known or suspected to be present in environmental media.4.1.1 PFAS are emerging contaminants for which environmental regulations and guidance are dynamic and are being developed simultaneously at federal, state, local, and international levels as more is learned about their characteristics, environmental fate, and management/treatment. Therefore, site-specific rules, regulations, and guidance should be evaluated for options and restrictions on management of PFAS investigation-derived waste. For example, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection has determined that PFAS wastes are “hazardous materials” subject to the Massachusetts Oil and Hazardous Material Release Prevention and Response Act (M.G.L. Chapter 21E) and the Massachusetts Contingency Plan. Other states and jurisdictions may have or will develop and implement similar determinations that affect the on-site management, storage, and labeling and off-site transportation requirements for PFAS investigation-derived waste.4.1.2 Given the characteristics and persistence of PFAS compounds, PFAS investigation-derived waste presents special handling and treatment/disposal considerations. EPA recently issued Interim Guidance on the Destruction and Disposal of Perfluoralkyl and Polyfluoralkyl Substances and Materials Containing Perfluoralkyl and Polyfluoralkyl Substances (2020) (1)5. This interim guidance focuses on technologies for treatment and disposal that have the potential to destroy PFAS by breaking the carbon-fluorine bonds or controlling migration of PFAS in the environment (for example, secure landfilling). Although the interim guidance focuses on the destruction and disposal of residuals and wastes/waste byproducts from manufacturing activities, the guidance should be considered when evaluating treatment or disposal options for PFAS investigation-derived waste.4.1.3 PFAS investigation-derived waste may also contain other nonhazardous or hazardous substances or materials that may impact the options and requirements for management. The associated substances should be considered for proper characterization of the investigation-derived waste and in selecting containerization, labeling, handling, transportation, and disposal options. (2)4.2 Field investigation activities result in the generation of waste materials that may include PFAS. Investigation-derived waste may include monitoring well development water, purge water, soil cuttings from boreholes, sediments, soil or fill from excavation activities, solutions from decontaminating sampling equipment, personal protective equipment, and other sampling wastes (for example, paper towels, plastic sheeting).4.2.1 Soil cuttings, excess sample spoils, and excavated soil that are returned to the borehole/excavation may not be considered investigation-derived waste on sites in jurisdictions where regulations and guidance allow for this management option.4.2.1.1 The user must determine the disposal options for these materials in conjunction with the property owner, responsible party, and the regulatory agency.4.3 The primary objectives for managing investigation-derived waste during field activities include:4.3.1 Leaving the site in no worse condition than existed before field activities,4.3.2 Removing wastes that pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment,4.3.3 Segregating wastes above background or threshold concentrations,4.3.4 Complying with federal, state, local, regulations,4.3.5 Minimizing the quantity of investigation-derived waste, and4.3.6 Properly containerizing, managing, and disposing of investigation-derived waste.4.4 Container Labeling: 4.4.1 In accordance with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (3) or other applicable jurisdictional requirements, an “investigation-derived waste container” or “Waste Awaiting Designation” label shall be applied to each drum, intermediate bulk container, portable tank, or other container using indelible marking. Labeling or marking requirements for investigation derived waste are as detailed below and should be referenced in the site’s Health and Safety Plan and Sampling and Analysis Plan.4.4.1.1 Include the following information on labels and markings: project name, generation date, location of waste origin, container identification number, sample number (if applicable), and contents (that is, decontamination water).4.4.1.2 Apply each label or marking to the upper one-third of the container at least twice, on opposite sides.4.4.1.3 Position labels or markings on a smooth part of the container. The label must not be affixed across container bungs, seams, ridges, or dents.4.4.1.4 Use weather-resistive material for labels and markings and permanent markers or paint pens capable of enduring the expected weather conditions. If markings are used, the color must be easily distinguishable from the container color.4.4.1.5 Secure labels in a manner to ensure that they remain affixed to the container.4.4.2 Labeling or marking requirements for containers of investigation-derived waste that is determined to be hazardous material and is expected to be transported offsite must be in accordance with the requirements of U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) hazardous material regulations (see 49 CFR 172). Wastes determined to be hazardous waste or subject to state, provincial, or tribal regulation will be staged onsite in accordance with the requirements of U.S. EPA hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 262) or other applicable jurisdictional requirements regarding labeling and marking until disposal options are determined by the property owner, responsible party, or the site operator.4.5 Investigation-derived waste Container Movement Predetermine staging areas for investigation-derived waste containers in accordance with the site’s Health and Safety Plan and Sampling and Analysis Plan. Determine the methods and personnel required to safely transport investigation-derived waste containers to the staging area before field mobilization. Handling and transport equipment will be consistent with the associated weight for both lifting and transporting. Transportation of investigation-derived waste that is considered to be DOT hazardous material offsite via a public roadway is prohibited unless the requirements of 49 CFR 172 or applicable national regulations are met.4.6 Investigation-derived waste Container Storage4.6.1 Stage containerized investigation-derived waste awaiting results of chemical analysis at a pre-determined location on the site.4.6.2 Store containers such that the labels can be easily read.4.6.3 Provide a secondary/spill container for liquid investigation-derived waste storage (for example, drums and intermediate bulk containers shall not be stored in direct contact with the ground).4.6.4 The user must determine if federal, state, local, provincial, or tribal regulations impose additional requirements for the temporary storage of investigation-derived waste, including those pertaining to storage requirements and limitations for hazardous materials or hazardous wastes. These requirements may include periodic inspections of the containers and implementation of stormwater pollution prevention Best Management Practices (see 5.6).1.1 Existing guidance on the management of investigation-derived waste is focused upon cuttings, purge water, personal protective equipment, and other miscellaneous solid waste generated at property that may be impacted by the release of hazardous materials and hazardous substances. These hazardous substances include, but are not limited to, heavy metals, petroleum, petroleum byproducts, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic and inorganic corrosives, radioactive material, and explosives. Guidance on the management of investigation derived waste generated at sites that may be impacted by releases of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is limited. This standard guide addresses this deficiency1.2 This guide describes best practices for managing investigation-derived waste associated with PFAS that are consistent with federal and state policies and regulations at the date of issuance. The user is advised to determine if new regulations or rules have been promulgated by the state, federal, or tribal regulatory agency having jurisdiction over the property.1.3 This guide describes considerations to prevent the unintended and unauthorized disposal of liquid investigation-derived waste that may contain PFAS into wastewater treatment plants or systems that are not permitted to receive these waste streams.1.4 This guide describes considerations to prevent the unintended and unauthorized disposal of solid investigation-derived waste that may contain PFAS into landfills or other solid waste disposal facilities that are not permitted to receive these waste streams.1.5 This guide describes several stormwater pollution prevention best management practices applicable to investigation-derived waste.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A waste management plan based on the contents of this guide will provide for the successful identification of potential waste streams anticipated from decommissioning activities, and provide a clear and concise methodology for the handling of identified waste from generation to final disposition.4.2 The waste management plan will identify the general waste types, characterization, packaging, transportation, disposal, and quality assurance requirements for potential waste streams.1.1 This guide addresses the development of waste management plans for potential waste streams resulting from decommissioning activities at nuclear facilities, including identifying, categorizing, and handling the waste from generation to final disposal.1.2 This guide is applicable to potential waste streams anticipated from decommissioning activities of nuclear facilities whose operations were governed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or Agreement State license, under Department of Energy (DOE) Orders, or Department of Defense (DoD) regulations.1.3 This guide provides a description of the key elements of waste management plans that if followed will successfully allow for the characterization, packaging, transportation, and off-site treatment or disposal, or both, of conventional, hazardous, and radioactive waste streams.1.4 This guide does not address the on-site treatment, long term storage, or on-site disposal of these potential waste streams.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The use of this guide would be directed toward prudent business decision making, communications regarding GHGs emissions/control/reduction conditions, insurance, high-level analysis of potential reductions and/or remedies, budgeting, strategic planning for an entity’s management of GHGs produced in relationship to its business.4.2 Example Users: 4.2.1 Small businesses or enterprises;4.2.2 Service industries;4.2.3 Federal, state or municipal facilities and regulators, including departments of health and fire departments;4.2.4 Financial and insurance institutions;4.2.5 Waste managers, including liquid and solid waste haulers, treatment, recycling, disposal and transfer;4.2.6 Consultants, auditors, inspectors and compliance assistance personnel;4.2.7 Educational facilities;4.2.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping;4.2.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military.4.3 This guide is a first step in crafting simplified management goals for assessing, managing and reducing GHGs. The framework describes a process by which the user may categorize current carbon footprints and a priority approach to manage those risks. The technique classifies common responses for both mitigation and adaptation. The guide groups responses and examples into tiers based on the relative speed in responding to GHG emissions. The tier classifications found in this guide reflect the general structures of state, federal, and local response programs. These authorities generally classify groups of similar responses according to the timely availability and cost effectiveness of GHG responses.4.3.1 This guide presents basic principles and strategies in the U.S. for conducting baseline assessment and reasonable mitigation/adaptation strategic options on a corporate, or small business voluntary basis. The following principals apply to this priority system:4.3.2 Ability to set specific GHG goals for activities. These goals may include maintaining existing outputs of GHG while increasing a facility’s operations, or reducing GHG through engineering changes while maintaining current operations.4.3.3 Marketing environmental awareness and sensitivity;4.3.4 Assessing risks from future GHG events;4.3.5 Risk management, underwriting; loss control and history; premiums and claims;4.3.6 Liability assessment and qualifications for loans;4.3.7 Standardization, consistency, and certification of facility specific evaluations;4.3.8 Educating employees, clients, and customers;4.3.9 Generating multi media and cross medium information;4.3.10 Evaluating vendors, and4.3.11 Reducing costs and preventing pollution.4.4 Users may consider various benefits of GHG assessment and response.4.4.1 This guide is a basic primer on GHG impacts and may serve to introduce the subject for organizations unfamiliar with the principles.4.4.2 Some government enforcement agencies, fiduciaries and business organizations publish GHG strategies. Over 400 municipalities in the United States, for example, have signed the principles of international standards to address GHGs. The public has systematic ability to access or estimate information on individual businesses. Therefore, businesses need guidance on how to assess the nature and potential risks of GHGs, and a programmatic approach for reducing or eliminating those risks through energy conservation, pollution prevention, alternative and emerging technologies and other proactive management systems.NOTE 4: Users may wish to consider establishing data quality objectives, data management procedures, and documentation.4.4.3 Reduced operation and maintenance costs may be realized through a tiered evaluation of GHG response opportunities.4.4.4 Responses may be streamlined and simplified so that all levels in an organization may participate.4.4.5 Some enterprises may be more competitive in the marketplace with improved GHG response programs.4.4.6 Setting priorities can allow planning and evaluation of new GHG response requirements.4.5 Institutional Risks—Some of the risks posed by GHG include future actions taken by the Federal Government and state government agencies. Government programs will establish responses to GHG that include mandatory assessment, reporting and mitigation for various regulated entities. Early voluntary actions, including the use of this guide, may help organizations prepare for and reduce the impacts of future government regulations. Some of the possible government programs that may be instituted to address GHG are described below.4.5.1 The Carbon Tax.4.5.2 Cap on greenhouse gas emissions.4.5.2.1 Flexible versus rigid emission cap.4.5.2.2 With and without ceilings and floors on GHG allowance prices.4.5.2.3 Eligibility of domestic and international offsets for compliance.4.6 Managing Risk Uncertainty: 4.6.1 There is little doubt at the international level that greenhouse gases will continue to be regulated. However, there are still important questions regarding how large and how fast these regulatory changes will be implemented, and what effects they will have in different regions. The ability to predict future global levels of GHGs has improved, but efforts to understand the impacts of GHGs on society and analyze mitigation and adaptation strategies are still relatively immature.4.6.2 The tiered analysis in this guide will help support decision-making, studying regional impacts, and communicating with wider group of stakeholders in the face of uncertainty.4.6.3 The insurance industry has always played a role by insuring against weather-related risks, promoting stronger building codes, and better land-use decision-making.NOTE 5: Consequently, weather-related impacts are not addressed in this guide.4.6.4 Many GHG regulatory schemes require documentation and validation of baseline greenhouse gas production. Standard techniques are contained in ISO 14064–1, ISO 14064–2, ISO 14064–3: 2006-03-01, and in ISO 14065.1.1 Overview—This guide presents a generalized systematic approach to voluntary assessment and management of the causes and impacts of GHGs. It includes actions, both institutional (legal) and engineering (physical) controls for GHG reductions, impacts, and adaptations. Options for a tiered analysis provide a priority ranking system, to address the “worst first” challenges of a facility, addressing practicality and cost-benefit.1.2 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options consistent with basic principles and practices for GHG-related action. This guide encourages consistent and comprehensive assessment and management of GHG outcomes from facility and business operations.1.2.1 The guide also provides some high-level options for the monitoring, tracking and performance to evaluate the effectiveness of the commercial entity’s strategy to ensure that a reasonable approach is taken.1.2.2 This standard ties into the ASTM Committee E50 standards series related to environmental risk assessment and management.1.3 Objectives—The objectives of this guide are to determine the conditions of the facility and or/property with regard to the status of GHGs and actions to be taken to manage and reduce or offset those emissions.1.3.1 The guide provides a three-tiered decision strategy that focuses on business risk, cost-effective solutions in response to greenhouse gases, and related issues such as the need for energy independence.1.4 Limitations of this Guide—Given the variability of the different types of facilities that may wish to use this guide, and the existence of state and local regulations, it is not possible to address all the relevant standards that might apply to a particular facility. This guide uses generalized language and examples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recommended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals.1.4.1 Insurance Industry—The effects of GHG on insurers are not clear. The definition of an insurable occurrence and a commencement point for when insurable claims are made, along with when conditions were discovered and the actionable information leading to an insurable loss is not clear. It may be inappropriate to speculate on GHGs that are highly uncertain for purposes of insurance related to specific events.1.4.2 This guide does not take a position on the science of climate change, its association with anthropogenic greenhouse gases, or various mathematical models generated by international bodies.1.4.3 The guide does not address water vapor as a greenhouse gas.1.4.4 The guide only addresses anthropogenic greenhouse gases.1.5 The guide uses references and information on the control, management and reduction of GHGs from many cited sources such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ISO, the World Resources Institute, and the National Academy of Sciences.1.6 Several U.S.-based federal regulatory agencies served as sources of information on existing and anticipated regulation and management of GHGs including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Securities and Exchange Commission.NOTE 1: New Source Performance Standards regulating methane emissions from natural gas wells are codified in 40 CFR 60 Subpart OOOO.1.7 This guide relies on current regulatory information about GHGs from various state agencies, including the California Air Resources Board, the Massachusetts and Connecticut Departments of Environmental Protection, the Washington Department of Ecology, the Western Climate Initiative, and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is intended as a means for selecting the proper methods for measuring cyanide to conform to the International Cyanide Management Code guidance related to the analysis of cyanide bearing solutions. Cyanide is analyzed in process solutions and in discharges in order to apply code guidance; however, improper sample collection and preservation can result in significant positive or negative bias, potentially resulting in over reporting or under reporting cyanide releases into the environment.5.2 This guide contains comparative test methods that are intended for use in routine monitoring of cyanide. It is assumed that all who use methods listed in this guide will be trained analysts capable of performing them skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory applying appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide D3856.1.1 This guide is applicable for the selection of appropriate ASTM standard analytical methods for metallurgical processing sites to conform to International Cyanide Management Code guidance for the analysis of cyanide bearing solutions.1.2 The analytical methods in this guide are recommended for the sampling preservation and analysis of total cyanide, available cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide, and free cyanide by Test Methods D2036, D4282, D4374, D6888, D6994, D7237, D7284, and D7511.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice can be used to facilitate comparison of areas that have been measured but it does not specify what measurements must be conducted.4.2 This practice can be used in space programming and forecasting of space requirements.4.3 This practice can be used to classify areas for internal cost accounting purposes.4.4 This practice can be used to compare space use between organizations.1.1 This practice provides a definitive procedure for measuring and classifying floor area in buildings for use in facility management, specifying occupant requirements, space planning, and for strategic facility planning.1.2 This practice specifies the sequence in which to measure floor area.1.3 This practice is applicable to owned, rented, and leased buildings.1.4 Use Annex A1 to measure floor area in office facilities. The measurement practice in Annex A1 may also be suitable for use in other functional types of building which include offices, such as research, laboratory, or manufacturing buildings and building-related facilities.1.5 The practice in Annex A1 is not intended for use in lease negotiations with owners of commercial office buildings or related properties. For that purpose, refer to the American National Standard published by the American National Standards Institute under the designation ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996 and commonly known as the ANSI-BOMA standard.1.6 This practice is not intended for and not suitable for use for regulatory purposes, fire hazard assessment, and fire risk assessment.1.7 This practice was developed for use within North America and includes some rules comparable to ISO 9836 Performance Standards in Building—Definition and Calculation of Area and Space Indicators.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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