5.1 This practice describes a procedure for measuring the chromaticity of retroreflectors in a nighttime, that is, retroreflective, geometry of illumination and observation. CIE Standard Source A has been chosen to represent a tungsten automobile headlamp. Although the geometry must be specified by the user of this practice, it will, in general, correspond to the relationship between the vehicle headlamp, the retroreflector, and the vehicle driver's eyes. Thus, the chromaticity coordinates determined by the procedures in this practice describe numerically the nighttime appearance of the retroreflector.1.1 This practice describes the instrumental determination of retroreflected chromaticity coordinates of retroreflectors. It includes the techniques used in a photometric range to measure retroreflected (nighttime) chromaticity with either a telecolorimeter or telespectroradiometer.1.2 This practice covers the general measurement procedures. Additional requirements for specific tests and specifications are described in Section 7.1.3 The description of the geometry used in the nighttime colorimetry of retroreflectors is described in Practice E808 and the methods for calculation of chromaticity are contained in Practice E308.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the requirements for electrical liquid level indicating equipment for shipboard low pressure and high pressure tanks containing freshwater, feed water, potable water, seawater, wastewater, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, contaminated oil, refrigerants, JP fuels, and various other fluids. Application includes compensating tanks in which the equipment must locate the interface. Each liquid level indicating equipment shall consists of one or more sensing devices; primary indicator panel assembly; and flexible interconnections, auxiliary indicator panel assembly, and portable indicator panel assembly, when needed or required. The level sensing techniques include: admittance and impedance, magnetic float, differential pressure, time domain reflectometry, capacitance, resistance tape, static pressure, radar, and ultrasonic sensing. The most common types of process media and the specified pressure range and display for liquid level indication are given. Materials for the sensing devices and wetted pans shall be selected for long-term compatibility with the process medium. Physical property requirements include: (1) enclosure, (2) liquid level indicating equipment mounting, (3) external configuration, (4) electrical connection, and (5) size and weight. Critical service life and performance requirements shall be specified in the acquisition requirements. The following performance characteristics and environmental exposures may or may not be important to the intended application: accuracy, response time, repeatability, hysteresis, insulation resistance, specific gravity, fluid conductivity, tank wall proximity, inclination, spike voltage, salt spray, vibration, shock enclosure, dc magnetic field, electromagnetic interference, immersion, and supply line voltage and frequency variation. Inspection requirements specified are classified as (1) first article test and (2) conformance test.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrical liquid level indicating equipment for shipboard low pressure and high pressure tanks containing freshwater, feed water, potable water, seawater, wastewater, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, contaminated oil, refrigerants, JP fuels, and various other fluids. Application includes compensating tanks in which the equipment must locate the interface.1.2 Each liquid level indicating equipment typically consists of the following components:(a) One or more sensing devices;(b) Flexible interconnections, if needed;(c) Primary indicator panel assembly;(d) Auxiliary indicator panel assembly, when required; and(e) Portable indicator panel assembly, when required.1.3 Special requirements for naval shipboard applications are included in the Supplementary Requirements section to this specification.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Where information is to be specified, it shall be stated in SI units.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method for determining fineness of cleaned flax fibers is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments when the levels are controlled by use of a range of calibration standards.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples that are as homogenous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. These test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The resistance that a plug of flax fibers offers to the flow of air is measured as an approximate indication of the average relative fineness of the fibers.5.2.1 The total surface area of finer fibers has a larger per unit mass and increased resistance to airflow than do coarser fibers.5.3 Instruments are available to indicate the resistance to air flow using either compressed air or a vacuum; and are constructed (1) to measure airflow under constant pressure drop across the plug, (2) to measure pressure drop when a constant flow of air is maintained, or (3) to indicate resistance to air flow from both a balanced and unbalanced Wheatstone bridge.5.4 The reliability of the results of any test method depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material. Flax fibers are different from many textile fibers, such as cotton or synthetic ones, in that they are not individual filaments but bundles of fibrous material that may or may not be completely separated into individual filaments and therefore have a high degree of variability. While cleaning and processing can produce separation and changes in length, there is no certainty of fibrillation of the fibrous material.NOTE 3: A modification of this test method can be used in commercial trading to select bales that will conform to contract guarantees for specified specific surface index. For this purpose, the usual practice to test only one specimen per sample.5.4.1 This specific surface index reading is related to the average linear density of single fibers in a bundle calculated from mass and length measurements on the bundle and the number of single fibers in the bundle.5.5 The specific surface index of flax fibers may be a function of fineness, degree of retting, cleanliness, variety, bundle separation, and plant maturity harvest date. This fineness of flax fibers affects their mill processing and spinning performance as well as contributes significantly to the appearance and strength of the yarns produced.5.6 The accuracy of weighing can be controlled by the number of fibers composing the bundle. However, with short fiber of low linear density the number of fibers to be counted becomes prohibitive unless the bundle mass is kept low.1.1 This test method provides two options that cover the determination of the fineness of clean loose flax fibers by: Option 1, measuring the specific surface area by the resistance of a plug of flax fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions, or Option 2, estimating the mass per unit length.NOTE 1: For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers refer to Appendix X1.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis method is used for the general testing of non-airborne dust samples for asbestos. It is used to assist in the evaluation of dust that may be found on surfaces in buildings such as ceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, duct work, carpet, etc. This test method provides an index of the surface loading of asbestos structures in the dust per unit area analyzed as derived from a quantitative TEM analysis.5.1.1 This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required to evaluate the safety or habitability of buildings with asbestos-containing materials, or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the user’s responsibility to make these determinations.5.1.2 At present, no relationship has been established between asbestos-containing dust as measured by this test method and potential human exposure to airborne asbestos. Accordingly, the users should consider other available information in their interpretation of the data obtained from this test method.5.2 This definition of dust accepts all particles small enough to pass through a 1-mm (No. 18) screen. Thus, a single, large asbestos containing particle(s) (from the large end of the particle size distribution) dispersed during sample preparation may result in anomalously large asbestos surface loading results in the TEM analyses of that sample. It is, therefore, recommended that multiple independent samples are secured from the same area, and that a minimum of three samples be analyzed by the entire procedure.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to (a) identify asbestos in dust and (b) provide an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos in the sampled dust reported as the number of asbestos structures per unit area of sampled surface.1.1.1 If an estimate of the asbestos mass is to be determined, the user is referred to Test Method D5756.1.2 This test method describes the equipment and procedures necessary for sampling, by a microvacuum technique, non-airborne dust for levels of asbestos structures. The non-airborne sample is collected inside a standard filter membrane cassette from the sampling of a surface area for dust which may contain asbestos.1.2.1 This procedure uses a microvacuuming sampling technique. The collection efficiency of this technique is unknown and will vary among substrates. Properties influencing collection efficiency include surface texture, adhesiveness, electrostatic properties and other factors.1.3 Asbestos identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about structure size is also determined.1.4 This test method is generally applicable for an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos structures starting from approximately 1000 asbestos structures per square centimetre.1.4.1 The procedure outlined in this test method employs an indirect sample preparation technique. It is intended to disperse aggregated asbestos into fundamental fibrils, fiber bundles, clusters, or matrices that can be more accurately quantified by transmission electron microscopy. However, as with all indirect sample preparation techniques, the asbestos observed for quantification may not represent the physical form of the asbestos as sampled. More specifically, the procedure described neither creates nor destroys asbestos, but it may alter the physical form of the mineral fibers.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

2.1 This test method may be used to quickly determine volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, provided it has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus it may be used on unfired or fired, strong or friable shapes.2.2 Since the test may be performed quickly, it has found application as manufacturing in-process control as well as in characterizing finished refractory products. Also it may be used to examine specimens after other test or service exposure.1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for determining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test is applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or unburned, independent of composition or forming method, including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex shapes after forming, since results may be obtained in a matter of minutes.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 Exception—The balance used in this standard is only available in SI units (Sections 3 – 6).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 3.2.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide is intended to aid device fabricators in the selection of proper commercially available polyurethane solids and solutions for their application.4.2 The polyurethanes covered by this guide may be thermoformed or solution cast into biomedical devices for use as surgical aids or for implantation as determined to be appropriate, based on supporting biocompatibility and physical test data.1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of thermoplastic polyurethanes in both solid and solution form for biomedical applications. The polymers have been reacted to completion and require no further chemical processing.1.2 The tests and methods listed in this guide may be referenced in specifications containing minimum required values and tolerances for specific end-use products.1.3 Standard tests for biocompatibility are included to aid in the assessment of safe utilization in biomedical applications. Compliance with these criteria shall not be construed as an endorsement of implantability. Since many compositions, formulations, and forms of thermoplastic polyurethanes in solid and solution forms are within this material class, the formulator or fabricator must evaluate the biocompatibility of the specific composition or form in the intended use and after completion of all manufacturing processes including sterilization.1.4 Purchase specifications may be prepared by agreement between the buyer and seller by selection of appropriate tests and methods from those listed applicable to the specific biomedical end use.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

6.1 This method is considered satisfactory for acceptance grading of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.6.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.6.2 The appearance of a woven or knitted fabric depends to a large extent on the smoothness, cleanliness, and general appearance of the yarns from which the fabric is manufactured. Instruments are available for the measurement of unevenness and for counting neps and other imperfections in yarn, but the values obtained from such tests are not easily integrated into an over-all expression for actual fabric appearance. Yarn appearance grading affords additional information which the manufacturer of woven or knitted goods may, through experience, correlate with the appearance to be expected in fabrics made from the yarns.1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun yarns for appearance.1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.21.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This classification defines building elements as major components common to most buildings. The classification is the common thread linking activities and participants in a building project from initial planning through operations, maintenance, and disposal.4.2 The users of UNIFORMAT II include owners, developers, facilities programmers, cost planners, estimators, schedulers, architects and engineers, specification writers, operating and maintenance staff, manufacturers, and educators.4.3 Use this classification when doing the following:54.3.1 Structuring costs on an elemental basis for economic evaluations (Practices E917, E964, E1057, E1074, E1121, and E1804) early in the design process. Using UNIFORMAT II helps reduce the cost of early analysis and contributes to substantial design and operational savings before decisions have been made that limit options for potential savings.4.3.2 Estimating and controlling costs during planning, design, and construction. Use UNIFORMAT II to prepare budgets and to establish elemental cost plans before design begins. The project manager uses these to control project cost, time, and quality, and to set design-to-cost targets. See Appendix X2 for an example of a UNIFORMAT II building elemental design cost estimate.4.3.3 Conducting value engineering workshops. Use UNIFORMAT II as a checklist to ensure that alternatives for all elements of significant cost in the building project are analyzed in the creativity phase of the job plan. Also, use the elemental cost data to expedite the development of cost models for building systems.4.3.4 Developing initial project master schedules. Since projects are built element by element, UNIFORMAT II is an appropriate basis for preparing construction schedules at the start of the design process.4.3.5 Performing risk analyses. Simulation is one technique (Practice E1369) for developing probability distributions of building costs when evaluating the economic risk in undertaking a building project. Use individual elements and group elements in UNIFORMAT II for developing probability distributions of elemental costs. From these distributions, build up probability distributions of total project costs to establish acceptable project contingencies or to serve as inputs to an economic analysis. (See Practice E1185 for guidance as to what economic method to use.)4.3.6 Structuring cost manuals and recording construction, operating, and maintenance costs in a database. Having a manual or database in an elemental format helps you perform economic analysis early in the design stage and at reasonable cost.FIG. 1 Possible Framework of the Built Environment4.3.7 Structuring preliminary project descriptions during the conceptual design phase. It facilitates the description of the scope of the project for the client in a clear, concise, and logical sequence; it provides the basis for the preparation of more detailed elemental estimates during the early concept and preliminary design phases, and it enhances communications among designers and other building professionals by providing a clear statement of the designer’s intent. See Appendix X3 for a sample preliminary project description (PPD) based on UNIFORMAT II.4.3.8 Coding and referencing standard details in computer-aided design systems. This allows an architect, for example, to reference an exterior wall assembly according to UNIFORMAT II element designations and build up a database of standard details structured according to the classification.4.4 UNIFORMAT II, as described in this classification, includes sitework normally related to buildings but does not apply to major civil works. It is also unsuitable for process applications or for preparing trade estimates.1.1 This classification establishes a classification of building elements and related sitework. Elements, as defined here, are major components common to most buildings. Elements usually perform a given function, regardless of the design specification, construction method, or materials used. The classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during the feasibility, planning, and design stages of buildings. Using UNIFORMAT II ensures consistency in the economic evaluation of buildings projects over time and from project to project. It also enhances reporting at all stages in construction—from feasibility and planning through the preparation of working documents, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and disposal.1.2 This classification applies to buildings and related site work. It excludes specialized process equipment related to a building’s functional use but does include furnishings and equipment.1.3 The classification incorporates three hierarchical levels described as Levels 1, 2, and 3. Appendix X1 presents a more detailed suggested Level 4 classification of sub-elements.1.4 UNIFORMAT II is an elemental format similar to the original UNIFORMAT2 elemental classification. UNIFORMAT II differs from the original UNIFORMAT, however, in that it takes into consideration a broader range of building types and has been updated to categorize building elements as they are in current building practice.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

5.1 Use of this guide is intended to provide information on electrochemical noise to monitor corrosion on a continuous basis.5.2 This guide is intended for conducting electrochemical noise measurements, both in the laboratory and in-service environments (36).5.3 This technique is useful in systems in which process upsets or other problems can create corrosive conditions. An early warning of corrosive attack can permit remedial action before significant damage occurs to process equipment (37).5.4 This technique is also useful when inhibitor additions are used to control the corrosion of equipment. The indication of increasing corrosion activity can be used to signal the need for additional inhibitor (38).5.5 Control of corrosion in process equipment requires knowledge of the rate or mechanism of attack on an ongoing basis. This technique can be used to provide such information in a digital format that is easily transferred to computers for analysis (39) .1.1 This guide covers the procedure for conducting online corrosion monitoring of metals by the use of the electrochemical noise technique. Within the limitations described, this technique can be used to detect localized corrosion activity and to estimate corrosion rate on a continuous basis without removal of the monitoring probes from the plant or experimental cell.1.2 This guide presents briefly some generally accepted methods of analyses that are useful in the interpretation of corrosion test results.1.3 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods; rather it covers a range of approaches that have found application in corrosion testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The thickness of a coating is often critical to its performance. For most nonferrous coatings on steel, the magnetic method is reliable for measuring coating thickness nondestructively and is suitable for specification acceptance testing and SPC/SQC applications.5.2 This test method should not be used to determine the thickness of electrodeposited nickel coatings on steel. Test Method B530 is suitable for that determination.1.1 This test method covers the use of magnetic instruments for the nondestructive measurement of the thickness of nonmagnetic coatings over ferrous or other magnetic base metals. It is intended to supplement manufacturers’ instructions for the operation of the instruments and is not intended to replace them.NOTE 1: Autocatalytically deposited nickel-phosphorus alloys containing more than 8 % phosphorus are sufficiently nonmagnetic to be measured by this test method, as long as the measurement is made prior to any heat treatment.1.2 These instruments measure either the magnetic attraction between a magnet and the basis metal, as influenced by the presence of the coating (categorized as “magnetic pull-off”), or the change in magnetic-flux density within the probe (categorized as “electronic”). These instruments cannot distinguish the thickness of individual layers. They can only measure the cumulative thickness of all layers beneath the probe down to the base metal.1.3 Measurements made in accordance with this test method will be in compliance with the requirements of ISO International Standard 2178.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide describes the types of information that are indispensable for uniquely identifying a metal or alloy in a computerized database. The purpose is to facilitate standardized storage and retrieval of the information with a computer, and allow meaningful comparison of data from different sources. 4.2 Many numbering systems for metals and alloys have been developed which are based on their chemical compositions. Separate systems have also evolved to describe the thermomechanical condition of metals and alloys in order to narrow their description. It is the separation into logical data elements from these complex, historically significant, and overlapping systems of identification that is the challenge in the identification of metals and alloys within computerized databases. 4.3 This guide is intended to provide a common starting point for designers and builders of materials property databases. This guide generally identifies the contents of the database in terms of data elements, but does not recommend any particular logical or physical database design. A database builder has considerable flexibility in designing a database schema, and it is intended that this guide support that flexibility. 4.4 It is recognized that material property databases will be designed for different levels of material information and for different purposes. For example, a database developed by an industry trade group might only identify typical properties generally representative of those for a particular metal or alloy, and not actual values measured on a specific sample. On the other hand, a business might desire to manage data on specific lots it procures, or even properties of a specific piece or sample from a lot. Consequently, some of the data elements identified in this guide might not be applicable in every database instance. 4.5 The extent of material identification implemented in a particular database depends on its specific purpose. A single organization may include substantial detail in its database. Less detail may be included in a common database used by several organizations because of commercial and other considerations. Since metals and alloys are diverse and the technologies are always changing, recommendations should not be regarded as exclusive of additional data elements for material identification. The recommended data elements should be expanded if additional detailed information which serves to identify materials is to be recorded. 4.6 A number of data elements are considered essential to any database and need to exist in the database. Data elements are considered essential if they are required for users to have sufficient information to interpret the data and be confident of their ability to compare sets of data for materials from different sources. Failure to complete an essential data element may render the record unusable in a database or in data exchange. Essential refers to the quality or completeness of recorded data, and does not necessarily have direct meaning relative to database structure. In some cases, the identified data element might be accommodated within a particular database without explicitly including a field just for the essential data element. Additionally, a database schema may require additional data fields to be not null to maintain data record integrity or to implement a mandatory data relationship. These additional fields are beyond the scope of this guide. Finally, it is also noted that a data element identified as essential in this guide might not be relevant for a database created for a specific application of limited scope. 4.7 This guide presents a listing of the data elements and does not intend to define any single organization of the data elements to be used in either a logical or physical model for the database. The data element lists are divided by group headings for discussion purposes only. The group headings are not intended to identify normalization of the database model; this is left to the database designer. 4.8 Numerous data elements listed in this guide may need to be repeated to identify even a single material. Depending on the database purpose or design, it may be appropriate to design the database to enable additional repeatable data elements. How the database should accommodate multiple values for a given data element is another question left to the database designer. 1.1 This guide covers the identification of metals and alloys in computerized material property databases. It establishes essential and desirable data elements that serve to uniquely identify and describe a particular metal or alloy sample as well as properties that identify a given metal or alloy in general. 1.1.1 This guide does not necessarily provide sufficient data elements to describe weld metal, metal matrix composites, or joined metals. 1.1.2 The data element identified herein are not all germane to every metal or alloy group. 1.1.3 Different sets of data elements may also be applied within a given metal or alloy group depending on conditions or applications specific to that metal or alloy group. Further, within a particular metal or alloy group, different sets of data elements may be used to identify specific material conditions. 1.1.4 Table 1 on Recommended Data Elements and Tables 2-17 on values for specific data elements appear at the end of this guide. 1.2 Some of the data elements in this guide may be useful for other purposes. However, this guide does not attempt to document the essential and desirable data element for any purpose except for the identification of metals and alloys in computerized material property databases. Other purposes, such as material production, material procurement, and material processing, each may have different material data reporting requirements distinct from those covered in this guide. A specific example is the contractually required report for a material property testing series. Such a report may not contain all the data elements considered essential for a specific computerized database; conversely, this guide may not contain all the data elements considered essential for a contracted test report. 1.3 Results from material tests conducted as part of the procurement process are often used to determine adherence to a specification. While this guide includes a number of test result data elements, such data elements are included in this guide only for the purposes of material identification. 1.4 Reporting of contracted test results, such as certification test results, shall follow the requirements described in the material specification, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 1.5 This guide contains a limited number of data elements related to material test results. These data elements are for material identification purposes and are not intended to replace the more detailed sets of data elements listed in guides such as Guide E1313 covering data recording formats for mechanical testing of metals. For material identification purposes, the data elements in this guide include typical, nominal, or summary properties normally derived from a population of individual specimen tests. If warranted by the scope of a particular database system, the system might provide links between the material identification data elements given in this guide, and the individual specimen test results recorded in accordance with other guides corresponding to particular test methods. 1.6 Material Classes—See ANSI/AWS A9.1-92 for arc welds, Guide E527 for Metal and Alloys in the Unified Numbering System (UNS), Guide E1308 for polymers, Guide E1309 for composite material, and Guide E1471 for fibers, fillers, and core materials. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车