4.1 In-line meters provide a rapid means of detecting moisture content of lumber or wood products in processing (that is, on a continuous production line). Two major uses are monitoring the performance of the drying process (air drying, kiln drying), and providing sorting or identification of material at predetermined levels of moisture content. These measurements are inferential in the sense that physical measurements are made and compared against calibration curves to obtain an indirect measure of moisture content. These measurements are influenced by one or more physical properties such as actual moisture content (average and gradient; see Appendix X5), density, surface moisture, chemical composition, size, and temperature of wood. In addition, the measurements are also influenced by environmental conditions and the design specifications of the meter. The best performance is obtained by an awareness of the effect of each parameter on the meter output and correction of readings as specified by these test methods.4.2 The two major anticipated users of these test methods are instrument manufacturers whose primary concern is laboratory standardization and calibration, and instrument owners whose primary concern is field standardization and calibration. These test methods present the laboratory and the field as separate tracks (see Appendix X2).4.2.1 Laboratory Standardization and Calibration—This portion of these test methods is intended for guidance of equipment manufacturers. Specific test recommendations are tailored to the capabilities of a laboratory environment.4.2.2 Field Standardization and Calibration—The predominant use of in-line meters is in production in which lumber characteristics and environmental conditions reflect actual mill processes. Field standardization and calibration is essential to address or encompass much of the variability in production.NOTE 1: Applications using the output of the in-line moisture meter can modify the meter output signals or have inherent response characteristics that are not representative of the meter.1.1 These test methods apply to instruments designed to detect, or measure, moisture in wood which has been dried below the fiber saturation point. The purpose of these tests is to provide a unified standard against which such systems can demonstrate their suitability for their intended use (see Appendix X1).1.1.1 Sensitivity to thin layers of surface moisture such as caused by dew or brief rain exposure is not addressed by these methods. Certain applications, such as screening material for surface adhesion, require additional assessment methodology and criteria (see Appendix X5).1.2 The standard is configured to support tests by moisture meter manufacturers as well as end-users of such systems, therefore the text follows two tracks (see Appendix X2).1.3 Test methods specified for manufacturers are generally designed for laboratory settings and are intended to provide a standard against which a manufacturer certifies calibration and general system conformance.1.4 Test methods for end-users are generally designed for field settings and are intended as a standardized set of procedures for determining the suitability of a specific machine for a particular use.1.5 Applications such as lumber marking or sorting systems utilizing the output of the in-line meter are not part of this standard.1.6 Applications requiring sensitivity to and identification of localized wet areas are limited to general recommendations. The presence of wet-spots is the subject of Appendix X8.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is sufficiently accurate for usual purposes, such as adjusting batch quantities of ingredients for concrete. It will generally measure the moisture in the test sample more reliably than the sample can be made to represent the aggregate supply. In cases where the aggregate itself is altered by heat, or where more refined measurement is required, the test should be conducted using a ventilated, controlled temperature oven.4.2 Large particles of coarse aggregate, especially those larger than 50 mm, will require greater time for the moisture to travel from the interior of the particle to the surface. The user of this test method should determine by trial if rapid drying methods provide sufficient accuracy for the intended use when drying large size particles.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percentage of evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying both surface moisture and moisture in the pores of the aggregate. Some aggregate may contain water that is chemically combined with the minerals in the aggregate. Such water is not evaporable and is not included in the percentage determined by this test method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 5.3.1, 7.2.1, and 7.3.1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Many physical and mechanical properties of wood and wood-based materials change in response to the environmental equilibrium moisture content, and any comparison of these properties must take moisture content into account. A consistent base for comparison among different test samples and different laboratories is necessary. Shrinkage and dimensional change in particular are dependent on moisture content, and tests involving their measurement must be conducted with good equilibrium moisture content control. Conditioning can also be important in industrial settings where there are optimum moisture content levels for many products and processes, and conformance to these levels can reduce losses in quality and yield.1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for conditioning and equilibrating wood and wood-based materials to constant moisture content. The procedures apply to solid wood, wood-based fiber and particulate materials and panels, and wood products containing adhesives. They are intended for use in research and development activities, testing laboratories, quality control, and for all other classes of producers and users. This guide includes background material on the importance of moisture content control, important definitions and technical data, possible types of apparatus, procedures, and the importance of conditioning time. Users should recognize that the necessary degree of precision and bias varies with the intentions of the users. Some research and testing, for example, might require very close control of moisture content, whereas control in an industrial storage facility might not require such close control. This guide offers procedures that include these different requirements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values of temperature in degrees Fahrenheit given in Table X1.2 are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the procedure section, Section 6, of this guide. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4.5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.35.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the extent of the error depending upon the amount and characteristics of any added oils or finishes.5.5 This test method is relatively cumbersome, time consuming, and costly compared to oven-drying, and is not recommended for routine process control, in-plant evaluations, or for other purposes where a high degree of accuracy is not necessary. The cost of operation can be reduced somewhat by redistilling the used toluene, which is then suitable for reuse without further treatment.5.6 Unlike an oven-drying method, any moisture gained or lost by a specimen after its mass has been determined will appear as a direct error in the final result. Since one of the principal uses of the method is to determine the average moisture present in large lots of wool or wool products exposed to variable atmospheric conditions, numerous laboratory samples and test specimens are common. To avoid errors of the type mentioned above, this procedure includes provisions for stabilizing the sample(s) in the laboratory atmosphere so that, during the time necessary for selecting, weighing, and transferring the specimens to flasks, gain or loss of moisture which cannot be accounted for will be minimized. A further advantage of the stabilizing process is realized in cases where the interest is solely in the average moisture content of the sample, and the actual moisture content within the sample is highly variable. By stabilizing the sample before selecting the specimens, equal precision can be achieved with fewer specimens.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.NOTE 1: The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test simulates a type of severe field service in which corrosion-promoting moisture in the form of condensed water vapor accumulates in the axle assembly. This may happen as a result of volume expansion and contraction of the axle lubricant and the accompanied breathing in of moisture-laden air through the axle vent. The test screens lubricants for their ability to prevent the expected corrosion.5.2 The L-33-1 test procedure is used or referred to in the following documents: ASTM Publication STP-512A,6 SAE J308, SAE J2360, and U.S. Military Specification MIL-PRF-2105E.1.1 This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating the rust and corrosion inhibiting properties of a gear lubricant while subjected to water contamination and elevated temperature in a bench-mounted hypoid differential housing assembly.2 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-33-1 test.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 Exceptions—(1) where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads and national pipe threads/diameters, and (2) the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard for the definitions in 12.2, and for SI units where there are no direct inch-pounds equivalent units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The water content of soil is used throughout geotechnical engineering practice, both in the laboratory and in the field. Results are sometimes needed within a short time period and in locations where it is not practical to install an oven or to transport samples to an oven. This test method is used for these occasions.5.2 The results of this test have been used for field control of compacted embankments or other earth structures such as in the determination of water content for control of soil moisture and dry density within a specified range.5.3 This test method requires specimens consisting of soil having all particles smaller than the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve size.5.4 This test method may not be as accurate as other accepted methods such as Test Method D2216. Inaccuracies may result because specimens are too small to properly represent the total soil, from clumps of soil not breaking up to expose all the available water to the reagent and from other inherent procedural, equipment or process inaccuracies. Therefore, other methods may be more appropriate when highly accurate results are required, or when the use of test results is sensitive to minor variations in the values obtained.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method outlines procedures for determining the water (moisture) content of soil by chemical reaction using calcium carbide as a reagent to react with the available water in the soil producing a gas. A measurement is made of the gas pressure produced when a specified mass of wet or moist soil is placed in a testing device with an appropriate volume of reagent and mixed.1.2 This test method is not intended as a replacement for Test Method D2216; but as a supplement when rapid results are required, when testing is done in field locations, or where an oven is not practical for use. Test Method D2216 is to be used as the test method to compare for accuracy checks and correction.1.3 This test method is applicable for most soils. Calcium carbide, used as a reagent, reacts with water as it is mixed with the soil by shaking and agitating with the aid of steel balls in the apparatus. To produce accurate results, the reagent must react with all the water which is not chemically hydrated with soil minerals or compounds in the soil. Some highly plastic clay soils or other soils not friable enough to break up may not produce representative results because some of the water may be trapped inside soil clods or clumps which cannot come in contact with the reagent. There may be some soils containing certain compounds or chemicals that will react unpredictably with the reagent and give erroneous results. Any such problem will become evident as calibration or check tests with Test Method D2216 are made. Some soils containing compounds or minerals that dehydrate with heat (such as gypsum) which are to have special temperature control with Test Method D2216 may not be affected (dehydrated) in this test method.1.4 This test method is limited to using calcium carbide moisture test equipment made for 20 g, or larger, soil specimens and to testing soil which contains particles no larger than the 4.75 mm (No. 4) Standard sieve size.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.1.5.1 Cited sieve sizes are the standard sieve sizes given in Table 1 of Specification E11.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers in-situ applied, single-pack, moisture-triggered, aliphatic polyurethanes intended to form an elastomeric single-ply roofing membrane, once cured. The cured membrane may or may not contain a reinforcing material. The product, as manufactured, shall be in liquid form for application by brush, roller, or spray equipment. In-place roof system design criteria such as fire resistance, material compatibility, and uplift resistance, among others, are beyond the scope of this specification. Wet coatings shall be tested and shall conform to liquid property requirements as to viscosity, volume and weight of solids, and sag resistance. Dry films shall also be tested and conform to physical property requirements, as follows: tensile strength; elongation; accelerated weathering; water vapor transmission permeability and permeance; mandrel bend flexibility; tear resistance; Taber abrasion resistance; indentation hardness; dynamic and static puncture resistance; and adhesion bond strength.1.1 This specification covers in-situ applied, single-pack, moisture-triggered, aliphatic polyurethanes intended to form an elastomeric single-ply membrane, once cured. The cured membrane may or may not contain a reinforcing material. 1.2 Single-pack, moisture-triggered, aliphatic polyurethanes are characterized by their ability to use moisture to trigger the curing process only. 1.3 The tests and property limits used to characterize the liquid material and cured membrane are values intended to ensure minimum quality. In-place roof system design criteria such as fire resistance, material compatibility, and uplift resistance, among others, are factors that shall be considered but are beyond the scope of this specification. 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The moisture content of activated carbon is often required to define and express its properties in relation to the net weight of the carbon.4.2 The moisture content of activated carbon packed in typical shipping containers will usually increase during transportation and storage. Users of activated carbon in applications where low moisture content is important should be aware of this effect.1.1 These test methods provide three procedures for the determination of the moisture content of activated carbon. The procedures may also be used to dry samples required for other tests. The oven drying and moisture balance methods are used when water is the only volatile material present and is in significant quantities, and the activated carbon is not heat sensitive (some activated carbons can ignite spontaneously at temperatures as low as 150 °C). The xylene extraction method is used when a carbon is known or suspected to be heat sensitive or to contain miscible organic compounds instead of or in addition to water. The interferences posed by miscible inorganic compounds has not been determined. The oven drying method described in these test methods may be used as the reference for development of instrumental techniques for moisture determination in activated carbon.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides an accelerated conditioning method under cyclic loading. This system is capable of operating at higher than normal temperatures and creating pore pressure within a compacted asphalt mixture to achieve an acceleration of the effects that a mixture would experience over time from traffic at normal temperatures and conditions. The accelerated conditioning in this practice is intended to simulate the stresses induced in a wet pavement by a passing vehicle tire. The pulse shape produced by this system approximates a Lorentzian function with a half peak width of approximately 1 s at 276 kPa [40 psi].4.2 The factors that influence the potential for moisture damage to occur include aggregate mineralogy, mixture air voids, water, cyclic applied stress, and elevated temperature. This practice provides a method and apparatus that is capable of producing three of these factors: water, stress, and high temperature. Aggregate mineralogy and air voids are mixture properties.4.3 Specimens conditioned by this system can be tested using a variety of different tests, including Test Method D6931, Test Method D6927, bulk specific gravity difference obtained by Test Method D6926 or D6752/D6752M for before and after conditioning, dynamic modulus, flow number, AASHTO T 378, and visual inspection for stripped aggregates.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptance guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This practice includes procedures for preparing compacted asphalt mixture specimens, exposing the specimens to hydrostatic pore pressure inside an enclosed chamber, and guidance on testing the specimens for the effect of water on the tensile strength or change in other properties of the asphalt mixture, such as density, modulus, etc.1.2 Specimens conditioned according to this practice can be tested using methods and test procedures referenced in this document, and those results may provide information as to the effect of the moisture conditioning of this practice on the moisture sensitivity of those mixtures.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 For many materials, the water content is one of the most significant properties used in establishing a correlation between soil behavior and its index properties.5.2 The water content of a material is used in expressing the phase relationships of air, water, and solids in a given volume of material.5.3 In fine-grained soils, the consistency of a given soil type depends on its water content. The water content of a soil, along with its liquid and plastic limits as determined by Test Method D4318, is used to express its relative consistency or liquidity index.NOTE 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 These test methods cover the laboratory determination of the water (moisture) content by mass of soil, rock, and similar materials where the reduction in mass by drying is due to loss of water except as noted in 1.4, 1.5, and 1.8. For simplicity, the word “material” shall refer to soil, rock or aggregate whichever is most applicable.1.2 Some disciplines, such as soil science, need to determine water content on the basis of volume. Such determinations are beyond the scope of this test method.1.3 The water content of a material is the ratio of the mass of water contained in the pore spaces of soil or rock material, to the solid mass of particles, expressed as a percentage.1.4 The term “solid material” as used in geotechnical engineering is typically assumed to mean naturally occurring mineral particles of soil and rock that are not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the water content of materials containing extraneous matter (such as cement etc.) may require special treatment or a qualified definition of water content. In addition, some organic materials may be decomposed by oven drying at the standard drying temperature for this method (110 ± 5°C). Materials containing gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) or other compounds having significant amounts of hydrated water, may present a special problem as this material slowly dehydrates at the standard drying temperature (110 ± 5°C) and at very low relative humidity, forming a compound (such as calcium sulfate hemihydrate) that is not normally present in natural materials except in some desert soils. In order to reduce the degree of dehydration of gypsum in those materials containing gypsum or to reduce decomposition in highly/fibrous organic soils, it may be desirable to dry the materials at 60°C or in a desiccator at room temperature. When a drying temperature is used which is different from the standard drying temperature as defined by this test method, the resulting water content may be different from the standard water content determined at the standard drying temperature of 110 ± 5°C.NOTE 1: Test Method D2974 provides an alternate procedure for determining water content of peat materials.1.5 Materials containing water with substantial amounts of soluble solids (such as salt in the case of marine sediments) when tested by this method will give a mass of solids that includes the previously soluble dissolved solids. These materials require special treatment to remove or account for the presence of precipitated solids in the dry mass of the specimen, or a qualified definition of water content must be used. For example, see Test Method D4542 regarding information on marine sediments.1.6 This test standard requires several hours for proper drying of the water content specimen. Test Methods D4643, D4944 and D4959 provide less time-consuming processes for determining water content. See Gilbert2 for details on the background of Test Method D4643.1.7 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in the significant digits reported and the size of the specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise Method A shall be performed.1.7.1 Method A—The water content by mass is recorded to the nearest 1 %. For cases of dispute, Method A is the referee method.1.7.2 Method B—The water content by mass is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %.1.8 This standard requires the drying of material in an oven. If the material being dried is contaminated with certain chemicals that may react violently or emit hazardous gases when heated, health and safety hazards may exist. Therefore, this standard should not be used in determining the water content of contaminated soils unless adequate health and safety precautions are exercised.1.9 Units—The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard except the Alternative Sieve Sizes listed in Table 1 are used. No other units of measurement are included in this test method.1.10 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.10.1 This is especially important if the water content will be used to calculate other relationships such as moist mass to dry mass or vice versa, wet unit weight to dry unit weight or vice versa, and total density to dry density or vice versa. For example, if four significant digits are required in any of the above calculations, then the water content must be recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This occurs since 1 plus the water content (not in percent) will have four significant digits regardless of what the value of the water content is; that is, 1 plus 0.1/100 = 1.001, a value with four significant digits. While, if three significant digits are acceptable, then the water content can be recorded to the nearest 1 %.1.10.2 If water content data is to be used to calculate other relationships, such as moist or dry mass, wet or dry unit weight or total or dry density, then the specimen mass up to 200 g must be determined using a balance accurate to 0.01 g.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Moisture in concrete floor slabs affects the performance of flooring systems such as resilient, wood, and textile floor coverings and coatings. Manufacturers of such systems generally require moisture testing be performed before installation of coverings on floor slabs and screeds. The measurement of sub-surface comparative moisture condition in the upper 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) stratum of a concrete slab with a non-destructive moisture meter is one such method.5.2 Excessive moisture in floor slabs after installation can cause floor covering system failures such as delamination, bonding failure, deterioration of finish flooring and coatings, and microbial growth.5.3 5.3 Comparative moisture content tests indicate the moisture in the slab, which is usually referenced to the percentage of dry weight. That is:Results indicate conditions at the time of the test.5.4 Methods of meter calibration and factors affecting equilibration are described in Section 8.1.1 This guide focuses on obtaining the comparative moisture condition within the upper 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) stratum in concrete, gypsum, anhydrite floor slabs and screeds for field tests. Due to the wide variation of material mixtures and additives used in floor slabs and screeds, this methodology may not be appropriate for all applications. See 1.2 through 1.8 and Section 11. Where appropriate or when specified, use further testing as outlined in Test Methods F1869 or F2170 before installing a resilient floor covering.1.2 This guide is intended for use to determine if there are moisture-related conditions existing on, or in, the floor slabs that could adversely impact the successful application and performance of resilient flooring products.1.3 This guide may be used to aid in the diagnosis of failures of installed resilient flooring.1.4 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with meter manufacturer’s operation instructions and interpretive data where available.1.5 Where possible or when results need to be quantified, use this guide to determine where additional testing such as Test Methods F1869 or F2170 as specified to characterize the floor slab and the test area environment for moisture, humidity and temperature conditions.1.6 This guide may not be suitable for areas that have surface applied moisture migration systems, curing compounds or coatings that cannot be removed or cleaned off sufficiently to allow the moisture to move upwards through the slab. For a floor slab of 6 in. (150 mm) plus thickness, low porosity slabs, slabs with no vapor retarder installed, and slabs where the above surface environmental conditions can have a greater than normal influence on the moisture reduction gradient of the floor slab or screed, consider Test Method F2170 (below surface in situ rh method) as a more suitable test method under these circumstances.1.7 This guide is not intended to provide quantitative results as a basis for acceptance of a floor for installation of moisture sensitive flooring finishes systems. Test Methods F1869 or F2170 provide quantitative information for determining if moisture levels are within specific limits. Results from this guide do not provide vital information when evaluating thick slabs, slabs without effective vapor retarders directly under the slab, lightweight aggregate concrete floors, and slabs with curing compound or sealers on the surface.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in Section 7.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method measures the air-filled spaces (porosity) and the moisture-holding capacity of peat on both a mass and a volume basis under conditions of saturation. If large spaces are present, water and air can penetrate easily. If spaces are smaller, the water holding capacity is increased. Water holding capacity is larger in humified peat materials (small inter-particulate spaces) (sapric soil), whereas water and air-penetration is larger in unhumified peat (larger inter-particulate spaces) (fibric soil). The spaces can also be an indication of the oxygen available to the plant roots. As such, the interplay of the properties of moisture holding capacity and porosity dictate the best use of the harvested organic soil material as well as the best management practices for organic soils. The moisture retention relationships of these soils are critical to decisions involving irrigation, drainage, and bearing capacity of these soil.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5.2 Water retention values are particularly important in the management of organic soils. There is much confusion in the literature about the moisture retention values being expressed in various bases; as a percent by volume; as a percent of oven dry mass; or as the percent of the wet mass. In some management decisions, it is necessary to express the water contents of organic soils on a volume basis because of their varied bulk densities, but because of the volume reduction occurring on drying, the water contents must also be expressed on a wet volume basis as collected in the field. Whereas, in other management decisions, moisture retention values are best expressed on a dry mass basis. For example, the difference in mass between the wet and oven dry sample is the moisture held. These values are best expressed on a dry mass basis. Water holding capacities show a marked difference due to the degree of decomposition in an organic soil. The mass of water in fibric soil may be as much as 20 times the mass of the solid particles, whereas that held in a sapric soil contains less than twice the mass. If the water holding capacity is expressed on a volume basis these differences are much less apparent.1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate the aeration, water penetration, and water retention properties of peat under field conditions of water saturation by measurement of the saturated density, the moisture holding capacity, and the porosity.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide will help manufacturers and users of AM powder feedstocks to identify suitable methods for measuring moisture in the feedstocks.5.2 This guide will aid control of powder quality and allow powder producers and users of AM machines to assess moisture content of virgin and reused powders.5.3 This guide is intended to support acceptance and control tests.5.4 Moisture levels are usually relatively low in metallic powder feedstocks (typically lower than 250 µg/g) but could be significantly more important in polymer and ceramic (typically lower than 10 000 µg/g).5.5 Moisture may affect powder processability (powder supply and feeding, layer creation) and influence the process and properties of the printed components. As different processes and machines use powders with different characteristics (that is, particle size distribution and shape) and AM machines store and handle powders in different ways, the amount of moisture and its impact may vary significantly depending on the feedstock, process, and machine.5.6 A proportion of the water is physisorbed on the surface and can be easily adsorbed and desorbed.5.7 A fraction of the water can be strongly bonded to the surface of the powder (that is, chemisorbed) and can be difficult to extract even at temperatures significantly higher than 100 °C. Thus, the water may not all be recovered during the moisture analysis and some water may remain in the samples. Consequently, the values obtained during the tests may be underestimated. As water bonds differently to different materials, the evaporation of water as a function of temperature may vary from one material to another.5.8 Because of the reactive nature of powders, water may react with the surface of the powder and form oxides and hydroxides. Thus, the amount of moisture may change with time even if the powder is stored in a tightly sealed container. Reaction of the powder with water may also happen during the analysis as the powder is heated up. This reaction will reduce the amount of water available at the surface of the powder and may impact the results (that is, underestimate the amount of water measured). If such reactions are expected to occur, their impact on the measurements should be evaluated. This can be done using oxygen analysis to evaluate the amount of oxide formed with time or during a test.5.9 The amount of water adsorbed on the surface of a powder depends on temperature and relative humidity and is determined by moisture sorption isotherm (water content in equilibrium on a material surface at a given temperature and moisture content). Depending on the temperature and humidity content of the atmosphere, water can adsorb and desorb from the surface of the material to reach an equilibrium with its environment.5.10 In consideration of 5.6 – 5.9, the amount of moisture in powders may change progressively and be affected by the storage, handling, and conditions of utilization. Thus, moisture content should only be measured at the time of interest (for example, shipping, reception, and usage). If not, evaluating how moisture and oxygen content evolve with time is recommended. This can be done by exposing the powder to humidity and evaluating how the moisture and oxygen content (using inert gas fusion method such as described in Test Method E1409) change with time. The effect of handling can be evaluated by measuring the moisture in test samples before and after a selected operation (for example, sieving, splitting). The stability of the moisture content depends on the nature and specific surface area of the powder and shall be evaluated for every material to be tested.5.11 The optimum test temperature depends on the material and equipment used. Test conditions should be selected to recover the maximum amount of water while the AM feedstock is not modified or deteriorated. For most equipment and AM powders, the maximum temperature of the equipment is not high enough to recover all the water from the samples and the amount of water is usually underestimated.5.12 To determine the most suitable test temperature for a specific material, tests can be performed at different temperatures from 50 °C up to the maximum temperature of the equipment. The suitable temperature can be chosen to evaporate the maximum amount of water while avoiding a modification (for example, oxidation or degradation) of the samples during the test. For some materials, it may not be possible to recover all water before the onset of the modification of the material. Consequently, the selection of the test temperature shall be selected case by case.5.13 Results can only be compared if the tests are conducted under similar conditions (temperature, time, heating rate, gas flow rate, and end criteria) and test methods have been validated and compared with reference materials (see Section 8).5.14 Depending on the design of the equipment, evaporation conditions (effective temperature seen by the samples, gas flow, and water extraction from the surface of the powder) may differ from one model of equipment to another. Validation of measurements using reference materials should be done before comparing results obtained in different laboratories or with different equipment or procedures to make sure they are comparable.1.1 This standard provides guidelines for measuring moisture in powder feedstock used in additive manufacturing (AM). It applies to metallic, ceramic, and polymer AM powder feedstocks.1.2 This guide provides a description of test methods commonly used to measure moisture and references to their associated standards.1.3 This guide provides best practice guidance on how to apply the test methods to make them suitable for AM powder characterization.1.4 This guide is suitable for measuring moisture in AM powder feedstock over the range of 10 µg/g to 10 000 µg/g.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Excess moisture trapped in roofing or waterproofing systems can adversely affect performance and lead to premature failure of roofing or waterproofing systems and its components. It also reduces thermal resistance, resulting in reduced energy efficiency and inflated energy costs. Impedance scans can be effective in identifying concealed and entrapped moisture within roofing or waterproofing systems.5.2 This practice is intended to be used at various stages of the roofing and waterproofing system’s life such as: during or at completion of installation of roofing or waterproofing system to determine if there was moisture intrusion into the roofing or waterproofing system or underlying materials; at regular intervals as part of a preventative maintenance program; and to aid in condition assessment, or before replacement or repair work, or combinations thereof, to assist in determining the extent of work and replacement materials.5.3 This practice alone does not determine the cause of moisture infiltration into roofing or waterproofing systems; however, it can be used to help tracing excess moisture to the point of ingress.1.1 This practice applies to techniques that use nondestructive electrical impedance (EI) scanners to locate moisture and evaluate the comparative moisture content within insulated low-slope roofing and waterproofing systems.1.2 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems wherein insulation is placed above the deck and positioned underneath and in contact with electrically nonconductive single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes and systems such as coal tar, asphalt, modified bitumen, thermoplastics, spray polyurethane foam, and similar electrically nonconductive membrane materials. This practice is also applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems without insulation placed above moisture absorbing decks such as wood, concrete, or gypsum, that are in contact with single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes as described above.1.3 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems incorporating electrically nonconductive rigid board insulation made from materials such as organic fibers, perlite, cork, fiberglass, wood-fiber, polyisocyanurate, polystyrene, phenolic foam, composite boards, gypsum substrate boards, and other electrically nonconductive roofing and waterproofing systems such as spray-applied polyurethane foam.1.4 This practice is not appropriate for all combinations of materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems.1.4.1 Metal and other electrically conductive surface coverings and near-surface embedded metallic components are not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners because of the electrical conductivity of these materials.1.4.2 This practice is not appropriate for use with black EPDM, any membranes containing black EPDM, or black EPDM coatings because black EPDM gives false positive readings.1.4.3 Aluminum foil on top-faced insulation, roofing, or waterproofing membranes gives a false positive reading and is not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners; however, liquid-applied aluminum pigmented emulsified asphalt-based coatings shall not normally affect impedance scanner readings.1.4.3.1 This practice is not appropriate for use with aluminium foil faced modified bitumen membranes, as the electrical conductivity of the aluminium foil surface can give false positive readings.1.4.4 While their overburden remains in place, this practice is not appropriate for use with inverted roof membrane assemblies (IRMAs) or protected roof assemblies (PRMAs), which contain above the deck waterproof membrane and overburden that may include insulation, drainage components, pavers, aggregate, ballast, vegetation, or combinations thereof, because the impedance scanner will not differentiate between above and below the membrane moisture.1.4.5 See A1.4 for some cautionary notes on roofing anomalies and limitations that affect the impedance test practice.1.5 Moisture scanners using impedance-based technology are classified as EI scanners.NOTE 1: The term capacitance is sometimes used when describing impedance scanners. Capacitance scanners are purely capacitive as they do not have a resistive component. Impedance scanners combine both capacitance and resistance for testing; thus, they are well suited to the measurement of different types of materials and constructions found in roofing and waterproofing systems as the combination of both components allows for a more versatile testing, calibration, and measurement arrangement.1.6 This practice also addresses necessary verification of impedance data involving invasive test procedures using core samples.1.7 This practice addresses two generally accepted scanning techniques for conducting moisture surveys using electrical impedance scanners:1.7.1 Technique A—Continuous systematic scanning and recording (see 8.2), and1.7.2 Technique B—Grid format scanning and recording (see 8.3).1.8 This practice addresses some meteorological conditions and limitations for performing impedance inspections.1.9 This practice addresses the effect of the roofing or waterproofing construction, material differences, and exterior surface conditions on the moisture inspections.1.10 This practice addresses operating procedures, operator qualifications, operating methods, scanning, surveying, and recording techniques.1.11 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Caution should be taken when accessing, walking, or using scanning equipment on the roofing or waterproofing surfaces, or elevated locations, when using ladders, and when raising and lowering equipment to elevated locations.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method will give a value of moisture content obtained under specified conditions. This value should not be considered as an absolute moisture content. Results may not compare with those obtained by the same method under different conditions, or by different methods.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the moisture content of asbestos fiber.1.2 Warning—Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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