1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, dimensions, workmanship, markings for factory manufactured multilayer flexible steel pipe with thermoplastic inner and outer layers and end connections (Fig. 1). It covers nominal sizes 2 in. through 8 in. (50 mm through 200 mm). Flexible steel pipes are multilayered pipe products manufactured in long continuous lengths and reeled for storage, transport and installation. The multilayer thermoplastic and flexible steel pipe governed by this standard are intended for use for the transport of crude oil, natural gas, hazardous chemicals, industrial chemicals and water.2FIG. 1 Cutaway of Flexible Steel Pipe1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the materials and performance requirements for flexible, pre-insulated piping intended for hot and chilled water applications. Piping system may include one or more carrier pipes within a common outer jacket and shall be supplied in coil form. Carrier-pipe, thermal-insulation, and protective-jacket material shall be continuous and uniform throughout the coil while connections and joints in the carrier pipe and the protective jacket shall not be allowed within the coil. The pipe assembly shall be subjected to end seal and bending force tests for water infiltration inspection and to ensure the flexibility of the piping system, respectively.1.1 This specification covers flexible, pre-insulated plastic piping systems commonly used to convey hot and cold fluids, including piping systems that are supplied complete with plastic carrier pipe, thermal insulation, and outer jacket manufactured as an integrated system, and are supplied in a coil or as a straight length. Both bonded and non-bonded insulation types are included. Included are requirements and test methods for material, workmanship, dimensions, and endseal testing. Requirements for markings are also given. The components covered by this specification are intended for use in, but not limited to, residential and commercial, hot- and cold-potable water distribution systems, reclaimed water, fire protection, municipal water service lines, radiant heating and cooling systems, hydronic distribution systems, snow and ice melting systems, geothermal ground loops, district heating, turf conditioning, compressed air distribution and building services pipe, provided that the carrier pipe or tubing covered herein complies with applicable code requirements.1.2 Piping systems may include one or more carrier pipes within a common outer jacket.1.3 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered part of this standard.NOTE 1: Pre-insulated pipes covered by this specification are typically installed underground in buried applications.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Seal strength is a quantitative measure for use in process validation, capability, and control. Seal strength is not only relevant to opening force and package integrity, but to measuring the packaging processes’ ability to produce consistent seals. Seal strength at some minimum level is a necessary package requirement, and at times it is also desirable to have an upper limit to the strength of the seal to facilitate opening.NOTE 1: Seal strength values are a measurement of the output of the seal separation and may also involve mechanical properties of the materials that form the seal, given the potential for deformation or elongation over the course of the test. This separation is indicative of the area of the package being sampled and does not take into account simulation of a user interfacing with an entire package during the opening process.NOTE 2: Lower seal strength specifications are typically utilized to provide assurance of package closure, which can contribute to seal integrity.NOTE 3: Upper seal strength specifications are typically utilized to limit the amount of force required to open a package, ensuring that a user is able to open the design. Upper seal strength specifications are typically limited to seals that are intended to be peeled by the end user.4.1.1 The maximum seal force is important information, but for some applications, average force to separate the seal may be useful, and in those cases also should be reported.4.2 A portion of the force measured when testing materials may be a bending component and not seal strength alone. A number of fixtures and techniques have been devised to hold samples at various angles to the pull direction to control this bending force. Because the effect of each of these on test results is varied, consistent use of one technique (Technique A, Technique B, or Technique C) throughout a test series is recommended. Examples of techniques are illustrated in Fig. 1.4.2.1 Technique A: Unsupported—Each tail of the specimen is secured in opposing grips and the seal remains unsupported while the test is being conducted.4.2.2 Technique B: Supported 90° (By Hand)—Each tail of the specimen is secured in opposing grips and the seal remains hand-supported at a 90° perpendicular angle to the tails while the test is being conducted.NOTE 4: Excessive lateral forces applied via hand may impact results. Actual gripping of samples is not intended and will influence results; contact is intended to be loose, only preventing tail movement up or down.4.2.3 Technique C: Supported 180°—For flexible to flexible applications, the least flexible tail is typically supported flat against a rigid alignment plate held in one grip. The more flexible tail is typically folded 180° over the seal and is held in the opposing grip while the test is being conducted. Alternatively, in rigid and semi-rigid applications, the package structure may be maintained for the least flexible side; with this structure gripped or fixtured.NOTE 5: Properties of some flexible materials may cause movement or flipping of the tail throughout the course of the test; this has potential to impact the measured strength and should be reported with results.NOTE 6: Test method validation should account for use of fixtures or alignment plates, as well as determination of which material is placed into which grip as these factors are known to impact results, and feasibility of each approach may vary depending on design features. Examples of optional fixtures and equipment with built in fixturing are included in Appendix X4 for reference. Refer to Guide F3263 for guidance on test method validation.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the strength of seals in flexible barrier materials.1.2 The test may be conducted on seals between a flexible material and another flexible material, a rigid material, or a semi-rigid material.1.3 Seals tested in accordance with this test method may be from any source, laboratory or commercial.1.4 This test method measures the force required to separate a test strip of material containing the seal. It also identifies the mode of specimen failure.1.5 This test method differs from Test Method F2824. Test Method F2824 measures mechanical seal strength while separating an entire lid (cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the design, manufacture, and testing of ball joints utilized for accommodating thermal expansion and contraction, or mechanical movement of a pipeline carrying fluid. Ball joints shall be designed to conform to the requirements prescribed. Flex cycle test, thermal cycling test, and hydrostatic test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers the design, manufacture, and testing of ball joints utilized for accommodating thermal expansion and contraction, or mechanical movement of a pipeline carrying fluid. The ball joints are intended for use in systems operating above 0 °F (18 °C).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The 25-mm [1-in.] deflection IFD method is recommended for production screening and quality control on full size cushions only.4.2 Applicable cushion thicknesses to be tested by this test method are only those listed in this test method. Further research and development are required before this test method is applicable to other cushion thicknesses.4.3 This test method is designed to give a value approximating the 25 % IFD on a 100-mm [4-in.] thick piece of foam when the actual specimen thickness tested is within the ranges listed in the test method. In case of disagreement, the referee method is the IFD procedure in Test Methods D3574, Test B1. The user of this test method shall establish the correlation between this test method and the referee method.1.1 This test method covers a screening type quality control test used to determine if flexible polyurethane foam cushions are within the specified grade range for firmness.1.2 This test method is limited to foams with thicknesses that are 75 mm [3 in.] or greater.1.3 This test method is based on the fact that the traditional industry standard thickness for Indentation Force Deflection (IFD) is 100 mm [4 in.], and the traditional percent deflection for IFD acceptance and product planning is 25 %. With respect, then, to these traditional industry conventions, a 25 % deflection on a 100-mm [4-in.] cushion would be 25 mm [1 in.]. Thus, deflecting standard cushions (of proper 100 mm thickness) 25 mm [1 in.] provides a quick way to determine if the flexible polyurethane foam is within the specified grade range for 25 % IFD.1.4 Cushion thicknesses less than 75 mm [3 in.] shall not be tested for IFD using this test method.1.5 This test method is intended to provide a quick and simple method to screen flexible polyurethane foams for determination of its firmness grade.1.6 Units—The values stated in U.S. Customary or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This test method and ISO 2439 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Penetration resistance is an important end-use performance of thin flexible materials where a sharp-edged product can destroy the integrity of a barrier wrap. This will permit package entry/exit of gases, odors, and unwanted contaminates, causing potential harm to the product and reducing shelf-life. Material response to penetration will vary with numerous factors, such as film thickness, elastic modulus, rate of penetration, temperature, shape and type of probe. Consequently, material responses from puncture to stretch may be observed and quantified using this method. Although numerous combinations of experimental factors can be devised and used to simulate specific end-use applications, the recommended conditions in this method should be followed for standard comparisons of materials.1.1 This test method permits flexible barrier films and laminates to be characterized for slow rate penetration resistance to a driven probe. The test is performed at room temperature, by applying a biaxial stress at a single test velocity on the material until perforation occurs. The force, energy, and probe penetration to failure are determined.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Test Method F88 has been the standard for the mechanical peel strength testing of peelable seals since the 1960s. Normally the testing is run on a portion of the seal. The result is an actual seal strength picture of that portion of the seal. This test method is different in that the entire package seal is peeled open and data collected for the entire sealed area.5.2  This test method is a tool for quality assurance use as well as performance evaluation of a seal during separation.5.3  With appropriate software, data is collected depicting the seal strength of the entire length of the seal. As a result, it is possible to see seal strength variations, as the seal is peeled apart, thereby evaluating the consistency and uniformity of the seal (see Fig. 1).1.1 This test method describes a method for the measurement of mechanical seal strength while separating the entire lid (cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F88. Test Method F88 tests a portion of the seal where as this test method tests the force required to separate the entire lid (cover/membrane) from the container.1.3 This test method is used to determine the continuous and maximum forces required to separate the lid (cover/membrane) from the container.1.4 This test method uses an angle of pull of 45°, however other angles of pull may be used provided results are documented noting the used angle of pull and said procedure is validated.1.5 Typical examples of container shapes that could be tested using this or a similar method include oval, rectangular, and circular with single or multiple cavities having a sealed lid (cover/membrane). Examples of products packaged in these types of containers are: ready meals, creamers, coffee, yogurts, household fresheners, chemical and pharmaceutical products, and numerous others not mentioned. However, this test method, described within, is specifically for round containers.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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12.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage of the sleeving is of importance as a measure of its ability to withstand electrical stress without failure. This value does not correspond to the dielectric breakdown voltage expected in service, but is of value in comparing different materials or different lots, in controlling manufacturing processes or, when coupled with experience, for a limited degree of design work. The comparison of dielectric breakdown voltage of the same sleeving before and after environmental conditioning (moisture, heat, and the like) gives a measure of its ability to resist these effects. For a more detailed discussion, refer to Test Method D149.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing electrical insulating sleeving comprising a flexible tubular product made from a woven textile fibre base, such as cotton, rayon, nylon, or glass, thereafter impregnated, or coated, or impregnated and coated, with a suitable dielectric material.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:Procedures Section(s)   Selection of Test Material 5Conditioning 6Dimensions 7 to 11Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 12 to 17Brittleness Temperature 18 to 21Flammability (See Test Methods D8355) 22 to 23Dielectric Breakdown Voltage After Short-Time Aging 24 to 28Oil Resistance 29 to 32Thermal Endurance 33 to 39Compatibility of Sleeving with Magnet Wire Insulation 40 to 54Solvent Resistance 55 to 60Hydrolytic Stability 61 to 67Effect of Push-Back After Heat Aging 68 to 731.3 The values stated in inch-pound units, except for °C, are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This is a fire-test-response standard. See Test Methods D8355, which contains procedures for flammability tests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 40.2 and 58.1.1.NOTE 1: This standard resembles IEC 60684-2, Specification for Flexible Insulating Sleeving—Part 2 Methods of Test, in a number of ways, but is not consistently similar throughout. The data obtained using either standard are not necessarily technically equivalent.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide covers the criteria for specifying removable insulation covers for surfaces operating in ait at temperatures above ambient. This guide, however, does not cover the criteria for the design of the equipment for which the removable insulation covers are intended for use, nor does this guide establish the applicability of such covers over all surfaces. The insulation cover shall be fabricated from a fibrous insulation material encased in a tailored fabric or wire mesh enclosure, or both. Covers shall adhere to the physical and chemical requirements such as resistance to temperature, chemical resistance, weather resistance, fire endurance, acoustical performance, and service life.1.1 This guide recommends the criteria to be considered in specifying removable insulation covers for surfaces operating in air at temperatures above ambient.1.2 A removable insulation cover is fabricated from a fibrous insulation material encased in a tailored fabric or wire mesh enclosure, or both. The fabric seams are typically held together with thread, metal rings, or staples, or combination thereof. These covers must be designed and fabricated to allow a close fit with tight joints over piping, elbows, flanges, valves, and tanks. They are intended to be easily removed and replaced to allow for periodic access to the surfaces they cover.1.3 In addition to thermal performance, there are other performance requirements of removable covers. These may include, but are not limited to:1.3.1 Temperature exposure,1.3.2 Chemical and weather exposure,1.3.3 Acoustical, and1.3.4 Fire endurance.1.4 The materials from which the cover is made may include, but are not limited to:1.4.1 Insulation media,1.4.2 Fabric, metal mesh enclosure, or foil enclosure,1.4.3 Seam materials (thread, metal hooks, etc.), and1.4.4 Attachment system (hook and loop attachment, straps, wire, etc.).1.5 The shape, size, and physical design of the cover varies depending on the object to be covered. The cover may consist of more than one piece. Pipes, valves, pumps, and flanges are typical objects to be covered. In many cases, on-site measurements need to be made to ensure an acceptable fit.1.6 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.7 This guide does not intend to establish the criteria required in the design of the equipment over which removable insulation covers are used, nor does this guide establish or recommend the applicability of removable insulation covers over all surfaces.1.8 It is the responsibility of the user, user's agent, or both, to determine applicability of this guide to their specific application and to inform the equipment designer of the intent to insulate so that appropriate design criteria can be established.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use1.10 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use

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