5.1 This test method is one of a number of tests conducted on a crude oil to determine its value. It provides an estimate of the yields of fractions of various boiling ranges and is therefore valuable in technical discussions of a commercial nature.5.2 This test method corresponds to the standard laboratory distillation efficiency referred to as 15/5. The fractions produced can be analyzed as produced or combined to produce samples for analytical studies, engineering, and product quality evaluations. The preparation and evaluation of such blends is not part of this test method.5.3 This test method can be used as an analytical tool for examination of other petroleum mixtures with the exception of LPG, very light naphthas, and mixtures with initial boiling points above 400 °C.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the distillation of stabilized crude petroleum (see Note 1) to a final cut temperature of 400 °C Atmospheric Equivalent Temperature (AET). This test method employs a fractionating column having an efficiency of 14 to 18 theoretical plates operated at a reflux ratio of 5:1. Performance criteria for the necessary equipment is specified. Some typical examples of acceptable apparatus are presented in schematic form. This test method offers a compromise between efficiency and time in order to facilitate the comparison of distillation data between laboratories.NOTE 1: Defined as having a Reid vapor pressure less than 82.7 kPa (12 psi).1.2 This test method details procedures for the production of a liquefied gas, distillate fractions, and residuum of standardized quality on which analytical data can be obtained, and the determination of yields of the above fractions by both mass and volume. From the preceding information, a graph of temperature versus mass % distilled can be produced. This distillation curve corresponds to a laboratory technique, which is defined at 15/5 (15 theoretical plate column, 5:1 reflux ratio) or TBP (true boiling point).1.3 This test method can also be applied to any petroleum mixture except liquefied petroleum gases, very light naphthas, and fractions having initial boiling points above 400 °C.1.4 This test method contains the following annexes and appendixes:1.4.1 Annex A1—Test Method for the Determination of the Efficiency of a Distillation Column,1.4.2 Annex A2—Test Method for the Determination of the Dynamic Holdup of a Distillation Column,1.4.3 Annex A3—Test Method for the Determination of the Heat Loss in a Distillation Column (Static Conditions),1.4.4 Annex A4—Test Method for the Verification of Temperature Sensor Location,1.4.5 Annex A5—Test Method for Determination of the Temperature Response Time,1.4.6 Annex A6—Practice for the Calibration of Sensors,1.4.7 Annex A7—Test Method for the Verification of Reflux Dividing Valves,1.4.8 Annex A8—Practice for Conversion of Observed Vapor Temperature to Atmospheric Equivalent Temperature (AET),1.4.9 Appendix X1—Test Method for Dehydration of a Sample of Wet Crude Oil, and1.4.10 Appendix X2—Practice for Performance Check.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 10.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A knowledge of the water content of petroleum products is important in the refining, purchase, sale, and transfer of products.5.2 The amount of water as determined by this test method (to the nearest 0.05 % or 0.1 % by volume, depending on the trap size used) may be used to correct the volume involved in the custody transfer of petroleum products and bituminous materials.5.3 The allowable amount of water may be specified in contracts.1.1 This test method covers the determination of water in the range from 0 % to 25 % by volume in petroleum products, tars, and other bituminous materials by the distillation method.NOTE 1: Volatile water-soluble material, if present, may be measured as water.1.2 The specific products considered during the development of this test method are listed in Table  1. For bituminous emulsions refer to Test Method D244. For crude oils, refer to Test Method D4006 (API MPMS Chapter 10.2).NOTE 2: With some types of oil, satisfactory results may be obtained from Test Method D1796 (API MPMS Chapter 10.6).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method is intended to determine the moisture content of fats, oils, and fatliquors used in the softening and stuffing of leather. The moisture content is measured for the purpose of quality assurance.1.1 This test method covers the determination of water existing in a sample of sulfonated or sulfated oil, or both, by distilling the sample with a volatile solvent. The test method is applicable only to sulfonated and sulfated oils that do not contain the following: mineral acids, free sulfonic acids, or free sulfuric acid esters; or alkali hydroxides, carbonates or acetates: or alcohol, glycerin, diethylene glycol, acetone, or other water-miscible volatile compounds. This test method was derived from Test Methods D500, Sections 4 through 9.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A knowledge of the water content of crude oil is important in the refining, purchase, sale, or transfer of crude oils.5.2 This test method may not be suitable for crude oils that contain alcohols that are soluble in water. In cases where the impact on the results may be significant, the user is advised to consider using another test method, such as Test Method D4928 (API MPMS Chapter 10.9).1.1 This test method covers the determination of water in crude oil by distillation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1 and A1.1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a method of measurement of distillation range of volatile organic liquids. The relative volatility of organic liquids can be used with other tests for identification and measurement of quality. Therefore, this test method provides a test procedure for assessing compliance with a specification.5.2 This test method also provides an empirical value of residue, solvent recovery capacity, and loss (or non-recovery) on heating. Organic liquids are used as solvents in many chemical processes. As the relative volatility, residual matter and recovery capability affect the efficiency of these processes, this test method is useful in manufacturing control.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the distillation range of liquids boiling between 30 and 350 °C, that are chemically stable during the distillation process, by manual or automatic distillation procedures.1.2 This test method is applicable to organic liquids such as hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds, chemical intermediates, and blends thereof.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 For purposes of determining conformance of an observed or a calculated value using this test method to relevant specifications, test result(s) shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.1.5 For hazard information and guidance, see the supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet.1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers distillation equipment. The equipment shall consist of the following: distillation flasks, condenser, cooling bath, metal shield or enclosure for flask (type 1 or type 2), heat source (gas burner or electric heater), flask support (type 1 or type 2), graduated cylinders, and thermometers.1.1 This specification covers distillation equipment used in the following ASTM test methods: D86, D850, and (for approved alternative requirements only) Test Method D1078.1.2 Some items of equipment included in this specification are common to all methods; other items are not. Therefore, those portions of this specification pertinent to the need must be selected.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Some petroleum products are treated with mineral acid as part of the refining procedure. Obviously, any residual mineral acid in a petroleum product is undesirable. The absence of a positive indication in the test for acidity of the distillation residue or aqueous extract of a hydrocarbon liquid is an assurance of the care used in refining the fuel or solvent.1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the acidity of hydrocarbon liquids and their distillation residues. (Warning—Many hydrocarbon liquids are extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Hydrocarbon liquid vapors can cause a flash fire.)1.2 If desired to determine the basicity of a hydrocarbon liquid, proceed in accordance with 9.2 or 9.3, but substitute 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution for the methyl orange indicator. A pink or red color in the aqueous solution when phenolphthalein is used indicates basicity.1.3 The results obtained by this test method are qualitative expressions. However, for the preparation of reagents and in the procedure, acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This procedure measures the amount of the more volatile constituents in cutback asphalt. The properties of the residue after distillation are not necessarily characteristic of the bitumen used in the original mixture, nor of the residue which may be left at any particular time after field application of the cutback asphalt. The presence of silicone in the cutback asphalt may affect the distillation residue by retarding the loss of volatile material after the residue has been poured into the residue container.1.1 This test method covers a distillation test for cutback asphaltic (bituminous) products.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.4.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.4.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively non-volatile or non-flammable material.4.4 In cases where Test Method D2887 data are available, that is, for determination of boiling range distribution or calculation of other physical properties, this test method provides a calculation method for flash point without performing an additional analysis. Table 1 shows the ranges for the IBP, 5 %, and 10 % results for each equation.4.5 In the case where the flash point of a fuel has been initially established, the calculated flash point is useful as a flash point check on subsequent samples of that fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged.1.1 This test method covers the calculated flash point formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the flash point temperature of distillate fuels from Test Method D2887 data. The value computed from the equation is termed the “calculated flash point.” The calculated flash point formula is applicable to diesel fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D93 over the range from 47 °C to 99 °C, and to jet fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D56 and Test Method D3828 over the range from 35 °C to 67 °C.1.2 The calculated flash point formula is valid for diesel and jet fuels with an IBP between 90 °C and 162 °C (194 °F and 324 °F), Test Method D2887 5 % recovery temperature between 136 °C and 207 °C (277 °F and 405 °F), and Test Method D2887 10 % recovery temperature between 142 °C and 222 °C (288 °F and 432 °F). For each flash point test method (Test Method D56, Test Method D93, and Test Method D3828) a separate equation has been established. See 4.4 for a detailed overview of the simulated distillation IBP, 5 %, and 10 % ranges per equation.1.3 A calculated diagnostic parameter, not exceeding a given threshold value, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the calculated flash point.1.4 The diagnostic parameter MSPEX  (Mean Summed Prediction Error) checks the sample compliance, based on reconstruction of TIBP, T5 %, and T10 % of the sample, via a calculation procedure. A value for MSPEX not exceeding the threshold level of 1.9 °C is a prerequisite for accepting the calculated flash point, CFP.NOTE 1: It is important to note that calculated flash point results, at this time, are not recognized by regulatory organizations in verifying conformance to applicable regulations.NOTE 2: The calculated flash point derived from simulated distillation data depends upon the accuracy of determination of the IBP temperature and the 5 % and 10 % recovery temperatures.NOTE 3: If the user's specification requires a defined flash point test method other than this test method, neither this test method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used for the determination of the distillation characteristics of petroleum products, biodiesel, and fractions that may decompose if distilled at atmospheric pressure. This boiling range, obtained at conditions designed to obtain approximately one theoretical plate fractionation, can be used in engineering calculations to design distillation equipment, to prepare appropriate blends for industrial purposes, to determine compliance with regulatory rules, to determine the suitability of the product as feed to a refining process, or for a host of other purposes.5.2 The boiling range is directly related to viscosity, vapor pressure, heating value, average molecular weight, and many other chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Any of these properties can be the determining factor in the suitability of the product in its intended application.5.3 Petroleum product specifications often include distillation limits based on data by this test method.5.4 Many engineering design correlations have been developed on data by this test method. These correlative methods are used extensively in current engineering practice.1.1 This test method covers the determination, at reduced pressures, of the range of boiling points for petroleum products and biodiesel that can be partially or completely vaporized at a maximum liquid temperature of 400 °C. Both a manual method and an automatic method are specified.1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee test method is the manual test method at a mutually agreed upon pressure.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.4, 6.1.8.1, 10.11, and A3.2.1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The distillation test separates tar into fractions according to a series of specified temperatures.1.1 This test method covers the distillation of road tars.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method can be used for quantitative determination of residue and oil distillates in emulsified asphalts for specification acceptance, service evaluation, control, and research. This test method can also be used to obtain residue and oil distillate for further testing. This method may not be appropriate for emulsified asphalts containing latex or polymer; however, some specifying agencies may utilize this method and stipulate a lowered distillation temperature. By stipulating a lowered distillation temperature, the precision and bias statement may not be considered valid. Low-temperature methods such as Test Method D7403 and Practice D7497 are options for obtaining residue for latex or polymer modified emulsified asphalts.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of residue and oil distillate in emulsified asphalts composed principally of a semisolid or liquid asphaltic base, water, and an emulsifying agent.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Steam distillation is a classical separation technique, useful for preparing extracts for analysis by gas chromatography GC/MS or GC/IR. Distillates are suitable for analysis according to Test Method E 1387 or Guide E 1618.The visible oily liquid extract can be used as a courtroom exhibit, unlike extracts produced by other separation procedures which are solutions rather than a neat liquid.This practice is not useful for the separation of water soluble ignitable liquids such as alcohols or ketones.Alternate separation and concentration methods are suggested if the concentration of flammable or combustible liquid residues is not detectable by odor.This is a destructive technique that should only be used when a representative portion of the sample can be reserved for reanalysis. Those portions of the sample subjected to this procedure may not be suitable for resampling. Consider using passive headspace concentration as described in Practice E 1412.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for separating visible quantities of water insoluble hydrocarbons from samples of fire debris.1.2 This practice is recommended only for samples which have a detectable odor of petroleum distillates when examined at room temperature.1.3 This practice can yield useful extracts by the application of a solvent to the distillation trap in the event that only small quantities of hydrocarbons are obtained.1.4 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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