4.1 A petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants testing laboratory plays a crucial role in product quality management and customer satisfaction. It is essential for a laboratory to provide quality data. This document provides guidance for establishing and maintaining a quality management system in a laboratory.4.1.1 The word ‘customer’ can refer to both customers internal and external to the laboratory or organization.1.1 This practice covers the establishment and maintenance of the essentials of a quality management system in laboratories engaged in the analysis of petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants. It is designed to be used in conjunction with Practice D6299.NOTE 1: This practice is based on the quality management concepts and principles advocated in ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9000 standards, ISO/IEC 17025, ASQ Manual,2 and ASTM standards such as D3244, D4182, D4621, D6299, D6300, D7372, E29, E177, E456, E548, E882, E994, E1301, E1323, STP 15D,3 and STP 1209.41.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology consists of terms and definitions pertaining to the description, measurement, prediction, improvement, and management of buildings and building-related facilities, and, in particular, terms related to the standards generated by ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings.1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of technical terms, written for both the technical expert and the non-expert user.1.3 This terminology is one of a group of special terminologies, subsidiary to the comprehensive Terminology E631.1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order. Where definitions herein are adopted from other sources, they are copied exactly. The source is identified at the right margin following the definition and is listed in Section 2. The equivalent term in French is listed in parentheses after the English term.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 A key objective of all pavement management systems (PMS) is to provide a factual basis for improving the quality of decision making regarding the budgeting, design, programming, construction, maintenance, and operation of a pavement network. Quality decision making requires a current inventory of the pavement system, evaluation of the present condition and use of the pavement system, estimation of future condition, and the implications of any changes in condition.3.2 This guide may be used to identify data needs for pavement management by considering the use, generic type, and relative importance of the pavement. It can also assist in identifying methods for obtaining the data.3.3 Any data element selected for collection should have a specific use and be of value in providing information from the PMS for the decision-making process.3.4 The specific type of data needed to make informed pavement management decisions will vary with such factors as the size, complexity, and condition of the pavement network, the levels of service to be provided, the agency budget, and budgeting process. Further, since pavement management is a dynamic process responsive to changes in technology, the data needs for a particular agency may be expected to change over time. Accordingly, judgment invariably will be required in applying this guide to develop a hierarchy of data needs.1.1 This guide identifies data needs for pavement management systems. It also addresses the relative importance of various types of pavement data.1.2 This guide was developed for use by federal, state, and local agencies, as well as consultants who provide services to those agencies.1.3 This guide describes a process and provides a set of recommendations that any agency may use to develop a plan for acquiring pavement management data. Any individual agency may justifiably assign higher or lower priority to specified data items depending on their needs and policy.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice can be used in sampling drums, tanks, and similar containers and in sampling monitoring and waste wells including small-diameter (2.5 cm (1 in.)) wells. The pump can collect samples from multiple depths. The samples can be high-viscosity fluids, aggressive and corrosive fluids, high-purity solutions, and abrasive fluids. The pump can be used to mix samples (see Guide D6063).5.2 Peristaltic pumps use a vacuum to transport the samples. This vacuum may cause some degassing and loss of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the sample. When precise quantitative data for VOCs and dissolved gases are not required, peristaltic pumps may be used.5.3 The pump is self-priming, runs dry without damage, and is completely isolated from the pumped fluid. A sample can be taken on the intake or discharge side of the pump.5.4 Some additional advantages of the peristaltic pump are: decontamination of the pump motor is not necessary and the tubing in the pump is disposable and easy to replace. The pumps can be easily started and stopped and can pump fluids at a wide range of pressures and flow rates.5.5 The place, quality and quantity, frequency, and time of sampling are dependent upon the decisions that are to be made (see Practice D6250), sampling design (see Guide D6311), the sample, the heterogeneity of the samples (see Guide D5956), how representative the sample is (see Guide D6044), and the parameters to be tested as determined by the data quality objectives (DQOs) (see Practice D5792).1.1 This practice covers the use of a peristaltic pump for sampling liquids from multiple depths. It is applicable for a wide range of fluids including: high-viscosity fluids, aggressive and corrosive fluids, high-purity solutions, and abrasive fluids. It is especially useful for sampling liquids that require complete isolation from the pump.1.2 This practice includes the determination of sample depth, pump setup, and collecting a sample to be analyzed.1.3 This practice is not intended to give detailed instructions for running a peristaltic pump or to recommend which peristaltic pump to purchase. It instructs the field personnel how to connect the pump and collect a sample.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.4.2 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.4.3 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.4.4 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.4.5 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).4.7 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step-by-step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended for use by law enforcement, corrections, or other public safety agencies in planning and managing a body armor program. The overarching objective is officer safety and assisting with risk management.4.2 This guide was developed via a collaborative partnership between local, state, and federal public safety agencies, body armor wearers, vendors, fitters, and unions (for example, Fraternal Order of Police). The purpose is to guide law enforcement, corrections, or other public safety agencies in planning and managing a body armor program.4.3 A graphical overview showing all aspects and interrelated activities of planning and managing a body armor program is provided in Appendix X1 of this guide.1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist law enforcement, corrections, or other public safety agencies in planning and managing a body armor program.1.2 This guide addresses ballistic-resistant, stab-resistant, multi-threat, combination, concealable soft, hard plate, and tactical body armor.1.3 This guide specifically includes the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) body armor program as a provider of performance standards, guidance, and certification for body armor. While many countries recognize the NIJ body armor program, applicable certification programs of other countries should be consulted.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide establishes the minimum national standard for training the emergency medical technician (basic) to perform patient management techniques for patients of all ages. 1.2 This guide is one of a series which together describe the minimum training standard for the emergency medical technician (basic). 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.5.2 The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.5.3 While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample, and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping, and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Guide D4547).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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7.1 This specification is intended to be used by USS developers, CAAs, and others to assess USS conformance with this UTM specification.1.1 This specification is intended to be a global specification providing components that may be used to satisfy requirements expected to be common to many UTM-related regulations. This specification is not intended to comprehensively address all aspects of any particular UTM-related regulation or concept of operations. Similarly, because varying terminology for the same concept is frequently used across different regulations, readers should not expect an exact terminology consistency with any particular UTM-related regulation.1.2 This version of the specification is focused on strategic aspects of UAS operations, including strategic conflict detection, aggregate conformance of operations to their operational intents, constraint awareness, and situational awareness in the event of nonconforming or contingent operations. The intention is that this specification will evolve to address increasingly complex strategic aspects of UAS operations and potentially certain tactical aspects of UAS operations.1.3 This specification addresses the performance and interoperability requirements, including associated application programming interfaces (APIs), for a set of UTM roles performed by UAS Service Suppliers (USSs) in support of UAS operations.2 Roles are groupings of one or more related UTM services. A competent authority may choose to use the roles defined in this specification in establishing the granularity of authorizations granted to a USS. The roles defined in this specification are:(1) Strategic Coordination, comprising the Strategic Conflict Detection and Aggregate Operational Intent Conformance Monitoring services;(2) Conformance Monitoring for Situational Awareness (CMSA);(3) Constraint Management, comprising the Constraint Management service; and(4) Constraint Processing, comprising the Constraint Processing service.1.4 Section 4, Conceptual Overview, provides a description of each of the services and roles and includes further discussion on their scope.1.5 A regulator may choose to require that a USS support a minimum or prescribed set of roles and services and may adopt terminology other than USS for a software system that provides something other than that minimum or prescribed set of roles and services. However, for purposes of this specification, a USS is a system that provides one or more of the UTM services defined in this specification.1.6 A USS is not required by this specification to perform all roles or implement all defined services, providing business case flexibility for implementers. A typical USS that supports operators in the planning and execution of UAS operations may implement the Strategic Coordination, Constraint Processing, and CMSA roles. (Note that a USS providing CMSA for a UAS operation is required to also provide Strategic Coordination for the operation.) However, other implementations more limited in scope are possible. For example, a USS may implement only the Constraint Management role and be intended for use only by authorized constraint providers; or, a USS may implement only the Constraint Processing role to provide general airspace awareness to users independent of planning UAS flights. USSs may also provide additional, value-added capabilities and still be compliant with this specification as long as the value-added capabilities do not conflict with the services defined in this specification, and the implementation of services defined in this specification conforms to the applicable requirements.1.7 A USS may also support other UTM roles such as Remote ID and airspace access (for example, the FAA’s LAANC), specified in other documents.1.8 This specification addresses aspects common to all roles and services, such as Discovery and Synchronization Services (DSS), security, auditing, and handling of off-nominal cases (for example, USS or DSS failures).1.9 Additional services or enhancements to the current services will be added to subsequent versions of this specification. Appendix X2, Future Work Items, identifies a set of these items.1.10 The safety case for this version of the specification, summarized in Appendix X4, is limited to strategic deconfliction, which is accomplished using the services provided by the Strategic Coordination role. This analysis does not constitute a full safety case for any particular operator or set of operations, which will have their own unique factors and variables. It does help operators understand, however, the contribution of using strategic deconfliction to their safety case and what the key variables are in increasing or decreasing the contribution. Using assumptions similar to those documented in Appendix X4, strategic deconfliction reduces the probability of midair collisions by approximately two to three orders of magnitude, with the rate of off-nominal events and participation being the key variables.1.11 Of particular note, this version of this specification does not establish requirements for fairness or equitable airspace access among UAS operations, but instead includes requirements for the logging of information that will inform future requirements in this area.1.12 Usage: 1.12.1 In a region where participating UAS operators voluntarily agree to or are required by the competent authority to comply with this specification, it enables strategically deconflicted UAS operations as well as situational awareness for operations that may not be required to be strategically deconflicted. This specification is not dependent upon the use of segregated or nonsegregated airspace.1.12.2 For regions where this specification is required by a competent authority, this specification assumes regulations established by the competent authority (or its delegate) identify any prioritization of operations and whether or not strategic conflicts are allowed between operations of the same priority. For example, it may be legal in some jurisdictions for recreational operations to share airspace and have overlapping operational intents, relying on UAS personnel to coordinate and maintain visual separation; whereas in other jurisdictions, this may not be allowed. The specification takes no position on allowed or disallowed strategic conflicts. Instead it addresses requirements for when conflicts are allowed by regulations (for example, notifications to involved USSs and UAS personnel) and for when conflicts are not allowed (for example, replanning, inability to activate an operation with nonallowed conflicts).1.12.3 This specification is not intended to address the complete safety case for air collision risk. It provides a mechanism to address one portion of a safety case, specifically the strategic separation of participating UAS from other participating UAS. Other technologies or procedures, outside the scope of this specification, may be required to mitigate air risk with nonparticipating aircraft and to address other aspects of a complete safety case for air collision risk.1.12.4 Through the use of constraints, this specification also provides awareness of geographically and time-limited airspace information to USS, UAS personnel, or the operator’s automation, or combinations thereof. In circumstances where a constraint is used to represent the volume within which a manned operation is planned, it provides a mechanism to address the strategic separation of participating UAS from the manned flight. However, USS responsibility is limited to providing awareness of constraints, and it is the responsibility of the UAS personnel to comply with any regulatory aspect of constraints.1.13 Applicability: 1.13.1 This specification applies to operations conducted in a connected environment, meaning the UAS personnel have access to the USS (typically by means of the internet) and connectivity to the Unmanned Aircraft (UA). This specification anticipates and accommodates limited gaps in connectivity, but does not purport to address operations in locations where persistent connectivity is unavailable.1.13.2 This specification does not purport to address tactical conflicts between UAS. Notifications and data sharing requirements in this specification associated with Strategic Conflict Detection and Conformance Monitoring for Situational Awareness may be useful in aiding some tactical conflict detection and dynamic rerouting capabilities. However, those capabilities are beyond the scope of this specification, and an implementation cannot assert compliance for tactical conflict detection or dynamic rerouting using this specification.1.13.3 This specification does not purport to address conflicts between UAS and manned aircraft outside of instances where a manned operation is encapsulated in a constraint.1.13.4 This specification does not purport to address authorization for UAS to operate in controlled or uncontrolled airspace.1.13.5 This specification does not purport to address UAS that are not participating in UTM.1.14 Relationship to Other International UTM Standards and Specifications: 1.14.1 It is an objective of this specification to be compatible with certain UTM specifications that address common subject matter and are developed under other standards development organizations (SDOs).1.14.2 The existence of multiple specifications on the same subject matter can occur when the regulatory environment in a region requires that a necessary specification be developed by a particular SDO. In these cases, ASTM International seeks to establish a cooperation arrangement with the applicable SDO to ensure consistency between the related specifications.1.14.3 This specification also seeks to support an international audience where differing regulatory requirements can exist. Where practical, this specification accommodates the differing requirements through a superset approach using a variety of techniques such as optional features and features that are configured to support a particular regulatory ruleset.1.14.4 A summary of related specifications and the techniques used to achieve compatibility is provided in Appendix X3.1.15 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.15.1 Units of measurement included in this specification:cm centimeterskm kilometersm metersdeg, ° degrees of latitude and longitude, compass directions secondsHz Hertz (frequency)time unless otherwise specified, formatted in accordance with IETF RFC 33391.16 Table of Contents: Title Section 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Conceptual Overview 4Performance Requirements 5Test Methods:     6   7  Hazards 8  Test Units 9  Procedure 10  Product Marking 11  Packaging and Package Marking 12  Precision and Bias 13Keywords 14Table of Values Annex A1Interoperability Requirements and DSS Testing Annex A2USS-DSS and USS-USS OpenAPI YAML Description Annex A3Reference Architectures for Interoperability Security Controls Appendix X1Future Work Items Appendix X2Compatibility with Related Standards Appendix X3Safety Case for Strategic Deconfliction Appendix X4Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Appendix X5UTM Ecosystem Testing Strategy Appendix X6List of Working Group Participants and Contributors Appendix X7Related Material  1.17 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.18 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.4.2 The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.4.3 This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.4.4 To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting, or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project-specific instructions or data quality objectives.1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide will evaluate sample data that contain a high level of uncertainty for decision-making purposes and, where it is feasible, design a statistical study to estimate and reduce the sources of uncertainty. Oftentimes, historical data may be available and adequate for this purpose and no new study is needed.3.1.1 This approach will help the stakeholders better understand where the greatest sources of uncertainty are in the sampling and analysis process. Resources can be directed to where they can most reduce the overall uncertainty.3.1.2 Sampling and analysis design under this approach can often be cost-efficient because (a) the reduction in uncertainty can be done by statistical means alone and (b) the reduction can be translated into a lower number of analyses.This guide is limited to the situation where a decision is based on the mean of a population. It will only include discussions of a balanced design for the collection and analysis of sample data in order to estimate the sources of uncertainty. References to unbalanced designs are provided where appropriate.1.1 Waste management decisions generally involve uncertainty because of the fact that decisions are based on the use of sample data. When uncertainty can be reduced or controlled, a better decision can be achieved. One way to reduce or control uncertainty is through the estimation and control of the components contributing to the overall uncertainty (or variance). Control of the sizes of these variance components is an optimization process. The optimizations results can be used to either improve an existing sampling and analysis plan (if it should be found to be inadequate for decision-making purposes) or to optimize a new plan by directing resources to where the overall variance can be reduced the most.1.2 Estimation of the variance components from the total variance starts with the sampling and measurement process. The process involves two different kinds of uncertainties: random and systematic. The former is associated with imprecision of the data, while the latter is associated with bias of the data. This guide will discuss only sources of uncertainty of a random nature.1.3 There may be many sources of uncertainty in waste management decisions. However, this guide does not intend to address the issue of how these sources are identified. It is the responsibility of the stakeholders and their technical staff to analyze the sampling and measurement processes in order to identify the potentially significant sources of uncertainty. After identifying these sources, this guide will provide guidance on how to collect and analyze data to obtain an estimate of the total uncertainty and its components.

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4.1 The intent of this guide is to provide a foundation for the minimum effective internal assessment of a contractor’s government asset management system. A contractor may incorporate all or part of this guide in accordance with its established procedures and operating environment. Self-assessment should be used to identify deficiencies, related increases to risk, and to serve as a method for obtaining correction to those deficiencies, independent of, and often in advance of, a government audit, review or assessment. It should also be used to assist in determining the effective assignment of asset management resources; and to serve as a method for promoting continuous improvement in asset management practices. Self-assessments, in and of themselves may not be sufficiently independent to address external or government review, assessment, or audit requirements.4.2 To the extent possible, a Contractor Self-Assessment (CSA) program should provide a level of objectivity like that of an asset management system analysis performed by a government or other external auditor. Individuals who perform assessments should not be the same individuals who perform the functions being tested when enough resources are available. The contractor’s official written procedures should identify functional positions responsible for performing the self-assessment and address management controls used to maintain independence and prevent conflicts of interest whenever individuals who perform property functions also participate in CSA activities.4.3 The results of the CSA alone do not determine adequacy or inadequacy of the contractor’s government asset management system but should identify the level of risk presented by the contractor’s business practices. The results of the CSA should be made available to external auditors or reviewers for potential inclusion in their audits or reports in accordance with contractual requirements and the contractor’s procedures.1.1 This guide is intended to be used by entities engaged in contracts with the Government of the United States of America.1.2 This guide applies to the current version of the FAR Government Property clause 52.245-1 dated January 2017. Entities with earlier or subsequently dated requirements/contracts should address any contractual difference when applying this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Use—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis for evaluating data for long term storage as they relate to environmental matters. The user may elect to apply this guide for any or all of these purposes:4.1.1 Determining an entity’s document retention policies;4.1.2 Designing and implementing a system for cataloging the documents stored under this guide;4.1.3 Documenting whether a property is subject to regulatory action;4.1.4 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks (for example, permits, plant, or process expansion) are being recognized at similar points in their lifecycle per Guide E3123;4.1.5 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks and liabilities are being managed to similar outcomes per Guide E3123;4.1.6 Supporting the determination of liability values per Guide E2137;4.1.7 Supporting due diligence analysis for proposed mergers, acquisitions, or spinoffs;4.1.8 Documenting key decisions on environmental liability provisions, reserves, budgets, and cash flow forecasts, including recognition benchmarks and obligating events (see Guide E3123);4.1.9 Providing documentation to support the identification and analysis of liabilities associated with:4.1.9.1 Certain remedial alternatives;4.1.9.2 Future land uses, property transfer, and redevelopment decisions;4.1.9.3 Land use alternatives for former landfills and chemically impacted sites; and4.1.9.4 Meeting regulatory requirements;4.1.10 Designing and implementing project and program controls;4.1.11 Defending against third-party lawsuits;4.1.12 Calculating insurance premiums;4.1.13 Making and settling insurance claims;4.1.14 Making purchase accounting adjustments;4.1.15 Preparing an audit defense; and4.1.16 Completing financial and investment analysis.4.2 Needs Regarding Document Formats—Preserve data across time, eliminate duplicate file collection, and maintain data and files in contemporary formats to avoid stranded/obsolete data.4.2.1 General Practice—Maintain documents in original format; every ten years, migrate files to a current version of the most popular application in the following categories:4.2.1.1 Spreadsheets;4.2.1.2 Databases;4.2.1.3 Text documents (such as pdf and word-processing files);4.2.1.4 Still images (such as JPEG and GIF);4.2.1.5 Video images;4.2.1.6 GIS files;4.2.1.7 E-mail; and4.2.1.8 In the case of paper and facsimile documents, photographs, photographic negatives, and motion picture film, digitization should be completed on the best available copy within ten years of creation (or as soon as possible).1.1 This guide describes good commercial and customary practice in documenting environmental risks, project, and program knowledge.1.2 Considering that management of environmental liabilities can span very long timeframes, users of this guide understand that preserving key findings, decisions, obligations, commitments, and guarantees for coming generations of project teams is essential to efficient management of associated assets and liabilities.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Competent information management is essential for safe and productive operation and regulatory compliance. A short list of the functions affected includes decision aids for navigation, communications, ship handling, machinery control, cargo operations, maintenance and repair, personnel records, and environmental protection.The shipbuilding and shipping industries have identified a need to develop comprehensive standards and guides for implementing computer-based shipboard data management systems.The FMS may include single or multiple SITPs and single or multiple LITPs and provides the means to integrate shipboard and shoreside computer systems with multivendor connectivity, distributed processing, and electronic data interchange between noncompatible networks, computers, workstations, and peripherals and maintain databases, which promote safety of life at sea, protection of the environment, and operational efficiencies throughout the life cycle of the vessel/fleet. The FMS may incorporate satellite gateways to coastal communication hubs providing access to land-based networks, such as telephone lines, facsimile, e-mail, and expanded satellite services through land earth stations.The SITP can be configured to provide the ship’control center with access to local control centers, such as for cargo operations, which may be located on the main deck.This guide has provisions relevant to all components of the FMS platform including the ship earth station, interface devices for subsystems and administrative systems connected to or forming part of the network, communication services, and certain land-based facilities under the direct control of the ship’management.It is the intent of this guide to provide guidelines for the design and implementation of open client/server architecture for computer and communication networks for shipboard and shore-based applications.This guide is intended to assist vessel owners, designers, shipyards, equipment suppliers, and computer service providers in the development of contract technical specifications, which detail the services to be supported, performance required, and criteria for acceptance for specific FMS installations.1.1 This guide provides an overview and guide for the selection and implementation by shipowners and operators of a Fleet Management System (FMS) network of computer services in a client/server architecture (see Fig. 1). The FMS is based upon a wide area enterprise network consisting of an unspecified number of Shipboard Information Technology Platforms (SITPs) and one or more shoreside Land-Based Information Technology Platforms (LITPs), which provides management services for the shipping enterprise. The FMS can be understood as a computer system comprised of one or more LITPs and one or more SITPs. It can be characterized as mission critical 24 × 365 (24 h/day, 365 days/year).1.2 The SITP (see Fig. 1) provides a set of software services, including:1.2.1 Communications Services, to communicate between vessels and with shore via multiple wireless communication technologies;1.2.2 Data Acquisition Services, providing access to shipboard system data as required for use by other systems and management purposes; and,1.2.3 Executive Services, providing software process administration and control.1.2.4 In total, the SITP provides the capability for multiple shipboard computer systems to share data with each other and to communicate with shore-based management or other vessels or both.1.3 The SITP is understood to consist of integrated hardware, software, a data repository, and standardized procedures, which provide the ability to send, receive, process, transfer, and store data or messages in digital form in a common mode from shipboard systems or administrative utilities or both, and from designated sources outside the network, for example, systems accessed through wireless communication services, such as satellite, VHF, HF, and so forth. Shipboard systems include navigational, machinery control and monitoring, cargo control, communications, and so forth. The SITP also will provide the capability for the remote administration and maintenance of associated computer systems aboard the vessel.1.4 The SITP requires an underlying hardware and network infrastructure, including a shipboard computer local area network (LAN), file servers, workstations, wireless communications transceivers, cabling, other electronic and optical devices, video display units, keyboards, and so forth.1.5 The SITP also requires underlying system software providing network operating system (NOS) services, DBMS services, and other system software.1.6 There also is a layer of shipboard application systems, which are designed to capitalize on the FMS infrastructure to share data with other shipboard systems and management ashore. Those systems also would be able to capitalize on the remote management capabilities of the FMS.1.7 The LITP is an asset that can exchange operating and administrative data from individual ships and maintain a DBMS to support fleet management and other maritime applications. The LITP will support data repositories, file servers, workstations or personal computers (PCs), and a communication hub providing connectivity to distributed satellite services, VHF (very high frequency), HF/MF (high frequency/medium frequency), and land lines. The DBMS makes possible the development of knowledge-based “decision aids” by providing the ability to retrieve, process, and analyze operational data.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all the requirements for a SITP, which forms a path for data for direct control of the operation or condition of the vessel or the vessel subsystems.1.9 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units of navigation equipment resident on the Navigation Equipment Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.10 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units resident on the Control, Monitoring, and Alarm Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.11 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units resident on the Communications Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.12 Values shown in this guide are in SI units.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Coordination of response and recovery support cannot be performed well if the EOC team lacks an appropriate operating environment. An operating environment that increases stress in staff or hinders the ability to perform basic tasks will ultimately degrade the effectiveness of the EOC team. EOC management must be accomplished in parallel with incident management support and should be transparent to the EOC team. EOC management must also be consistent with and support the incident management system used by the EOC team (for example, the Incident Command System mandated for use in the United States under the National Incident Management System). Effective EOC management can be attributed to good preplanning and related training. This guide provides the emergency management community with practical concepts and approaches for effective EOC management.1.1 This guide provides general guidelines for the management of an emergency operations center (EOC) prior to, during, and after activation for emergency or disaster support.1.2 An EOC is where the coordination of response and recovery support is performed, but the EOC is also a physical location that generates its own demands. For the EOC team to perform effectively, the physical and organizational demands of the EOC as a facility must be met. EOC management is distinct from the operational management of the incident.1.3 This guide may also serve as a foundation for management of a smaller facility such as a department operations center (DOC), larger facilities such as a regional operations center (ROC), or state operations center (SOC) with a broader area of responsibility and more extensive need to communicate and coordinate with others.1.4 This guide applies to fixed facilities and does not specifically address portable or field-deployable EOCs at temporary locations, virtual EOCs using communications technology to link geographically separated participants, or EOC relocation under a Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP). However, elements within this document will apply to these situations.1.5 This guide is the second in a series regarding the EOC. For the Standard Guide for EOC Development, see Guide E2668.1.6 This document includes some references and terminology specific to the United States of America but may be adapted for use elsewhere.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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